Educational Experience 1997 2003 University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 Ph.D.Nursing 1985 1987 Boston University, Boston Massachusetts, 02202 Master of Science, Nursing Administration 1973 1977 University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 Bachelor of Science, Nursing Professional Licensure and Certification RN License (MA): 206614 RN License (RI): RN20476 BLS Provider Advanced Holistic Nurse-Board Certified (AHN-BC) Holistic Stress Management Certification Fellow, American Academy of Integrative Medicine Institute for Organizational Performance EQ Leadership and SEI Emotional Intelligence- Facilitator Certification Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Educator; University of Massachusetts Medical School Center for Mindfulness
Professional Experience Summer 2011- Spring 2013 Northeastern University Nursing Online Degree Programs-via Orbis Education Services, Indiana (Consultant: Subject Matter Expert) Spring 2012-Fall 2013 Summer 2011 Director, RN-BSN Program, Northeastern University The Program in Pain Research, Education, and Policy. Public Health and Professional Degree Programs, Tufts University School of Medicine (Consultant: Curriculum Design and Program Evaluation) Summer 2008 2009 Kent Hospital, Warwick, R.I. (Consultant: Evidence-Based Practice Program Development/Nursing Education & Professional Development) 2007 Present Northeastern University, Boston, MA Assistant Clinical Professor, School of Nursing, Bouvé College of Health Sciences Summer 2007 Kent Hospital, Warwick, R.I. (Consultant: Graduate Nurse Transition Program Faculty Partner) 2006 2008 Faculty Liaison, NU@MGH Graduate Program 2004 2007 Salve Regina University, Newport, RI Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing 2003 2007 RN-BS Director and Academic Advisor 2003 RN-BS Curriculum Writer 1998 2004 Salve Regina University, Newport, RI: Instructor 1994 1998 University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA: Visiting Lecturer 1993 1994 Salve Regina University, Newport, RI: Adjunct Clinical Faculty 1987 1995 Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI: Clinical Advisor 1987 1992 Roger Williams Medical Center: Nursing Administrative liaison to the New England Organ Bank 1985 1986 Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, MA: Emergency Department clinical placement for graduate study 1983 1984 Kent County Memorial Hospital, Warwick, RI: Staff Nurse, Birthing Unit 2
1981 1983 The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI- Staff Nurse, Surgical/Cardio Thoracic ICU 1979 1981 Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI: Staff Nurse, Emergency Department 1977 1979 Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI: Charge Nurse, Surgical/E.N.T./Burn Unit. Honors and Awards 2007 Oxford Round Table at Harris Manchester College, Oxford, England. Invited speaker in public policy; Preventive Health: Intervention and Progress. 2005 Hospital Recognition Award Advancing Nursing Education in the Community. University-Hospital Adult Education Program Development for Professional Nursing Staff. Kent County Hospital, Warwick, R.I. 2003 Research Award Life Experiences of Cambodian-American Refugee Women: Segmented Life Stories. Sigma Theta Tau, Theta Kappa Chapter, University of Rhode Island. 2004 Research Award Life Experiences of Cambodian-American Refugee Women: Segmented Life Stories. Sigma Theta Tau, Delta Upsilon Chapter-At-Large, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth 1998 Professional Nurse Traineeship The Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C. 1986 Magna Cum Laude, Master of Science, Nursing Administration Boston University College of Nursing, Boston, MA Sigma Theta Tau Induction Boston University College of Nursing, Boston, MA 3
