PRELIMINARY RAPID DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR

PRELIMINARY RAPID DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR FOR FLOOD-AFFECTED AREAS OF PAKISTAN CONDUCTED BY THE AGRICULTURE CLUSTER: AUGUST 2010 ANALYSIS AND REPORT COMPILED: SEPTEMBER 2010 1 P a g e

Contents 1. Executive Summary... 3 2. Recommendations for Immediate Relief and Rehabilitation... 6 3. Population, Land and Agro-ecology of Flood Provinces... 7 3.1 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa... 7 3.2 Punjab... 9 3.3 Balochistan... 9 3.4 Sindh... 10 4. Objective of Assessment... 11 5. Assessment Methodology... 11 6. Assessment Preliminary Findings... 12 6.1. Field Crops... 12 6.1.1. Cotton... 13 6.1.2. Sugarcane... 13 6.1.3. Rice... 13 6.1.4. Maize... 14 6.1.5. Pulses (Mung and Mash)... 14 6.1.6. Fodder Crops... 14 6.1.7. Summer Vegetables... 14 6.1.8. Fruit Orchards... 15 6.2. Livestock... 15 6.3. Irrigation infrastructure... 15 6.3.1. Primary Irrigation Channels... 16 6.3.2. Secondary Irrigation Channels... 16 6.3.3. Tertiary Irrigation Channels/Water Courses... 16 6.3.4. Tube Wells... 16 6.4. Fish Farms... 16 6.5. Government Support Structures and Services... 17 7. Map of Flood Areas... 11 8. Four Case Studies... 18 9. Annexes... 21 2 P a g e

1. Executive Summary The recent monsoon flash floods in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab Kashmir, Pakistan Administered Kashmir (PAK) and Gilgit Baltistan have claimed well over 1,500 lives and affected more than 18 million people across Pakistan. Millions are without a home, displaced and in search of food and shelter, as outbreaks of water-borne diseases emerge. Massive destruction was caused to houses, schools, hospitals, bridges and roads. Approximately 80 percent of the population in the flood-affected areas depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The devastating monsoon floods have caused damages of unprecedented scale to agriculture and families that rely on the sector as a primary or sole source of food and/or income. The floods and flash rains in the country have not only damaged agriculture crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry, but have also destroyed primary infrastructure such as tube wells, water channels, household storages, houses, animal sheds, personal seed stocks/fertilizers, various agriculture machinery and equipments and many more. The floods struck at a devastating time for farmers just prior to the harvest of key standing crops (e.g. rice, maize, vegetables, and sugarcane) and to the onset of the Rabi wheat planting season, beginning in September/October. Relief activities continue in the affected areas. Government authorities and armed forces, supported by humanitarian organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), have begun a major rescue/relief effort to reach stranded communities. The severity of the floods has caused enormous damage to the country s infrastructure. Entire settlements of mud-brick houses are reported to have been washed away, major bridges have collapsed, and some major provincial cities have been entirely cut off as road and rail links were severed. The widespread disruption to the country s communication network has made reaching the worst affected areas of the country extremely difficult. This report contains the findings of rapid agriculture damage assessment missions conducted in 39 of a total 79 flood-affected by the Agriculture Cluster in Pakistan. The assessments were conducted in the ten most affected of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) from August 9 th 14 th, and in Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan provinces and two other severely affected of KPK (DI Khan and Tank) and Pakistan Administered Kashmir (PAK), between August 20 th 27 th 2010. A total of 116 Agriculture Cluster members from 36 organizations participated. While this report focuses on recorded damages, it provides a platform for further work on needs assessment and response analysis, such that available resources can be optimally targeted to meet the needs of the people in a 12 month emergency response period, as defined by the timeframes inherent in the ongoing revision of the Pakistan Initial Flood Emergency Response Plan (PIFERP). The tables below present the summary findings of the Agriculture Cluster damage assessment on the extent of damages to field crops, livestock and irrigation in the 39 that were surveyed. 3 P a g e

Field Crops (damage in hectares) Provinces Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Pulses Fodder Crops Summer vegetables Others Other Orchards Punjab 315 769 64 467 72 086 2 782 50 865 110 565 5 005 14 410 688 Sindh 99 930 20 072 217 074 0 0 3 934 6 044 7 284 3 150 KPK 206 41 986 36 542 92 206 6 807 0 8 137 391 4 745 Balochistan 0 0 41 455 15 0 4 932 35 722 10 245 0 PAK 0 0 113 9 474 0 0 1 296 182 177 Province Total 661636 357488 191020 92369 11242 Total 415 905 126 525 367 270 104 476 57 673 119 431 56 204 32 513 33 758 1 313 755 Damage to Livestock (head of livestock) Provinces Died in Floods Indirectly Sold at Low prices Animal Sheds Destroyed Fisheries Poultry farms/ birds Govt. Veterinary Extension Dept. Field Offices Punjab 62 765 4 361 000 9 800 10 700 916 459 000 13 Sindh 54 064 7 376 115 NK 33 000 NK NK 9 KPK 105 042 739 429 NK NK 23 NK NK Balochistan 51 740 1 621 144 NK NK NK NK NK PAK 723 228 000 1 900 2 700 NK NK NK Total 274 334 14 325 688 11 700 46 400 939 459 000 13 17 0 NK NK NK 17 Irrigation infrastructure Provinces Primary Secondary Tertiary Tube wells / Others Total Punjab 55 64 5166 10200 15 485 Sindh NK NK 433 NK 433 KPK 14 332 2601 437 3384 Balochistan NK NK NK NK NK PAK 132 NK NK NK 132 Total 201 396 8 200 10 637 19 434 4 P a g e

