Pennsylvania s Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage Research Kristin Carter, Assistant State Geologist PA DCNR, Bureau of Topographic & Geologic Survey Pittsburgh, PA www.dcnr.state.pa.us 1
Today s Focus CCUS what is it, and why do we care? Geologic research at different scales Reservoir characterization Using PETRA to do the work www.dcnr.state.pa.us 2
CCUS Carbon dioxide sequestration Geologic carbon sequestration Carbon capture and storage (CCS) Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) 3
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PA s Work Over the Years Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP): 2003 2017 Carbon Management Advisory Group (CMAG): 2008 Carbon Sequestration Technical Assessment (CSTA): 2009 Mid-Atlantic U.S. Offshore Carbon Storage Resource Assessment: 2016 2018 www.dcnr.state.pa.us 5
Generalized Findings Pennsylvania has significant and varied geologic resources that could be used to store CO 2 At any given site/hub, multiple reservoirs may have to be utilized A CCS network can be developed safely Infrastructure will be important to match source to sinks www.dcnr.state.pa.us 6
Opportunities Participate in development of federal policy/regulation for pore space ownership Pursue CCUS enhanced oil and/or gas recovery projects Major CO 2 sources could pursue linkages to offshore CCS projects www.dcnr.state.pa.us 7
Research at Different Scales Region Province Field Pool 8 10
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Reservoir (res -er-voir) a subsurface volume of porous and permeable rock in which oil or gas has accumulated a subsurface rock or regolith that is saturated with water www.dcnr.state.pa.us 10
Why do we need reservoirs? Produce fluids oil, gas, water, brine Store fluids natural gas, petrochemicals Dispose fluids wastewater, greenhouse gases Pore space 11
Reservoir Characterization Rock Fluid Lithology Depth and extent (area) Thickness (gross, net) Porosity (type, amount) Permeability Pressure and temperature (compaction, phi/k reduction) Pressure (volume, buoyancy) Temperature (viscosity) Gravity Saturation Chemical composition (TDS) Production rate Trapping mechanisms/cap rocks Conventional/unconventional TOC/thermal maturity Transmissivity/storativity Confined/unconfined 12
Porosity Ratio of void space in a given rock volume to bulk volume of that rock, expressed as a percentage Total porosity vs. effective porosity Primary porosity vs. secondary porosity Can vary from 5% - 30%, but generally ranges from 2-10% in the Appalachian basin ES 8 Oil and Gas in Pennsylvania 13
Permeability Capacity of a porous rock to transmit a fluid, usually measured in millidarcy Absolute, effective, relative permeability Depends on grain size, sorting and fabric Increases with grain size, temperature and hydraulic gradient Decreases with cementation and compaction Can vary from 1 to >1,000 millidarcy (md) ES 8 Oil and Gas in Pennsylvania 14
Geologic Sequestration Opportunities in Western and Northern PA (ca 2009) µ 15
Oriskany Sandstone Structure 16
Oriskany Plays 17
Porosity in the Dop Play Primary intergranular porosity, Core #442, Ashtabula County, OH (1,779 ft) Secondary porosity created from dissolution of calcite cement, T. Goodwill #1 well, Erie County, PA, (2,366.6 ft) 18
Porosity in the Doc Play Syntaxial quartz overgrowths reducing primary intergranular porosity, pressure solution pits coated with illite, Core #2914, Mahoning County, OH (3,330 ft) Quartz overgrowths and calcite cement, Core #2914, Mahoning County, OH (3,332.6 ft) 19
Fracture Porosity in Dho Play Fracture fill: fractures have been largely filled with late stage calcite, quartz, and pyrite (R.H. Heyn well, Fayette County, PA) 20
Porosity in the Dos Play Q quartz arenite tightly cemented by calcite (C) and quartz, Theodore C. Sipe #1 well, Somerset County, PA (8,851 ft) very minor intercrystalline porosity between illite-coated quartz grains, Theodore C. Sipe #1 well, Somerset County, PA (8,866 ft) 21
CCUS Opportunities (ca 2016) 25
Generalized Subsurface Stratigraphy Paleozoic strata Siliclastics, coals, carbonates and shales Production and storage Miscible and immiscible 26
IHS PETRA Software with data management, manipulation and visualization capabilities Integrates geological, geophysical, petrophysical and engineering data into project files Created by geologists for geologists Windows-based application that interfaces well with other applications (e.g., GIS, Excel, EDWIN, etc.) www.dcnr.state.pa.us 24
PETRA Capabilities Data management and reports Use of zones to manage geologically discrete packages of data Mapping functions Geophysical log interpretation Cross sections Production analysis and petrophysics 25
Database Management Data is added to a project by various means, including importation from other software, key entry, calculations and visual interpretations Interactive with mapping, cross section and other modules (i.e., changes made in one module immediately update database) Use of zones streamlines data organization Importation/exportation flexibility 26
Making Maps Map projection is easily set, and can be modified as necessary to accommodate new data Structure contour maps Base maps Isopach maps Attribute maps Bubble maps 27
Making and Using Cross Sections Section lines chosen in the map module are automatically generated in the cross section module Cross sections can be stratigraphic or structural, and may be exaggerated as necessary Fault gaps may be added to cross sections Any data/log images in the database may be posted to cross sections Can be used to facilitate regional correlations, or simply as a graphical presentation of subsurface geology 28
Geophysical Log Interpretation Imports both LAS (digital) and Raster (analog) images of geophysical logs Raster images need to be straightened and depth-registered prior to use Raster images can also be digitized to aid in petrophysical evaluations, or just to clean up the appearance of a log in cross section Log correlation is interactive with database 29
An Effective Tool Subsurface data management Regional correlation of subsurface formations Development of structure contour, isopach and/or groundwater contour maps Preparation of graphics for technical papers, poster sessions, etc. Approximate scale 1 mile 30
Reservoir Characterization Rock Fluid Lithology Depth and extent (area) Thickness (gross, net) Porosity (type, amount) Permeability Pressure and temperature (compaction, phi/k reduction) Pressure (volume, buoyancy) Temperature (viscosity) Gravity Saturation Chemical composition (TDS) Production rate 31
Geophysical Logs 32
Lehigh MRCSP Reservoir Characterization Project Pilot project/collaboration endeavor PA TORIS data review and augmentation Learning opportunities include: subsurface geology and stratigraphic nomenclature, oil and gas reservoir characterization, PETRA software www.dcnr.state.pa.us 33
Total Oil Recovery Information System (TORIS) 37
Oil Production from Upper Devonian Sandstones 35
Lehigh Project Tasks Creating PETRA project for TORIS data Interpreting Devonian stratigraphy well by well Digitizing important geophysical log curves Computing reservoir properties Using PETRA zones to manage data www.dcnr.state.pa.us 36
Thank you! Kris Carter ( 93) Pennsylvania Geological Survey (412) 442-4234 krcarter@pa.gov www.dcnr.state.pa.us 37