Scholarship 2011 Kemper, K., Bulla, S. Krueger, D., Ott, M.J, McCool, J. Gardiner, P. (2011) Nurses' Experiences, Expectations, and Preferences for Mind-Body Practices to Reduce Stress. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 11:26, 2-9. July, 2004 National Congress on the State of the Science in Nursing Research, Washington, D.C. Life Experiences of Cambodian-American Refugee Women: Segmented Life Stories (accepted paper ). March, 2003 Sigma Theta Tau International Research Conference, Dublin, Ireland. Life Experiences of Cambodian-American Refugee Women: Segmented Life Stories. 2003 Life experiences of Cambodian-American refugee women: Segmented life stories. (Dissertation Research). May, 1993 Annual Geriatric Society Convention, Boston, MA. Nurses Perspectives toward Caring for Older Patients, toward Job Situations, and toward Interdisciplinary Teams: Psychometric Analyses. (P. Burbank, D.N.Sc., G. Burkholder, Ph.D., and J. McCool, Ph.D. (c)) (paper). 1991 1992 Verifying the dimensions of fulfillment of meaning in life. A qualitative study (P. Burbank, D.N.Sc. and J. McCool, M.S., R.N.) with elderly oncology clients at Roger Williams Medical Center. Funded by the U.R.I. College of Nursing/Roger Williams Medical Center Nursing Department collaborative research grant. November, 1990 Annual Nursing Recognition Day Symposia, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. The Validation of a Tool to Assess Meaning in Life. (P.Burbank D.N.Sc., and J. McCool, M.S., R.N.) (poster). May, 1990 Annual Geriatric Society Convention, Boston, MA. Nursing Care of the Elderly: A Multifactor Analysis of Job Satisfaction. P.Burbank D.N.Sc., and J. McCool, M.S., R.N.) Annual Nursing Recognition Day Symposia, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Job Satisfaction in Nursing Care of the Elderly. (P. Burbank, D.N.Sc., and J. McCool, M.S., R.N.) 1989 1991 Participation in a geriatric assessment team: Does it affect perspective toward caring for older patients and perspective toward job situation among hospital nurses. (P. Burbank D.N.Sc. and J. McCool, M.S.,R.N.).This was the nursing component of the larger project, Enhancing hospital care for frail older patients, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. 4
Presentations April, 2011 Northeastern University School of Nursing 4 th Annual Research Symposium, Boston, MA. The Use of Contemplative Practices by Students in the Health Care Professions. March, 2011 Bouvé Health Sciences Honors Program, Northeastern University, Boston, MA. Contemplative Practices for Pre-professional Healthcare Providers. February, 2011 Center for Spiritual Life Annual Leadership and Spirituality Retreat, Northeastern University, Boston, MA. Keynote: Contemplative Practices in Leadership. June, 2010 American Holistic Nurses Association Annual Conference, Colorado Springs, CO. Health Promotion and Self-Care through Contemplative Practice. April, 2009 Center for Contemplative Studies, Amherst, MA. Integrating Contemplative Pedagogies into a Nursing Curriculum. May, 2006 Saint Anselm College, Manchester New Hampshire. Annual Conference for Nurse Educators in Practice Settings and Schools of Nursing Life Story: RN-BS Graduate Transition into Professional Nursing Practice (poster). November, 2004 University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth. Sigma Theta Tau, Theta Kappa Chapter Annual Meeting. Life Experiences of Cambodian-American Refugee Women: Segmented Life Stories (invited paper). October, 2004 University of Dublin, Trinity College School of Nursing and Midwifery Studies 15 th Annual International Research Conference, Dublin, Ireland. Life Experiences of Cambodian-American Refugee Women: Segmented Life Stories. 5
Professional Activities 2011 Present Sigma Theta Tau, Gamma Epsilon Chapter Member 2009 2011 Sigma Theta Tau, Gamma Epsilon Chapter, Faculty Counselor 2010-2013 AHNA Conference Proposal Review Committee Item Writer, American Holistic Nurse s Association Advanced Board Certification Exam. 2008 2013 Education Provider Committee Program Reviewer, American Holistic Nurse s Association. 2007 2011 Rhode Island State Nurses Association-Rhode Island Nursing Institute Board of Directors 2007 The Lietar Memorial Lecture. Rhode Island State Nurses Association Annual Women s Health Conference, Providence, R.I. 2007 2013 Program Recognition Committee, American Holistic Nurse s Association. 