Field Crop Damages (Acres) 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,634,940 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 883,372 Crop Damages 600,000 472,021 400,000 200,000-228,251 27,778 Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan AJK Livestock Loss 300000 274334 250000 200000 150000 100000 105042 Died in Floods 50000 62765 54064 51740 0 723 18000 Irrigation Damages 16000 15485 14000 12000 10000 8000 Irrigation Infrastructure 6000 4000 3384 2000 0 433 0 132 Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan AJK 5 P a g e

The rapid flood damages assessment indicates that 1 313 756 hectares of the cultivated area of field crops has been reported as destroyed throughout the assessed affected areas. Highest losses in terms of crops cultivated was recorded in Punjab (661 637 hectares) followed by Sindh (357 372 hectares), KPK (191 020 hectares) and PAK (92 370 hectares). The main losses have been recorded in field crops, of which cotton, sugarcane, fodder crops and rice were found as worst affected crop of the current Kharif season (summer season). The affected communities also suffered heavy losses in livestock and irrigation infrastructure which are of paramount importance for the livelihoods of the predominantly agrarian community. A total of 274 334 livestock animals and 459 000 poultry have been reported lost. Also, as many as 14 million livestock have been indirectly affected due to diseases, feed and fodder shortages and dislocation due to animal shelter destruction. Most of the cultivated area especially cotton, sugarcane and rice cropped is cultivated with head canals diverted from main rivers. 19 434 irrigation systems have been damaged due to banks being eroded by flood water or sedimentation /siltation due to flash floods and rains which will need immediate de-silting, repair or reconstruction. While the assessment teams made every effort to gather accurate data, the prevailing emergency situation did not always allow for completeness of information. The situation is still evolving and the data are preliminary, representing only a snapshot for a particular period. Also, access to some areas is not yet possible, thus a more detailed assessment will be required when access is restored. 2. Recommendations for Immediate Relief and Early Recovery Despite the preliminary nature and partial geographic coverage of the rapid damage assessment, some initial recommendations can already be made. This is particularly relevant as many of them are time sensitive, such as immediate livestock feeding and veterinary care, and enhancing the availability of agricultural inputs for the Rabi season, preparation for which starts in some in mid-september. A preliminary table of recommendations is provided on the next page by sector, and these underlie the thrust of the Agriculture Sector early recovery strategy for the coming 12 month period Agriculture Immediate term (next 30 days): fertilizers for any surviving crops; provision of vegetable seeds, winter fodder seeds with fertilizers; clearance of flood debris for planting Short term (4-8 weeks): provision of agriculture hand tools for crop management; provision of wheat seed with fertilizers; provision of tillage capacity and land preparation activities (machinery/dap) Medium term (2-10 months): provision of potato seed with fertilizers; rehabilitation of damaged orchards and trees with provision of fertilizers and agricultural inputs for Kharif 2011. Long term (more than 10 months): providing granaries (steel bins) for seed storage. Medium to long term: support to agro-based enterprises and value chain development. 6 P a g e

Livestock and Poultry Immediate and short term: provision of emergency compound feed rations, vaccines, de-wormers and mineral/vitamin supplements for surviving livestock; provision of transitional livestock shelters. Medium term: distribution of poultry and poultry feed. Medium to long term: construction and rehabilitation of animal sheds and shelter. Medium and long term: restocking of large and small ruminants, if required. Long term: reconstruction of veterinary centres. Agriculture Infrastructure, Services and Assets Short and immediate term: clearing of flood debris, de-silting of partially damaged irrigation channels and water courses, both on-farm and shared. Medium term: rehabilitation and reconstruction of water mills. Medium to long term: reconstruction and rehabilitation of water storage tanks and ponds; rehabilitation of damaged land terraces and construction of protection walls; construction of check dams, inlet and outlet; reconstruction and rehabilitation of farm to market roads; rehabilitation of pasture tracks; and bio-physical flood mitigation measures. Agroforestry and Fisheries Medium to long term: Provision of forest and agro-forestry plants for plantation on communal and private lands; rehabilitation and restocking of fish hatcheries/farms; construction of check dams on flood prone sites and flood water drainage systems. AGRICULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE, SERVICES AND ASSETS Short and immediate term: clearing of flood debris, de-silting of partially damaged irrigation Capacity channels Development and water Medium courses. to long term: capacity development of all stakeholders; provision of improved technical Medium practices and term: agricultural rehabilitation production and reconstruction techniques. of water mills. Medium to long term: reconstruction and rehabilitation of water storage tanks and ponds; rehabilitation Immediate of damaged (next 30 days) land terraces and construction Short term of protection (4-8 weeks) walls; construction of check Medium term (2-10 months) Long term (more than 10 months) dams, inlet and outlet; reconstruction and rehabilitation of farm to market roads; rehabilitation of pasture tracks; and bio-physical flood mitigation measures. 3 Population, Land and Agro-ecology of Flood Provinces: 3.1 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Agriculture is the primary source of revenue in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). However, only 2.75 million of the province s total 10.17 million hectares is cultivatable. Of that, 1.8 million hectares is currently cultivated. The topography of KPK suggests that most of the geographical area is barren or unsuitable for agricultural AGRICULTURE production. INFRASTRUCTURE, About 83% of the SERVICES population AND lives ASSETS in rural areas placing a tremendous Short and immediate term: clearing of flood debris, de-silting of partially damaged pressure irrigation on channels land resources. and Harsh weather conditions, remote geographical location, scattered water courses. Medium term: rehabilitation and reconstruction of water mills. 7 P a g e Medium to long term: reconstruction and rehabilitation of water storage tanks and ponds; rehabilitation of damaged land terraces and construction of protection walls; construction of check

