Telecommunications Technology Handbook Second Edition Daniel Minoli Artech House Boston London www. artechhouse. com
Contents Preface Acknowledgments xiii xv 1 Introduction and Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Segmentation 6 1.1.2 Our Investigation 10 1.2 Protocol Model Baseline 12 1.2.1 Protocol Framework 12 1.2.2 Some Notable Trends 15 1.3 Some Modeling Considerations 15 1.3.1 Size of U.S. Industry 15 1.3.2 Growth of the Internet During the Late 1990s into the Early 2000s - 23 1.3.3 Growth of Wireless During the Late 1990s and Early 2000s 28 1.3.4 Wireless Internet 30 1.4 Rest of the Book 34 Endnotes 34 Appendix 1A: One View on Regulation 38 2 Optics Technologies 41 2.1 Transmission Systems 41 2.2 Optical Fibers 44 2.2.1 Fiber-Optic Medium Performance 46 2.2.2 Dispersion Compensation Approaches 47 2.2.3 Fiber Products 51 2.3 Fiber-Optic Elements 53 2.3.1 Optical Transmitters 53 2.3.2 Fiber-Optic Receivers 55 2.3.3 WDM Elements 55 2.3.4 Regenerators and Optical Amplifiers 57 2.3.5 Optical Network Elements in Common Use 59 VII
viii CONTENTS 2.3.6 Applications 66 Endnotes 68 3 All-Optical Networks 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Motivations, Goals, and Approaches 73 3.3 OTN Standards Support 77 3.4 Introductory Concepts 84 3.4.1 Evolutionary Approach 84 3.4.2 Framework 86 3.5 Basic OTN Technical Concepts 87 3.6 Implementations 92 3.7 Other Developments 95 Endnotes 96 4 Intelligent Optical Networks and GMPLS 99 4.1 ION Overview 100 4.1.1 Framework 1 Of) 4.1.2 Positioning of GMPLS in ASTN/ASON 11 () 4.2 ION Concepts 112 4.2.1 Introduction 112 4.2.2 ASON Architecture Principles 113 4.2.3 ASON Control Plane Requirements 115 4.2.4 ASON Functional Architecture 116 4.2.5 ASON Reference Points and GMPLS Protocols 117 4.2.6 ASON/ASTN CP Transport Network (Signaling Network) 120 4.2.7 Transport Network Survivability and Protection 121 4.2.8 Relationship to GMPLS Architecture 122 4.2.9 Other ASON/ASTN-Related ITU Activities 123 4.3 Deployment Status 129 Endnotes 129 5 Dense and Coarse W D M 133 5.1 Introduction to the Technology 135 5.1.1 How Does WDM Work? 141 5.1.2 Enabling Technologies 143 5.1.3 Technical Details 148 5.2 Operation of a Transponder-Based DWDM System 159 5.3 Network Design Evolutions 160 5.3.1 Long-Haul Application Scope 161 5.3.2 Metro Access/Metro Core Application Scope 164 5.4 CWDM 170 Endnotes 172
ix 6 SONET and SDH 175 6.1 Introduction to SONET/SDH 176 6.2 SONET/SDH Interleaving 179 6.3 Detail of the Transport Overhead 182 6.3.1 Payload Pointer Processing 185 6.3.2 Payload Overhead 193 6.4 Concatenated Payloads 195 6.5 Mapping of SONET/SDH Payloads 196 6.5.1 Virtual Tributaries 197 6.5.2 Support of DS-3 Signals 207 6.5.3 Support of ATM, POS, and GFP 208 6.6 Automatic Protection Switching 208 Endnotes 214 Bibliography 21 5 Appendix 6A: SDH 216 Endnote 220 7 Next Generation SONET, GFP, and Ethernet over SONET 221 7.1 GFP 222 7.1.1 Introduction 223 7.1.2 Transparent GFP Description 223 7.1.3 Potential Extensions to Transparent GFP 232 7.1.4 Conclusions 233 7.2 Ethernet over SONET 233 7.2.1 Introduction 233 7.2.2 Virtual Concatenation 236 7.2.3 GFP for Ethernet Applications 238 7.2.4 What New Services Are Enabled? 240 7.2.5 What Products Use These Techniques? 241 Endnotes 243 8 Wireless Technologies: WPAN.WLAN, and WWAN 245 8.1 Overview 246 8.2 Standards 251 8.2.1 Overview 251 8.2.2 IEEE 802.11 Family of Wireless Standards 251 8.2.3 WWAN Standardization Activities 259 8.3 Technology Basics 291 8.3.1 WLAN Technologies 291 8.3.2 Security Considerations for WLANs 297 8.3.3 IEEE 802.11a Details 301 8.3.4 WPAN Technologies 305 8.3.5 WMAN Technologies 31 1
