Characteristics of a Roman Triumph
Triumph the official procession (pompa triumphalis) of a Roman general who had won a major military victory The senate had to give permission for the general to retain imperium inside the city In the early days of the Roman Republic, a triumph could only be celebrated if 5000 enemy soldiers were killed and the war was terminated Reserved for a praetor, consul, or dictator In the late Republic and Empire, though, the rules were subject to interpretation
Procession entered Rome at the Porta Triumphalis on the Campus Martius Ended at the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill
The triumphator would dress in an elaborate red or purple toga and paint his face red Red face = Jupiter
Triumphator would ride in a four-horse chariot (quadriga) A slave would ride with him, holding a laurel wreath over his head and reminding him of his mortality Te hominem esse memento!
Other features of the triumph: Prisoners of war Spoils of war Roman soldiers on parade Animals for sacrifice Musicians Banners, paintings of battle landscapes, etc.
Those who celebrate a triumph temporarily stay the executions of the enemy's leaders so that the people of Rome can witness the beautiful spectacle and the reward of victory when these men are paraded in the triumph. But when the wagons in the procession begin their turn from the Forum to the Capitoline, they order the captive leaders to be led into the prison (carcer) to their death. Thus does one same day put an end to both the command of the victorious general and the life of the defeated foe. Cicero, Against Verres 5.77
Triumph of Aemilius Paulus Triumph of Bacchus
Triumphal procession depicted on Arch of Titus Which victory is this image celebrating?
Arch of Titus Titus in the chariot
Triumphal arch, with the triumphal chariot on top
Arch of Titus, today
Triumphal arch in Belgium
Victoria!
Minnesota State Capitol
Slide 3 Temple of Jupiter on Capitoline Hill: http://www.robertabarresi.com/vitruviusbook3chap3.html Slide 4 Map of triumphal procession http://hannibalbarca.webspace.virginmedia.com/rome-triumph.htm Slides 5 and 6 Triumph of Caesar in HBO s Rome: http://sites.duke.edu/clst182_01_f2012/?attachment_id=29 Slide 9 The Triumph of Aemilius Paulus - Vernet, 1789: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:the_triumph_of_aemilius_paulus_%28detail%29.jpg Slide 9 Triumph of Bacchus Mosaic, Sousse: http://www.the-goldenrule.name/dionysus_art-pagan.htm Slide 10 Triumphal procession on Arch of Titus: http://legacy.earlham.edu/~vanbma/20th%20century/images/aafxpmp0.jpg Slide 11 Chariot of Titus on the Arch of Titus: http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/titus/titus.html Slide 12 Illustration of the Arch of Titus in construction - Cambridge Latin Series, Stage 29: http://www.cambridgescp.com/ws2_php/ws2_image_page.php?gallerynumber=5&image FileName=s29_arch_scaffold.jpg&imageTitle=Arch%20of%20Titus Slide 12 Arch of Titus illustration: http://www.utexas.edu/courses/ancientfilmcc304/lecture31/detail.php?linenum=19 Slide 13 Arch of Titus photograph: http://culturedart.blogspot.com/2010/12/arch-of-titus.html
Slide 14 Parc du Cinquantenaire, Brussels, Belgium: http://www.flickr.com/photos/wrightfamilyarchives/5170914071/sizes/z/in/photostrea m/ Slide 15 Closeup of chariot on Parc du Cinquantenaire monument: http://mjfenn.hubpages.com/hub/visiting-the-triumphal-arch-at-the-parc-du- CinquantenaireJubelpark-Brussels-an-expression-of-confidence-in-Belgium Slide 16 Minnesota State Capitol, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1905: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:minnesota_state_capitol.jpg Slide 17 Quadriga detail Sculpture by Daniel Chester French and Edward French, 1906 - Copper, with a gold covering http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/progress_of_the_state.jpg Beard, Mary. The Roman Triumph. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/thayer/e/roman/texts/secondary/smigra*/triumphus.html