populations across many small villages, undeveloped physical and social infrastructure, underdeveloped markets, and inadequate investment in financial and human capital have been among key defining characteristics of the poverty problem in these areas. Wheat is the most important Rabi (winter) crop, occupying the bulk of the cropped area. Maize, rice, fruit, and tobacco are the main Kharif (summer) crops. Wheat straw, maize thinning and stover are important by-products used for livestock. Animal fodder is only grown as a crop in limited quantities. Due to great diversity in climate and soils, KPK grows over 42 crops; the major ones being wheat, rice, barley, maize, sugarcane, tobacco, rape and mustard, groundnut, pulses, vegetables and fruits. The major crops occupy nearly 90% of the total cropped area. Vegetables are grown throughout the year and are an important source of both nutrition and income for households. Livestock farming is also a dominant occupation of the farming community with more than 15 million animal heads and some 22 million poultry. The sector is characterizing major source of livelihood in the arid plains and mountain regions of southern KPK and most parts of FATA. Around three-quarters of farm households are involved in sheep, goat and cattle rearing. A typical family keeps up to three cows or buffalos, 5-8 sheep or goats, and 6-10 poultry. While milk animals used to be local breeds, it has become common to purchase lactating buffaloes from the Punjab, keep them for 12-18 months and then resell them. These buffaloes are mainly stall-fed whereas other cattle, as well as sheep and goats, are grazed except for the harshest winter months. During summer herds of cattle, sheep and goats are taken to pastures for grazing. 49% of the cultivated area is rain fed. Landholdings are small and fragmented, and the majority of farming families have no access to irrigation. 94% farms are below the range of 5 hectares, constituting subsistence farm level. About 40% of the country's forest is located in the northern mountainous areas of KPK and 17% of the land area of KPK is covered by forest. Subsistence farming and higher dependability on livestock activities are the characteristic livelihood patterns in northern hilly and southern dry regions of the province. The irrigated mainland of Peshawar and Swat valleys provided enabling environment for cash crops (mostly orchards and high value vegetables) in the respective areas. The well established canal system is the major source of irrigation water in Peshawar valley. In northern parts of KPK, irrigation is practiced by means of contour channels off-taking from the locally available water sources, often steep side streams and springs. Most of these schemes which cover about 26 700 hectares are owned and operated directly by the beneficiaries through traditional social organizations. The land tenure system in the KPK can be classified into three categories: 58% farming area is operated by owners while 27% and 15% farming area is cultivated by owners-cum-tenants and tenants respectively. 8 P a g e

3.2 Punjab Most of Punjab is a fertile region along river valleys. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated in the world, canals can be found throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. Punjab contributes about 70% to annual food grain production in the country. 21 million hectares is cultivated and another 3.66 million hectares are lying fallow in different parts of the province. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Cotton and rice are the most important cash crops, contributing substantially to the national exchequer. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo (a variety of mandarin). Livestock and poultry production are also important. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the focus of strategies towards small and medium scale farming, stressing barani (rain fed) areas, farms-to-market roads, electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity. 3.3 Balochistan Agriculture is the mainstay of the Balochistan economy, employing 67% of the total work force. About 6% of the province is cultivated, whereas rangelands constitute 79% of the total area. Range-based livestock production is one of the major sources of livelihood for the people living in rural areas. Small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, are better adapted to Balochistan s harsh environment and greatly outnumber large ruminants such as cattle and buffalo, camels, donkeys, horses and mules. Approximately 60% of cultivated land is under dry land farming involving flood irrigation and rainfall. Crops grown under these conditions, however, give poor yields and returns, and are very risky. These farming systems provide, in conjunction with livestock and off-farm income, the major source of revenue for many of the poorer farming communities. Crop gross margins are small, and farmers have limited access to expensive irrigation technology. Balochistan is known as the fruit-basket of the country, producing 90 percent of grapes, cherry and almonds, 60 percent of peach, pomegranate, apricot, 34 percent of apple and 70 percent of date. Fruit crops are grown over an area of 149,726 hectares in the province with a yield of about 0.9 million tonnes annually. Fruit production in highland Balochistan, which contains south-western region, depends on the availability of groundwater. A range of land tenure arrangements is found in the province. The most common are small-scale private ownership and tenancy, with two distinct tenancy systems: Annual lease, in which the tenancy agreement is negotiated on an annual basis between the tenant and landlord, and hereditary, in which tenancy rights are transferred between generations. The most common tenancy 9 P a g e