2006 Book Reviewer: Caring for the Vulnerable- Perspectives in Nursing Theory, Practice, and Research (dechesnay, M. 2005) Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2004 Sigma Theta Tau, Delta Upsilon Chapter-At-Large, Nominating Committee 2000 Present Sigma Theta Tau, Delta Upsilon Chapter-At-Large 1998 Present American Nurses Association / Rhode Island State Nurses Association 1998 2002 The Institute of Noetic Sciences 1997 1999 Sigma Theta Tau, Theta Kappa Chapter, Faculty Counselor 1996 2000 Nurse Healers Association 1993 2000 Healing Touch International 1993 Present American Holistic Nurses Association 1986 2009 Sigma Theta Tau Theta Kappa Chapter member 6
Teaching Activities Northeastern University Spring 2014 NRSG 1250 Wellness (Undergraduate online) NRSG 5000 Advanced Perspectives in Wellness Professional (Direct Entry and Graduate online) NRSG 6120 Holistic Healing and Integrative Care (Graduate-hybrid) NRSG 5100 Professional Development & Scientific Basis for Nursing Practice (RN-BSN Undergraduate online) NRSG 7110 Research Applications (preceptor) HCSI 4710 Capstone ( preceptor) Fall 2013 NRSG 1250 Wellness (Undergraduate online) NRSG 2210 Influences on Health and Illness (Undergraduate Course Coordinator and faculty) NRSG 5100 Professional Development & Scientific Basis for Nursing Practice (BSNMS Graduate online) Summer 2013 NRSG 1206 Dialogues of Civilization in Bali, Indonesia (Study Abroad): An Experiential Program in Global Wellness; INTL4944 Culture, Contemplative Practices, and the Healing Arts NRSG 5000 Advanced Perspectives in Wellness Professional (Direct Entry Graduate online) Spring 2013 NRSG 1250 Wellness (Undergraduate online) NRSG 6120 Holistic Healing and Integrative Care (Graduate) 7
Fall 2012 NRSG 1250 Wellness (Undergraduate) NRSG 2210 Influences on Health and Illness (Undergraduate Course Coordinator and faculty) NRSG 5100 Professional Development & Scientific Basis for Nursing Practice (RN- BSN Undergraduate online) Summer 2012 NRSG 4611 Dialogues of Civilization in Italy (Study Abroad): Management & Leadership in Health Care-An International Perspective; NRSG 4992: Directed Study in Leadership; SPNS1301/2301: Elementary/Intermediate Italian Language Immersion. RSG 1206 Dialogues of Civilization in Spain (Study Abroad): An Experiential Program in Global Wellness NRSG 5100 Professional Development & Scientific Basis for Nursing Practice (RN- BSN online) Spring 2012 NRSG 1250 Wellness (Undergraduate) NRSG 5100 Professional Development & Scientific Basis for Nursing Practice (RN- BSN Undergraduate online) NRSG 6120 Holistic Healing and Integrative Care (Graduate) Fall 2011 NRSG 2210 Influences on Health and Illness (Undergraduate) NRSG 4995 Senior Practicum in Nursing-Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham & Women s Hospital (Undergraduate) NRSG 1000 Seminar (Undergraduate) 8
Summer 2011 NRSG 4611 Dialogues of Civilization in Spain (Study Abroad): Management & Leadership in Health Care-An International Perspective; NRSG 4992: Directed Study in Leadership; SPNS1301/2301: Elementary/Intermediate Spanish Language Immersion NRSG 6124 Research Applications Spring 2011 NRSG 2210 Influences on Health and Illness (Undergraduate) NRSG 4610 Management and Leadership in Nursing (Undergraduate) NRSG4995 Senior Practicum in Nursing (Undergraduate) NRSG4993 Directed Study (Undergraduate) NRSG5124 Research Applications ( Graduate) Fall 2010 NRSG 2210 Influences on Health and Illness (Undergraduate) NRSG 4340/4341 Nursing Care of the Adult in the Community (Undergraduate Course & Clinical Coordinator) NRSG4995 Senior Practicum in Nursing-Massachusetts General Hospital, BIDMC, Healthcare for the Homeless-McInnis House, Children s Hospital (Undergraduate) Summer 2010 NRSG 4340/4341 Nursing Care of the Adult in the Community (Undergraduate Course & Clinical Coordinator) Spring 2010 NRSG2210 Influences on Health and Illness (Undergraduate) NRSG4340/4341 Nursing Care of the Adult in the Community (Undergraduate Course & Clinical Coordinator) NRSG4610 Management and Leadership in Nursing (Undergraduate) Fall 2009 NRSG 2210 Influences on Health and Illness (Undergraduate) NRSG 4340/4341 Nursing Care of the Adult in the Community (Undergraduate Course 9
