CUEN Annual Energy Conference on Sustainable Transport - 2010 Toyota s Strategy on Future Toyota's Environmental Technologies and Approach Technologies Graham Smith, Executive Vice President Toyota Motor Europe Graham Smith Managing Director, Toyota Motor Europe London Office Executive Advisor to the President, Toyota Motor Europe 1
Our approach towards sustainable mobility Energy diversity Sustainable Mobility CO 2 reduction Hybrid technology Air quality Gasoline, diesel Gaseous fuels Biofuels Synthetic fuels Electricity Hydrogen The right car, the right place, the right time
Powertrain map in future mobility Vehicle size EVs HVs & PHVs with internal combustion engine Passenger cars Route buses FCHVs Heavy-duty trucks Motorcycles Short-distance commuters HV FCHV(BUS) FCHV Delivery trucks EV PHV Winglet Small delivery vehicles series Driving distance Fuel Electricity Gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, compressed natural gas, gas to liquids, coal to liquids, etc. Hydrogen
Full hybrid technology EV Drive Motor-assist Regenerative braking Motor-assist Regenerative braking Regenerative braking Start/Stop Start/Stop Start/Stop Start/Stop Idle-stop Eco-run Mild hybrid Full hybrid
What makes full hybrids efficient?
Outstanding fuel economy Class leading CO 2 level: 89 g/km Outstanding fuel economy: 3.9 l/100 km 25 km/l 72.4 miles/gallon (UK) Think hybrid, and you think Toyota Prius Car Magazine, UK, July 2009
Class leading emissions CO 2 emissions (g/km) 250 200 150 100 Gasoline New Prius Diesel European C segment (EC mode) 50 0 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 NOx emissions (g/km) Source: Vehicle Certification Agency (VCA)
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) comparable diesel vehicle (D-segment, 2.2 l) 1 new Prius 37% less CO 2 CO 2 emissions in production 0 50.000 100.000 150.000 Mileage driven (km) CO2 over the vehicle life cycle Index = 1 (for diesel vehicle at 150.000 km) Source: Independently verified by Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry(JEMAI)
Toyota global hybrid sales Sold more than 2.5m worldwide since 1997 <Annual sales> More than 9m tonnes of CO 2 savings globally By early 2010s: 1 million annual sales By early 2020s: a hybrid option in every model
First European hybrid production for Toyota Deeside, North Wales engine manufacturing Burnaston, Derbyshire vehicle manufacturing Start of production Sept 1992 500 employees 700 million investment Start of production Dec 1992 Approx 3,000 employees 1.15 billion investment Auris Hybrid Production Mid 2010
Auris Hybrid
NAIGT Technology Roadmap
Promotion of electric use: Plug-in hybrid (PHV) Gasoline station Household electrical energy or public charging post Engine Motor Battery Fuel tank PHV: the best of both worlds
Road trial: PHV fuel efficiency 100 Fuel efficiency (km/l) 80 60 40 20 60% fuel efficiency improvement for trips < 25km 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Driving distance of 1 trip (km) PHV tests with EDF Nov 07-June 08
Road trial: daily trip length 100% Cumulative 80% 80% of daily trips < 25km Trips (%) 60% 40% 55% of daily trips < 10km 20% 0% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Trip range (km) PHV tests with EDF Nov 07-June 08
PHV limited lease programme New PHV specifications Lithium-ion battery pack EV range ( * ) : around 20 km CO2 figures ( * ) : < 59 g/km EV max speed: around 100 km/h Charging time ( * ) : 90 minutes (230V, 16A) Chargeable using standard electrical plug ( * ) targets
Scope UK PHV Project LOCATION LOCATION Mainly Mainly London London START START DATE DATE Mid Mid 2010 2010 UNITS UNITS 20 20 DURATION DURATION 36 36 months months USERS USERS Fleets: Fleets: Public/Private Public/Private
Electric Vehicle (EV) Toyota s long and rich history in EV RAV4 EV e-com Challenges: Limited cruising range / consumer anxiety Need for charging infrastructure Battery cost Charging time
New EV planned for 2012 in North America FT-EVII Concept Car
Battery life 100 SOC swing range affects battery life SOC State of Charge (%) 0 EV PHV 2000 10000 Battery lifetime (cycles) Battery life control technology is first priority and needs to be improved continuously
Limited by battery technology Energy density by weight (watt hours / kg) 10000 1000 100 10 0 Hydrogen CNG Gaseous fuels Batteries Lithium-ion Nickel metal Lead Hydrogen absorbing alloy Gasoline Bio-diesel Ethanol Diesel Liquid fuels Substantial R&D needed for batteries to reach levels similar to conventional energy sources 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 Energy density by volume (watt hours / litre)
Future Application: Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle (FCHV) In-house research since 1992 First prototype in 1996 Toyota FC stack FCHV-adv FCHV Bus Challenges: Fuel cell stack durability Cost Hydrogen production Hydrogen supply infrastructure Toyota Stakeholders
Toyota Hybrid System applications Using hybrid technology for PHV, EV and FCHV HV Engine Motor Fuel tank Battery PHV EV FCHV Engine Motor Engine Motor Engine FC stack Motor Fuel tank Fuel tank H 2 tank Battery Battery Battery
Conclusions Full hybrid is today s most viable option with: Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) & Lexus Hybrid Drive (LHD) - Introduction of Auris Hybrid to the UK from mid 2010 PHV is the best of both worlds : shorter range EV + longer range petrol hybrid - Toyota & EDFE Trials of 20 units in and around London from mid 2010 EV is: - suitable for shorter journeys. - limited by infrastructure, cost and range. FCHV brings: future benefits, once remaining technology challenges are solved