arrangement is sharecropping, although the respective shares between landlord and tenant vary considerably, including within the proposed project area. 3.4 Sindh The economy of Sindh largely depends on the progress and growth of the agriculture sector. The province contributes significantly towards overall national agriculture production with 32% rice, 24% sugarcane, 12% cotton and 21% of wheat. Sindh presents a variety of soil and climatic conditions compatible for growing various cereal, fruit and vegetable crops and maintenance of a large livestock population. The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. 41% of the total reported area (14.09 million ha) is cultivated while 10% of cultivable fertile land is left unattended due to shortage of irrigation water. The three barrages on river Indus (Sukkur, Kotri and Guddu) covers 5.78 million hectares of the cultivable command area in the province. Besides these barrages, the agriculture in Sindh is dependent upon 14 feeder and main canals, and 1 462 branch canals, distributaries and minors having a total length of 19 780 kilometers. The upper and lower Sindh zones have remained rice growing areas where as central part of Sindh is cotton-wheat belt. However, central parts of Sindh (up to Hyderabad and Mirpurkhas ) have remained under gardens and orchards growing zones for fruits and vegetables. Besides, cotton, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds, pulses and fodders are sown in greater areas. The upper Sindh are rice growing areas except Sukkur and Ghotki Districts. Rice tract of upper Sindh has some relatively small areas of orchards and vegetables, where jujuba, guava, dates and mango are produced both for local consumption and export, while Kharif and Rabi season vegetables are grown around towns and cities for local consumption. The cropping pattern in central parts of Sindh is broadly based on cotton and wheat, followed by pulses, oil seeds and fodder crops in rotation. This multi-cropping system operates under perennial irrigation canals, which receive water from the Rohri and Nara canals and the Khairpur feeder canals from the Sukkur barrage. This is a most fertile zone where major and minor crops are produced over a vast area. Concentrations of fruit orchards and vegetables are also widely grown. With the introduction of sugar mills in this zone, sugarcane is grown over larger areas to increase farmers income. However, it has caused soil degradation due to water logging and salinity and disturbed the dry crop belt of wheat-cotton growing in the central zone. Lower Sindh is in a far better condition than other crop zones of the province due to its environment that permits cultivating cash crops for the exports, such as oil palm, coconut, betel vine, papaya, as well as sugarcane, banana, rice, sunflower, tomato, muskmelon etc. 10 P a g e

4. Objective of Assessment Following agreement among Agriculture Cluster members, a rapid agriculture damage assessment mission was launched, initially in the ten most flood-affected of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). Agriculture Cluster members have actively participated in the assessment process, with the aim of collecting key primary data of losses and provide preliminary guidance on needs in the agriculture sector resulting from the ongoing floods. Following the initial assessment in KPK, similar joint assessments were carried out in Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan provinces, as well as two remaining worst affected of KPK and Pakistan Administered Kashmir (PAK) during 20-27 August 2010. The assessment mission had the following objectives: 1. Conduct a rapid damage assessment in accessible areas of most severely flood affected areas. 2. Develop coordination and collaboration with organizations and government line agencies for a realistic and valid rapid assessment. 3. Come up with strategic recommendations for immediate relief and early recovery of the agriculture sector. 4. Identify potential organizations/ngos as future implementing partners in flood affected areas. 5. Assessment methodology Primary data collection The methodology for the collection of primary field data included the gathering of damage information at household level, as well as aggregate data from government line departments and key informants. Most of the severely affected villages remained inaccessible due to mud, standing water and the destruction of link roads. The following tools were used during data collection: Focus group discussions with affected communities; Meetings and interviews with key informants, organizations, institutions and government line agencies, especially the agriculture and livestock extension department; Field visits and transect walks to the damage sites; Secondary data collection from agencies, line departments and local organizations; Recording snapshots of the affected/damage sites; and Data collection through questionnaires completed by affected households. In order to attain a diverse range of information at district level, the following approach was developed for the assessment study: Data/information from diversified sources was collected and triangulated with secondary sources; 11 P a g e