& Clinical Coordinator) NRSG 4600 Clinical Care of Vulnerable Populations (Undergraduate) Summer 2009 NUR 340/341 Nursing Care of the Adult in the Community (Undergraduate Course & Clinical Coordinator) Spring 2009 NUR U610 Management and Leadership in Nursing (Undergraduate) NUR U210 Influences on Health and Illness (Undergraduate) NUR G102 Public Health Nursing (Graduate) Fall 2008 NUR U946 Senior Practicum in Nursing-Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Medical Center, Shriner s Institute (Undergraduate) NUR U210 Influences on Health and Illness (Undergraduate) NUR U310 Care of the Adult in the Community (Undergraduate) NUR U311Care of the Adult in the Community Clinical-BIDMC Spring 2008 NUR U610 Management and Leadership in Nursing (Undergraduate) NUR G226 Strategies for Education, Staff Development, and Consultation (Graduate) Fall 2007 NUR 600 Care of Vulnerable Populations in the Community Clinical-Boston Medical Center (Undergraduate) Special Projects: Community Health Nursing Curriculum Development Program Coordinator: NU at MGH Graduate Studies for Nursing Salve Regina University 2005 2007 NUR 360A/B Holistic Health Promotion with Portfolio (RN-BS) Summer 2006 NUR 423A Community Health Nursing. Co-designed, developed, and conducted the Study Abroad Program to Ireland NUR 423C Healthcare of Vulnerable Populations (Senior level-undergraduate) 2004 2007 NUR 460A/B/C/S Community Health Nursing: Healthcare Partnerships Across The Lifespan-Theory, Portfolio, Clinical, and Service-Learning (RN-BS) 2004 2005 NUR 421A Professional Nursing Practice/Leadership (RN-BS) 2003 2004 NUR 310A/B Transitions into Professional Nursing Education with Portfolio (RN- BS) 10
2002 2003 NUR 350A Research in Clinical Practice (RN-BS) 2000 2004 NUR315 Body Systems Alterations 1999 2004 NUR423 & NUR 423A Community Health Nursing (BS traditional and RN-BS) Clinical Coordination & Instruction in Community settings 1999 2001 NUR 421 Selected Nursing Problems I/ Clinical Preceptorship in Critical Care (RN-BS) NUR 420A Selected Nursing Problems II/Clinical Preceptorship in Aggregate Health (RN-BS) 1998 Lecturer, NUR423 Community Health Nursing Clinical Instruction (undergrad) UMASS Dartmouth 1994 1998 Visiting Lecturer, NUR320 Nursing Care of the Hospitalized Adult Clinical Faculty, NUR321Clinical instruction in the acute care setting. Clinical Faculty, NUR451 Senior practicum in the Acute Care and Community Settings. Course and Clinical Coordinator, NUR450 (RN-BSN) Care of the Client with Chronic Illness University Service Northeastern University 2013 Department of Nursing Faculty Committee Department of Nursing Undergraduate/Graduate Councils Bouve College of Health Sciences- Academic Standing Committee Undergraduate Student Advisement (Traditional and RN-BSN) Health Science Friday New Student Open House RN-BSN Task Force PhD Student Committee Guest Lecturer-Bouve Living and Learning Community 11
2012 Department of Nursing Faculty Committee Department of Nursing Undergraduate/Graduate Councils Bouve College of Health Sciences- Academic Standing Committee Undergraduate Student Advisement (Traditional and RN-BSN) Health Science Friday New Student Open House RN-BSN Task Force PhD Student Committee 2011 Department of Nursing Faculty Committee Department of Nursing Undergraduate/Graduate Councils Sigma Theta Tau- Gamma Epsilon Chapter Faculty Counselor Bouve College of Health Sciences- Academic Standing Committee Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP) Task Force DNP Student Advisement Undergraduate Student Advisement Health Science Friday New Student Open House New Student Summer Orientation RN-BSN Task Force 2010 Department of Nursing Faculty Committee Department of Nursing Undergraduate/Graduate Councils Sigma Theta Tau- Gamma Epsilon Chapter Faculty Counselor Bouve College of Health Sciences- Academic Standing Committee Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP)Task Force Undergraduate Student Advisement 12