8.3.6 WWAN Technologies: 2.5G and 3G 328 Endnotes - 9 WAN Data Services and Technologies: FR, ATM, and MPLS 339 9.1 Recent Advances in FR 339 9.1.1 Introduction and Scope 339 9.1.2 Basic FR Concepts 342 9.1.3 Key FRF Implementation Agreements 355 9.1.4 CIR Considerations 363 9.1.5 Service Level Metrics 368 9.1.6 Other Services, Capabilities, and Features 371 9.1.7 European Outlook 380 9.2 Recent Advances in ATM 381 9.2.1 Overview and Scope 381 9.2.2 Applications 385 9.2.3 ATM Overview 388 9.2.4 ATM Standardization 396 9.2.5 Interworking 396 9.3 MPLS Technology 411 9.3.1 Overview 412 9.3.2 Key Elements 417 9.3.3 MPLS Architecture Overview 421 9.3.4 MPLS Basics 423 9.3.5 Some Applications of MPLS 446 9.3.6 Label Hop-by-Hop Distribution Procedures 456 9.3.7 Security Considerations 464 9.3.8 Encoding the Label Stack Introduction 464 9.3.9 The Label Stack 464 9.3.10 Fragmentation and Path MTU Discovery 469 9.3.11 Transporting Labeled Packets over PPP 474 9.3.12 Transporting Labeled Packets over LAN Media 475 9.3.13 I AN A Considerations 475 9.3.14 Security Considerations 476 9.3.15 FR and MPLS 476 Endnotes 478 10 Moving Beyond TV. Multilink FR and Other Approaches 483 10.1 Motivations and Scope 485 10.2 MFR 488 10.3 Comparing Alternatives 491 10.3.1 IMA 491 10.3.2 MLPPP 492 10.3.3 MFR 493 Endnotes 496
11 Broadband LAN Technologies; GbE and 10GbE 497 11.1 LAN Introduction 497 11.1.1 Standards 497 11.1.2 Key Concepts 501 11.1.3 MAC Frame Format 506 11.1.4 CSMA/CD MAC Method 514 11.1.5 Allowable Implementations 516 11.2 Gigabit Ethernet/IEEE 802.3z 518 11.2.1 Motivations and Goals 518 11.2.2 Compatibility with IEEE Standard 802.3 521 11.2.3 GbE Standard Details 523 11.2.4 PMD Sublayer and Baseband Medium, Type 1000BASE-LX (Long-Wavelength Laser) and 1000BASE-SX (Short-Wavelength Laser) 530 11.2.5 PMD Sublayer and Baseband Medium, Type 1000BASE-CX (Short-Haul Copper) 535 11.2.6 PCS, PMA Sublayer, and Baseband Medium, Type 1000BASE-T 536 11.2.7 Network Diameter 539 11.3 KJGbE 539 11.3.1 Overview 541 11.3.2 Snapshot of Technical Details 545 11.3.3 Applications 551 11.3.4 WIS, Type 10GBASE-W 554 11.3.5 PMD Sublayers 567 11.3.6 Other Work, Copper PMD 570 11.3.7 ANSI 10GFC 572 11.3.8 ESCON/FICON 577 11.3.9 10-Gigabit Ethernet Alliance 578 Endnotes 579 12 Transparent LAN Services 581 12.1 Architectures 583 12.1.1 TLS Deliver)- over SONET-Based Private Lines 583 12.1.2 TLS Deliver)-with logbe 588 12.1.3 TLS Deliver)- via MPLS 588 12.2 MPLS-Based Transparent LAN Services 591 12.2.1 Conceptual Highlights 591 12.2.2 Technical Details 597 12.2.3 VPLS Solution Using GRE-Based IP Tunnels 613 12.2.4 Architectural Alternatives (>I6 12.2.5 Commonalities and Differences Between Decoupled and Hierarchical Architectures Endnotes (i4( ) d36
13 Digital Video and Multimedia Technologies and Applications 643 13.1 Introduction 644 13.1.1 Technical Essentials 654 13.1.2 Corporate Applications and QoS Support 660 13.2 ITU-T H.320/H.323 674 13.2.1 H.320 675 13.2.2 H.323 676 13.2.3 H.324 689 13.2.4 SIP 690 13.2.5 H.310 691 13.3 Basic Compression Concepts and the MPEG Family 694 13.3.1 Digital Video Compression Overview 694 13.3.2 JPEG and Motion JPEG 710 13.3.3 MPEG-1 711 13.3.4 MPEG-2 714 13.3.5 MPEG-4 718 13.3.6 MPEG-7 726 13.3.7 MPEG-21 739 Endnotes 754 About the Author 759 Index 761