At least three union councils were covered in each district. The selection was based on preliminary discussion with the District Administration, Agriculture Extension Department and humanitarian organizations in the area; A final feedback/debriefing session was arranged at the end of the assessment mission, during which assessment findings were shared, elaborated, consolidated and compiled; Sector-wise recommendations were presented. Notes on scope of data and reliability While the assessment teams made every effort to gather accurate data, the prevailing emergency situation did not always allow for completeness of information. It is pertinent to note that: The situation is still evolving and the data are preliminary, representing only a snapshot for a particular time period; Secondary data were necessarily not up-to-date and line departments are still in the process of compiling damage assessments at district/provincial levels; Some of the collected data could not be triangulated in time for the analysis; There can be a tendency for overestimation in the preliminary figures, due to respondent s reaction to the event shock; and Access to some areas is not yet possible. More detailed assessments will be required when access is restored. 6. Rapid damage assessment preliminary findings 6.1 Field Crops The rapid flood damages assessment shows that 1 313 756 hectares of field crops cultivated area has been reported as destroyed in all the four provinces of Pakistan and PAK. Highest losses in terms of crops cultivated was recorded in Punjab (661 637 hectares) followed by Sindh (357 372 hectares), KPK (191 020 hectares) and PAK (92 370 hectares). The main losses have been recorded in field crops of which cotton, sugarcane, fodder crops and rice were the worst affected crop of the current Kharif season (summer season). The affected communities also suffered heavy losses in livestock and irrigation infrastructure which are of paramount importance for the livelihoods of the predominantly agrarian flood-affected communities. The report also encompasses community prioritization for immediate emergency and relief interventions and a proposed action plan stipulated on a time scale of immediate, short, medium and long terms basis. 12 P a g e

6.1.1 Cotton 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of 125 206 0 315 769 99 930 415 905 241 0 1 520 817 287 060 N/A Cotton is the main cash and industrial crop of south Punjab and Sindh, and a major crop for earning foreign exchange by exporting the raw and finished cotton fiber. The cotton crop was at a critical stage of reproductive growth i.e. boll formation. Cotton growers have suffered enormous loses as the cotton crop was at a very critical stage of production in one district, Larkana (Sindh) 98 percent loss was registered. Crop damages have been twofold: The floods and inundation have caused premature shedding or been completely washed away by flash floods. Irrigation water shortages causing the start of crops wilting causing significant acreage of cotton crop desiccating. 6.1.2 Sugarcane 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of 125 41 986 0 64 467 20 072 126 525 113 846 0 322 624 82 841 N/A Sugarcane is the second most important cash crop in the province of Sindh and Punjab during Kharif season and was badly affected by the recent floods. Cotton is important not only for providing important raw material for sugar making industries but the fresh leaves and stalk are also used as animal fodder. The damage to the crop will contribute to an already strained situation of fodder shortage. The crop was damaged at a critical growth stage with sugar synthesis at its peak. 6.1.3 Rice 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 PAK 2 of 8 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of 125 36 542 113 41 455 72 086 217 074 367 270 48 996 1 399 N/A 501 085 394 900 N/A Rice is the second major Kharif cereal crop in the three provinces Punjab, Sindh and KPK, and was badly hit by the floods in terms of damages to standing crop on account of being water loving, shallow rooted cereal crop cultivated in low lying riverine belt exposed to floods and heavy rains. The cultivated rice crop comprised of small plots for efficient irrigation. Rice is cultivated for national consumption as well as export of fine quality basmati rice, fetching a huge sum of foreign exchange for the national exchequer. 13 P a g e

6.1.4 Maize 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 PAK 2 of 8 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of 125 92 206 9 474 15 2 782 0 104 476 205 587 37 751 N/A 10 529 0 N/A Maize is a major cereal of summer season and is mostly cultivated as staple grain, fodder (both fresh and dry) and sale to the industries for processing. The floods have caused huge damage to the standing crop in all provinces except Sindh where the crop is cultivated as summer fodder. 6.1.5 Pulses (Mung and Mash) 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of 125 6 807 0 50 865 0 57 673 6 807 0 163 512 0 N/A Mung and Mash are the major pulse crops of southern part of KPK, Punjab and Sindh. In KPK, there was total loss in the surveyed. The current damages will lead to food insecurity and high food prices in the country. 6.1.6 Fodder crops 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of 125 0 4 932 110 565 3 934 119 431 0 N/A 270 427 4 534 N/A Major summer fodder crops of Pakistan are sorghum, maize and millets. 6.1.7 Summer vegetables 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 PAK 2 of 8 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of 125 8 137 1 296 35 722 5 005 6 044 56 204 13 523 836 N/A 55 267 14 056 N/A The losses to vegetable crops have resulted into vegetables shortages in the market and high unaffordable prices of major vegetables crops. 14 P a g e

