World Leader In Gas Detection and Sensor Technology www.rkiinstruments.com
Company Background RKI founded in 1994 Partner company, Riken Keiki o Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology for over 73 years California Corporation Average employee gas detection experience is 15 years www.rkiinstruments.com
75 Years of Milestones 1938 First combustible interferometer 1969 First 2 gas monitor LEL, O2, GX-3 1978 First 3 gas monitor LEL, O2, CO Model 1641 1980 Pocket size single gas OX/CO/HS- 80 1982 First belt worn 3-gas, GX-82 1983 Portable IR for CO2 RI-411 1984 1986 1990 1994 1995 1997 Portable IR for Freons RI-413 First belt worn 4 gas monitor GX-86 Portable super toxic SC-90 Portable 4 gas with datalogging & autocal GX-94 First 6 gas portable EAGLE First wrist worn GasWatch
75 Years of Milestones 2001 2003 2009 2010 2012 2013 Smallest 4 gas GX-2001 Smallest tri-mode portable GX-2003 Smallest confined space monitor GX-2009 6 gas portable with PID capability EAGLE 2 Advanced trimode portable Gas Tracer/ GX-2012 Remote Sample Pump RP-2009
Important Definitions Flash Point Temperature at which the liquid phase gives off enough vapor to flash when exposed to an external ignition source. Fire Point When a liquid is heated past its flash point it will reach a temperature where sufficient vapor is given off to maintain combustion. Ignition Point The minimum temperature at which a substance will burn or ignite independent of an external heat source. 5
Reference Materials NFPA Fire Protection Guide To Hazardous Materials Flash Point LEL/UEL Specific Gravity Vapor Density Hazard Identification Health/Flammability/Instability 6
Reference Materials NIOSH Pocket Guide To Chemical Hazards Chemical Name/Formulas Exposure limits (TWA) IDLH Physical Description Chemical and physical properties Incompatibilities and reactivities Health hazards 7
Reference Materials ACGIH, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices Substance (CAS number) TWA STEL Molecular Weight TLV Basics-Critical Effects 8
Flammability Band Percent LEL Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) 0 10 100 Lean Explosive Rich 0 100 Percent Gas by Volume Ammonia 12.0 Vol. % Methane 5.0 Vol. % Hydrogen 4.0 Vol. % Hexane 1.1 Vol. % Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) 9
Important Definitions Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) Also known as Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) Minimum concentration of gas or vapor mixed with air that will cause the propagation of flame when it comes in contact with a source of ignition (spark or flame) Concentrations of gas below the LEL are too lean to ignite 0% LEL 100% LEL 0%Vol LEAN Methane (CH 4 ) 5%Vol 10
Important Definitions Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) Maximum concentration of gas or vapor in air that will cause the propagation of flame when is exposed to a source of ignition (flame or spark). Mixtures are considered to RICH to support combustion if they are above the UEL. UEL 15%Vol RICH Methane (CH 4 ) 100%Vol 11
Explosive Range Explosive range is different depending on the gas or vapor As the fuel increases, oxygen decreases to the point where there is no longer a potential for explosion thus reaching the UEL LOW LEL 5%Vol Intensity of Explosion HIGH EXPLOSIVE Methane (CH 4 ) LOW UEL 15%Vol 12
More Flammability Bands 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Hexane Methane Hydrogen Carbon Monoxide Acetylene 1.1-7.5% Vol 5.0-15% Vol 4.0-75% Vol 12.0-74% Vol 2.0-100% Vol 13
Requirements for Combustion OXYGEN FUEL IGNITION SOURCE 14
World Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology Combustible Gas Sensor Technology
Constant Current Catalytic Bead Platinum Catalyst Deactivator Ceramic Coating Platinum Alloy Wire Active Reference Four Wire Catalytic Bead Combustible Gas Sensor Constant Current 16
Constant Current Settings Methane & Hexane Detection 148 ma Hydrogen Calibration 130 ma Hydrogen Specific Sensor 100 ma Adjust current setting by placing an ammeter in series with the RED wire of the sensor. Adjust current with pot at 12 O clock position on amplifier as required 17
Constant Voltage Catalytic Bead Platinum Catalyst Deactivator Ceramic Coating Platinum Alloy Wire Active Reference Common Constant Voltage Combustible Gas Sensor 18
Catalytic Oxidation Active Common Reference 19
Infrared (NDIR) Light Source Measuring Cell Band Pass Filter Amplifier S Infrared Sensor 20
NDIR Troubleshooting Contamination of the sensor will reduce energy reaching sensor causing high output Dust Moisture Open source will cause output to peg upscale 21
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Non linear output Responds to many different gases, nonspecific May respond to moisture Broadband gas sensor 22
MOS Troubleshooting Contamination of oxide layer will cause unstable or erratic output Improper heater voltage will cause sensor to function improperly 23
Thermal Conductivity Reference element contained out of gas stream Temperature coefficient of air is different than gas causing temperature of coil to cool increasing resistance. No catalytic activity on sensor. Active Reference Common 24
TC Troubleshooting TC sensors may open causing instrument to peg either upscale or downscale Contamination can cause the sensor to respond improperly 25
Hydrocarbon Comparison Formula Name Ign Temp Deg. F Flash Point Deg. F LEL Vapor Density CH4 Methane 999 Gas 5.0 0.60 C2H6 Ethane 882 Gas 3.0 1.00 C3H8 Propane 842 Gas 2.1 1.60 C4H10 Butane 550 Gas 1.9 2.00 C5H12 Pentane 500 <-40 1.5 2.50 C6H14 Hexane 437-7 1.1 3.00 C7H16 Heptane 399 25 1.05 3.50 C8H18 Octane 403 56 1.00 3.90 C9H20 Nonane 401 88 0.80 4.40 C10H22 Decane 410 115 0.80 4.90 26
World Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology Oxygen Detection Sensor Operation and Theory
Symptoms of O 2 Deficiency >23.5% OSHA limit for increased levels of oxygen 20.9% Oxygen content in normal air 19.5-12% Increased pulse and respiration 12-10% Disturbed respiration, fatigue, faulty judgment 10-6% Nausea, vomiting, inability to move, loss of consciousness and death 6-0% Convulsions, cardiac arrest and death 28
Galvanic Oxygen Sensor Typical output: 12-16 mv in fresh air 29
Oxygen Sensor Troubleshooting High or low output Unstable output Will not zero with N2 applied Leaking Sensor over 2 years old (micro cells) Corroded or contaminated Expired Sensor! 30
World Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology Electrochemical Toxic Gas Sensors Sensor Operation and Theory
Riken Electrochemical Sensors 5 Key Factors that separate Riken sensors from the competition Electrode material Bias voltage Electrolyte Reaction area of electrode Electrolyte reaction 32
Riken Electrochemical Sensors Long life (2+ years) Excellent stability High degree of selectiveness Easy to replace and calibrate 33
Riken Electrochemical Sensors Requires bias stabilization period Replace if low span, over two years old, unstable output, slow response or recovery or if the sensor is leaking 34
Electrochemical Sensors Resistor 35
Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide 0.01-10 ppm Rotten egg smell 11-20 ppm Rotten egg smell, irritation to eyes and throat 100-200 ppm Loss of sense of smell in 2-5 minutes 250-400 PPM Eye and throat irritation, loss of consciousness in 5-15 minutes 450-600 PPM Eye and throat irritation, respiratory distress, unconscious in 1-15 minutes 650-900 PPM Respiratory distress and unconsciousness in 1-3 minutes 950-1000 PPM Unconscious with one breath 36
Effects of CO Exposure 25 PPM 8 hour time weighted average (ACGIH) 35 PPM 8 hour time weighted average (OSHA) 200 PPM Slight headache, discomfort within 3 hours 600 PPM Headache, discomfort within 1 hour 1000-2000 PPM Confusion, headache, nausea within 2 hours 2000-2500 PPM Unconsciousness within 30 minutes 4000 PPM Fatal in less than one hour 37
World Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology Hydrides Sensor Operation and Theory
Hydride Gases Arsine.AsH3 Phosphine..PH3 Silane.SiH4 Diborane B2H6 Germane GeH4 39
Hydrolysis / Decomposition Certain Mineral Acid Gases When certain mineral acid gases (as used in the semiconductor industry) containing chlorinated and fluorinated compounds combine with water vapor or moisture in the ambient atmosphere, they decompose or hydrolyze to compounds, which includes either HCL or HF. 40
Hydrolyzing Gases to HCL and HF HF Arsenic Pentafluoride AsF5 Phosphorous Pentafluoride PF5 Boron Trifluoride BF3 Phosphorous Trifluoride PF3 Sulfur Tetrafluoride SF4 Silicon Tetrafluoride SiF4 Tungsten Hexafluoride WF6 Tantalum Fluoride TaF5 Titanium Fluoride TiF4 Molybdenum Fluoride MoF4 HCL Phosphorus Oxychloride POCl3 Antimony Pentachloride SbCl5 Boron Trichloride BCl3 Phosphorus Trichloride PCl3 Silicon Tetrachloride SiCl4 Tin Tetrachloride S4Cl4 Titanium Tetrachloride TiCl4 Dichlorisilane SiH2Cl2 Trichlorosilane SiHCl3 41
List of Hydrolysis Gases Gases that become HF after Hydrolysis Phosphorus Pentafluoride PF5 Boron Trichloride BF3 PF3 + H2O = 2HF + POF3 (POF3 + 3H2O 3HF + H3 PO4) BF3 + 3H2O = 2HF + H3BO3 Silicon Tetrafluoride SiF4 2SiF4 + (X + 2) H2O = 2HF + H2SiF4, XH2O Tungsten Hexafluoride WF6 WF6 + 3H2O = 6HF + WO3 Tantalum Fluoride TaF5 Titanium Fluoride TiF4 Molybdenum Fluoride MoF4 2TaF2 + 5H2O = 10HF + Ta2O5 TiF4 + 2H2O = 4HF + TiO2 MoF4 + 2H2O = 4HF + MoO2 42
List of Hydrolysis Gases Gases that become HCl after Hydrolysis Phosphorus Oxychloride (POCl3) POCl3 + 3H2O = 3HCl + H3PO4 Antimony Pentachloride (SbCl5) Boron Trichloride (BCl3) Phosphorus Pentafluoride (PCl3) Silicon Tetrachloride (SiCl4) Tin Tetrachloride (SnCl4) Titanium Tetrachloride (TiCl4) Dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2) Trichlorosilane (SiHCl3) SbCl5 + 10H2O = 10HCl + Sb2O5 BCl3 + 3H2O = 3HCl + H3BO3 PCl3 + 3H2O = 3HCl + H3PO3 SiCl4 + 2 H2O = 4HCl + SiO2 SnCl4 + 2H2O = 4HCl + SnO2 TiCl4 + 2H2O = 4HCl + TiO2 SiH2Cl2 + 4H2O = HCl + SiH2O2 SiHCl3 + 3H2O = 6HCl + (HSiO)2O 43
List of Hydrolysis Gases Other Hydrolysis Gases Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) Tetraethoxyarsine (TEOA) Si(OC2H5)4 2Si(OC2H5)4 + 2H2O > 8C2H5OH + 2SiO2 (ETHYLE) As(OC2H5)4 As (OC2H5)4 + 2H2O > 4C2H5OH + AsO2 (ETHYLE) Trimethoxyboron (TMB) B(OCH3)3 B(OCH3)3 + 3H2O > 3CH3OH + H3BO3 (METHYLE) Trimethoxyphosphate (TMP) P(OCH3)3 P(OCH3)3 + 3H2O > H3PO4 + 3CH3OH (METHYLE) 44
Understanding Date Codes Each RKI Sensor has a date code to determine warranty begin date. The date code may be a small adhesive label on the sensor or may be read from the serial number on the sensor. Example: S/N 337096366AE Date code is 33 First numeral is the year (2003) Second numeral is the month (March) Months are coded 1=Jan to 9= Sept. Oct.= X, Nov. = Y and Dec. = Z. 45
Questions? 46