Health Science Friday New Student Open House 2008 2010 Department of Nursing Faculty Committee Department of Nursing Undergraduate/Graduate Councils Department of Nursing Academic Standing Committee Health Science Friday New Student Open House Salve Regina University 2007 Interdisciplinary Task Force in Adult Education 2006 2007 Department of Nursing Curriculum Committee Department of Nursing Admission, Progression, Retention Committee 2005 Search Committee, Dean of Graduate Studies 2004 2007 Salve Regina University International Programs Advisory Committee Salve Regina University Internationalization Committee 2003 2007 Chair, RN-BS Degree Completion Committee 2003 2005 NLN Self Study for the Generic and RN-BS Degree Completion Programs Salve Regina University Department of Nursing 2003 RN-BS Curriculum Revision Committee, Chair Search Committee, Chair of Nursing Search Committee, Faculty 2001 2007 Nursing Department Representative to the University Library Committee 1999 2007 Department of Nursing Faculty Committee 1999 2006 Department of Nursing RN-BS Degree Completion Committee 13
UMASS Dartmouth 1997 1998 Learning Resource Committee, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth College of Nursing, North Dartmouth, MA Grievance Committee, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth College of Nursing, North Dartmouth, MA Self Study NLN Accreditation Report; Service and Scholarship Committee University of Massachusetts- Dartmouth, College of Nursing Community Service 2013 A Wish Come True, Warwick, RI Fundraising. 2009 Newport County Community Mental Health Center, Newport, R.I. Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Staff Education. 2004 2007 Fundraising/ Event Planning, The Kent Hospital Foundation, Kent County Memorial Hospital, Warwick, RI 2003 2006 Habitat for Humanity Northeast Regional Conference High School Liaison 2000 2007 Complementary Therapy Committee Southcoast Hospitals Group, New Bedford Massachusetts 2000 2004 New Visions for Newport County- Head Start Program Nutrition Advisory Committee, Middletown, R.I. 1999 2001 Newport Area Career and Technical Center Rogers High School-Initiative in Adolescent Health 1999 2000 Volunteer, Newport Music Festival Shake-A-Leg, Spinal Injury Center, Newport, RI Volunteer health care provider at Sail Newport for spinal cord injured clients who participate in the World Disabled Sailing Championship Races 1995 1999 Volunteer, Newport Youth Hockey Association 1995 1998 Volunteer, Girl Scouts of America 1994 1995 Search Committee, Vice President of Patient Care, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI 14
Operations Steering Council, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI Nursing Leadership Group, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI 1993 1995 Nursing Management Steering Committee, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI 1989 1995 Nursing Research Committee, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI Continuing Education 2013 Integrating Mindfulness-Based Approaches and Interventions into Medicine, Health Care, and the Larger Society. Annual International Conference, University of Massachusetts Medical School Center for Mindfulness (36.9 CEU s) 2012 Integrating Mindfulness-Based Approaches and Interventions into Medicine, Health Care, and the Larger Society. Annual International Conference, University of Massachusetts Medical School Center for Mindfulness (36.9 CEU s) 2011 Integrating Mindfulness-Based Approaches and Interventions into Medicine, Health Care, and the Larger Society. Annual International Conference, University of Massachusetts Medical School Center for Mindfulness (36.9 CEU s) 2010 Nursing Education: Stimulus for Improvement. Northeastern University (2.0 Contact Hours) Re-Visioning Environment: Creating a Habitat for Healing. American Holistic Nurses Association Annual Meeting. (24.5 CEU s). Integrating Mindfulness-Based Approaches and Interventions into Medicine, Health Care, and the Larger Society. Annual International Conference, University of Massachusetts Medical School Center for Mindfulness (36.9 CEU s) 15