6.1.8 Fruit orchards Major fruit orchards of the country which sustained heavy economic losses due to the floods are mangos, citrus and guava in Punjab; apples and peaches in KPK; and banana in Sindh province. 4 731 and 20 268 hectares of citrus and mango orchards were reportedly damaged in Punjab. Losses to other types of orchards to the tune of 8 759 hectares with highest losses in KPK (4 745 ha), followed by Sindh (3 150 ha), Punjab (688 ha) and PAK (177 ha). No losses to fruit orchards were reported from Baluchistan. 6.2 Livestock Livestock and poultry play a vital role in the livelihoods of poor communities especially in the context of damages to the sector in the flood affected of Pakistan. Even for those who have no landholding, livestock is an invaluable possession. Livestock is an important asset for large and medium farmers, while small and landless farmers see it as a basic means of livelihood and survival, as a hot source of cash, family nutrition and living. The typical composition of livestock comprises of 10-15 goats or sheep, 10-30 poultry birds for small farmers and 10-30 buffalos, 5-10 cows for small and large farmers. The floods have caused significant damages /losses to the livestock sector in all provinces of Pakistan. The nature of losses to the livestock is multifaceted in terms of death in flood water, indirect losses due to fodder and feed shortages and disease epidemics. A total of 274 334 livestock animals excluding poultry are estimated to have been lost in the floods. A significant number of livestock have been assessed as indirectly affected due to diseases, feed and fodder shortages and dislocation on account of animal shelter destructions. The total number of the animals indirectly affected has been reported up to 14 325 688 of which maximum losses are feared in Sindh (7 376 115), followed by Punjab (4 361 000), Baluchistan (1 621 144), KPK (739 429) and PAK (228 000). Animal sold at low prices have been reported from Punjab and PAK where 9 800 and 1 900 animals have been sold at 30-50% lower prices for fulfilling immediate cash needs during the flood disaster. A significant number of animal shed (46 400) have been damaged in the flood affected areas of Pakistan. Sindh suffered heaviest losses in terms of destruction to animal sheds where a total 33 000 animal sheds have been completely damaged by the floods, followed by 10 700 sheds destroyed in Punjab and 2 700 in PAK. 6.3 Irrigation infrastructure Most of the cultivated area, especially cotton, sugarcane and rice, are cultivated with head canals diverted from main rivers. The recent floods have damaged these canals due to banks being eroded by flood water or sedimentation /siltation due to flash floods and rains which will need immediate repair/reconstruction, de-silting to restore water availability to the standing crops of cotton, sugarcane and rice crops. These canals are the life lines of irrigation systems, especially in Punjab. 15 P a g e

6.3.1 Primary irrigation channels The floods have damaged a total of 201 primary irrigation structures of which highest damages were recorded in PAK (132), followed by Punjab (55) and KPK (14). The primary irrigation channels require early restoration. 6.3.2 Secondary and tertiary irrigation channels Secondary irrigation structure was badly damaged by the floods. The structures were either completely damaged or heavily silted due to sand and alluvial silt accumulation. At total of 396 secondary irrigation channels have been damaged of which maximum damages were recorded in KPK (332) followed by Punjab (64). Most of the irrigation channels had been improved through concrete and brick lining. Similar damages in other provinces have not been ascertained yet as the concerned district and provincial on farm water management departments are still conducting damages assessment surveys. These channels are often shared by many farmers, sometimes as many as 100 or more, and under to Water Users Association control. 6.3.3 On farm irrigation channels/water courses On farm channels are small irrigation structures (on farm water courses) for irrigation at individual farmer s fields. However, the floods have caused huge damages to such minor channels which are either completely damaged i.e. washed away by floods or heavily silted. Clearing and de-silting of structures is very vital for restoration of irrigation to any surviving standing crops, but more importantly for the upcoming wheat season. A total of 8 200 water courses have been damaged in the recent floods of which maximum damages were reported from Punjab i.e. 5 166 water courses (with an average length of 500 to 2 000 feet) have been partially or fully damaged. The second highest damages were reported from KPK (2601 water courses), followed by Sindh (433). The damages from the rest of the provinces need further detailed assessment. 6.3.4 Tube wells During the transect walks, community owned tube wells dug for irrigation purposes were observed. These tube well are operated with electricity and irrigate a significant acreage of land. The recent floods have also played havoc with these field based tube wells on account of being permanent structure in the field. Such tube wells have been completely damaged in the fields under flooding and subsequent. A total of 10 637 tube wells have been reportedly damaged, mostly in Punjab (10 200) and KPK (437). The damages from other provinces have not yet been estimated. 6.4 Fish farms Damages to fish farms have been reported only from Punjab and KPK where 916 and 23 fish farms, respectively, have been damaged by the recent monsoon floods. 16 P a g e

6.5 Government Support structures and services A total 13 Government veterinary hospitals in Punjab, 9 in Sindh and 17 agriculture extension field offices have been damaged by the floods in Punjab. A fuller estimation of damages to Government agriculture infrastructure requires further assessment. 7. Flood Districts of Pakistan 1 1 http://www.pakresponse.info/index.php?id=3, visited on 30 th August 2010 (2000 hrs PST) 17 P a g e

8. Four Case Studies Case Study 1: A farmer's world in chaos after the floods (Punjab) Mr Mohammad Afzal was a prosperous farmer of village Bakhtiari, cultivating his 75 acres of land and earning a good sum of income from his cotton crop every year. Mr Afzal was expecting an income of 500 000 rupees (USD 5 950) in view of the bumper cotton crop. But the floods wrought destruction to the fields and shattered his dreams. More than half of his cotton cultivated land,as well as his house, animal sheds, agriculture machinery and tools were badly damaged. The farmer saved his 32 animals mainly cows and buffaloes but the damages to his fodder stores and fresh fodders, six acres of sorghum crop, has left the animals hungry and weak, with a drastically reduced milk yield. He has received some livestock support, vaccinations and deworming for his animals. Mr Afzal was irrigating his crops with three tube wells installed in the vicinity of his field. The floods have inundated all of them, and he fears they are completely destroyed. He also had two tractors, one small with 135 horse powers and a larger one with 375 horse powers. Fortunately, he managed to save both of them, though many parts were broken during transportation through the flooded fields. Mr Afzal expects to reclaim his fields when the water recedes and hopes they will dry within a month so he can start clearing silt and prepare the land planting the very important winter wheat. However, he is dependent on help, as all his wheat seeds have been lost. Mr Afzal appeals to the government and other agencies to: Provide wheat seeds and fertilizers, support him in rehabilitating his tube wells, and provide feed concentrates for his surviving animals. Help replacing his damaged agriculture implements, constructing animal sheds, give concession on electricity charges on tube wells, as well as writing-off his previous small farm loans. To cope with shortage of feed during the coming winter, Mr Afzal also requested provision of winter fodder seeds such as lucerne and alfalfa suitable fodder crops, along with fertilizers for restoring the soil fertility of his damaged farms. 18 P a g e

Case Study 2: Farm family s future at stake (KPK) "Our food reserves and livelihoods assets are completely destroyed," says Allah Nawaz. He lives in the village Keach DI Khan with his family. He is the head of an extended family of fortyone people. They live in a compound of 16 canals (0.8 hectares) with agriculture as a primary livelihood source. Together with his four brothers and their children he cultivates 400 kanals (20 hectares) of irrigated land to earn their livelihoods. The flood destroyed our living compound and 66 hectares agricultural fields. My children and grand children my whole family lost our home. The infants are facing diseases of cholera and diarrhea as we are drinking contaminated water and taking less nourished food," he says. "The standing crops of rice and sugarcane are worst affected, but grain, seed stocks and dry fodder are also perished and lost. The animal shelters have collapsed, so our 89 small and large animals are roaming free, looking for feed and fodder." The devastated flood and torrential rains intolerably affected the livelihoods of this family. During on-going Kharif season they have cultivated rice on 200 kanals (10 hectares) sugarcane on 100 kanals (5 hectares) and kept 100 kanals as fallow for sugarcane sowing in September. Two standing crops have been badly affected and he is expecting more than 60% crop lost. His wheat reserves of 100 bags (10 000kg) of seed as well as grain wheat. 120 bags of 100 kg each of gram seed also stored for trading and self utilization, 50 out of 120 bags costing 210 000 rupees were are also destroyed. Besides the residential buildings, the family also lost four animal sheds accommodating 39 milk producing cattle and 50 sheep. The surviving livestock is under stress and waiting for attention and management. Approximately 50 to 60 bags of dry fodder (wheat straw) costing 20 000 rupees (USD 240) has also been destroyed under debris. 19 P a g e

Case Study 3: Financial disaster - precious crop of Mung beans damaged (KPK) Muhammad Nawaz is a small farmer of village Malana, where he has 150 kanals (7.5 hectares) of irrigated land. Every year he cultivates two crops in the kharif season (summer season), either rice or mung, and sugar cane (one short duration and one long duration crop). This year he decided to cultivate mung pulses on 55 kanals (2.8 hectares) and sugar cane on 95 kanals (4.8 hectares). He purchased seed costing 11 000 rupees (USD 83) at 7 000 rupees per 100 kg bag. Spray cost was also 11 000. Labour days and water charges required approximately 5 000 rupees. The total running cost of the crop was thus 27 000 rupees. He was expecting produce of 25 bags of 100 kg each but due to rains and flood he shall get only 10 bags. This produce has been 60% destroyed by fungus attack. Item Amount Rs. Expected Yield Amount Rs. Seed 11 000 25 Bags (25 x 7 500) 187 500 Sprays 11 000 Yield Obtained Labour and irrigation 12 000 10 Bags (10 x 3 000) 30 000 Total 34 000 Difference 157 500 Case study 4: Goats engulfed by the floods (Punjab) Ms Kosar was like other poor women of the Mouza Kacha Shikrani union council, living from hand to mouth with her five children and husband in a small mud brick hut. She had five goats and a cow which was the only source of sustenance for the family. She feeds her children goat milk and sells young kids at times of adversity, working hard to pay back a few small loans received from a nearby farming family. Doomsday fell upon her family when the floods caused destruction to their livestock. While trying to protect their animals and household possession, the five of the goats were swept away. The floods swept away the family home together with all their possessions. Ms Kosar is now living in a nearby camp with her husband and children, under the scorching heat with an ever present risk of diseases. 20 P a g e

10. Annexes: District wise assessment findings Annex 1: Damaged cropped area in the affected of Punjab # Total Union Councils Crops cultivated area damaged (Hectares) Districts Worst Moderatly Least Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Mung /Mash Fodder Crops Summer Vegetables Others Citrus Mango Other Orchards Bahawalpur 3 0 25 7602 407 93 0 0 628 182 283 0 0 0 Rahim Yar Khan 12 9 80 21862 9312 17004 0 0 3441 283 1215 0 0 0 Multan NK NK NK 1787 583 1378 0 77 4774 121 2577 3154 249 0 Jang 31 7 NK 20132 11921 13026 160 769 23268 283 1434 0 0 0 Layya 13 13 NK 8907 8097 3239 2429 12146 14170 405 2429 486 445 0 Rajan Pur 36 2 2 122339 7968 3146 102 667 4978 324 2429 0 149 0 DG Khan 17 7 10 43591 2738 6670 91 300 4234 223 1215 NK NK 0 Muzzafargarh 40 23 NK 87293 15293 21085 0 0 39019 2834 2834 1093 19433 688 Bhakkar 12 NK NK 983 5625 55 0 27455 4 26 NK NK NK 0 Khushab 15 NK NK 26 2551 6154 0 NK 15065 54 NK NK NK NK Mianwali 35 NK NK 1383 NK 267 0 9474 1032 271 NK NK NK NK Total 214 61 117 315904 64495 72117 2783 50887 110613 5007 14416 4733 20277 688 21 P a g e