2009 Annual Summer Session on Contemplative Curriculum. The Association for Contemplative Mind in Higher Education, Smith College. Teacher Development Intensive in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. University of Massachusetts Medical School Center for Mindfulness. ( 64 CEU s) Integrating Mindfulness-Based Approaches and Interventions into Medicine, Health Care, and the Larger Society. Annual International Conference, University of Massachusetts Medical School Center for Mindfulness (36.9 CEU s) 2008 Renewing Health Care: A Journey to New Heights. American Holistic Nurses Association 28 th Annual Conference, Bretton Woods, New Hampshire Tool Box for the Nurse Educator for the New Millennium: 16th Annual Conference for Educators in the Practice Setting and in Schools of Nursing. Saint Anselm College, Manchester, New Hampshire. Collaborating to Celebrate Research, Practice, and Education. Northeastern University School of Nursing Annual Research Day. Boston, MA. Practicum in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: Living Inside Participant Practitioner Perspectives. University of Massachusetts Medical School Center for Mindfulness (53.6 CEU s Integrating Mindfulness-Based Approaches and Interventions into Medicine, Health Care, and the Larger Society. Annual International Conference, University of Massachusetts Medical School Center for Mindfulness (36.9 CEU s) 16
2007 Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Mind-Body Medicine: A 7-Day Professional Training. University of Massachusetts Medical School Center for Mindfulness at The Omega Institute (62.5 CEU s) Integrating Mindfulness-Based Approaches and Interventions into Medicine, Health Care, and the Larger Society. 5th Annual International Conference, University of Massachusetts Medical School Center for Mindfulness (36.9 CEU s) Emotional Intelligence Leadership Certification. Six Seconds International and the Institute for Organizational Performance. 2006 The Effects of a Restorative Intervention on Undergraduate Nursing Students Capacity to Direct Attention. American Holistic Nurse s Association (3.4 CEUs) Disaster Preparedness and Response for Nurses. Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing (2.0 CEUs) Holistic Stress Management Certificate Program, Paramount Wellness Institute, The University of Northern Colorado, Boulder, Colorado (50.1 CEUs) Advances in Complementary Medicine Pertaining to Women s Health Issues, Women s Health Care Symposium, RISNA, Providence, R.I. (8.3 CEUs) Foundations of Holistic Nursing, American Holistic Nurses Association (38 CEUs) Conference for Nurse Educators in Practice Settings and Schools of Nursing: Tools of the Trade-Practical Applications for Education and Practice. St. Anselm s College and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center (4 CEUs). 2005 Recovering The Soul in Your Life and Work. Salve Regina University, Newport, R.I. (6.3 CEUs) Living in Balance in a World on Fast Forward. Kent County Memorial Hospital, Warwick, R.I. (1.8 CEUs) 17
2004 Sigma Theta Tau International Nursing Research Conference, Dublin, Ireland Transforming Healthcare through Research Education & Technology. University of Dublin Trinity College School of Nursing and Midwifery Studies 5 th Annual International Research Conference, Dublin, Ireland. 2003 Expressive Arts Institute. Graduate School of Holistic Counseling, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI NUR 699 Dissertation Research 2002 Psychological Trauma: Maturational Processes and Therapeutic Interventions. Boston University School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, Boston, Ma. (21 CEUs) Caring for Survivors of Torture and Refugee Trauma: A Multidisciplinary Training Workshop. Boston University School of Public Health, Health Law Dept. (10 CEUs) Forensic Nursing. Sigma Theta Tau, Delta Upsilon Chapter-At Large (University of R.I.) Salve Regina University (2 CEUs ). Human Participants Protection Education for Research Teams. National Institutes of Health. 2001 Building Cultural Competence Skills. Sigma Theta Tau (Delta Upsilon Chapter-At Large) (1.8 CEUs) 2000 Knowledge Development Conference: Boston College, Boston, MA. ( 10 CEUs) 18