Annex 2: Losses to livestock sector in affected in Punjab Damages to Livestock and Poultry # Total Union Councils Sold at Animal Poultry farms Districts Worst Moderately Least Low prices Sheds / birds Died in Floods Indirectly Fisheries Govt. Veterinary Extension Deptt. Field Offices Bahawalpur 3 0 25 27 5000 500 500 0 0 NK NK Rahim Yar Khan 12 9 80 1400 15000 1600 1700 0 0 NK NK Multan NK NK NK 4000 16000 200 1500 0 0 NK NK Jang 31 7 NK 5000 200000 4000 4000 8 3000 4 NK Layya 13 13 NK 2000 20000 3500 3000 33 40000 9 NK Rajan Pur 36 2 2 190 600000 NK NK NK 25000 NK 17 DG Khan 17 7 10 NK 1005000 NK NK NK 391000 NK Muzzafargarh 40 23 NK NK 2500000 NK NK 875 NK NK NK Bhakkar 12 NK NK 50000 NK NK NK NK NK NK NK Khushab 15 NK NK 136 NK NK NK NK NK NK NK Mianwali 35 NK NK 12 NK NK NK NK NK NK NK Total 214 61 117 62765 4361000 9800 10700 916 459000 13 17 22 P a g e

Annex 3: Damages to irrigation infrastructure Damages to Irrigation infrastructure # Total Union Councils Tubewells/ Worst Moderately Least Others Districts Primary Secondary Tertiary Bahawalpur 3 0 25 2 6 50 70 Rahim Yar Khan 12 9 80 4 20 86 120 Multan NK NK NK NK NK NK NK Jang 31 7 NK 41 0 0 0 Layya 13 13 NK NK NK 120 10000 Rajan Pur 36 2 2 4 16 19 10 DG Khan 17 7 10 NK 22 63 NK Muzzafargarh 40 23 NK 2 NK 4800 NK Bhakkar 12 NK NK NK NK 28 NK Khushab 15 NK NK 1 NK NK NK Mianwali 35 NK NK 1 NK NK NK Total 214 61 117 55 64 5166 10200 23 P a g e

Annex 4: Damaged cropped area in the affected in Sindh # Total Union Councils Crops cultivated area damaged (Hectares) Districts Worst Moderatly Least Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Mung /Mash Fodder Crops Summer Vegetables Others Citrus Mango Other Orchards Larkana 9 0 0 3921 15 13057 0 0 291 0 2024 0 0 0 Dadu 8 0 0 7287 6883 4858 0 0 0 1619 5263 0 0 1012 Jacobabad 40 0 0 0 0 99130 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghotki 40 0 0 50400 4049 4858 0 0 1619 972 0 0 0 324 Shikarpur 25 19 1 4049 0 30364 0 0 0 121 0 0 0 230 Nawabshah 9 0 0 8654 1519 0 0 0 0 519 0 0 0 0 Khairpur 7 0 0 7654 6449 1825 0 0 0 266 0 0 0 1586 Sukkur 3 5 0 18007 1167 2345 0 0 0 120 0 0 0 0 kashmore 19 0 0 0 0 60729 0 0 2024 2429 0 0 0 0 Total 160 24 1 99972 20081 217166 0 0 3935 6047 7287 0 0 3151 24 P a g e

Annex 5: Losses to livestock sector in affected in Sindh Districts # Total Union Councils Worst Moderatly Least Died in Floods Indirectly Sold at Damages to Livestock and Poultry Animal Fisheries Poultry farms Low prices Sheds / birds Govt. Veterinary Larkana 9 0 0 1350 242373 NK NK NK NK NK NK Dadu 8 0 0 457 60000 NK NK NK NK NK NK Jacobabad 40 0 0 10000 149600 NK NK NK NK NK NK Ghotki 40 0 0 28 800000 NK NK NK NK NK NK Shikarpur 25 19 1 8000 1017000 NK 33000 NK NK NK NK Extension Deptt. Field Offices Nawabshah 9 0 0 9500 2136000 NK NK NK NK NK NK Khairpur 7 0 0 3229 1998926 NK NK NK NK NK NK Sukkur 3 5 0 13000 722216 NK NK NK NK NK NK Kashmore 19 0 0 8500 250000 NK NK NK NK NK NK Total 160 24 1 54064 7376115 0 33000 NK NK NK NK 25 P a g e

Annex 6: Damages to irrigation infrastructure in affected in Sindh Table 2 : Damages to irrigation infrastructure in Sindh Districts # Total Union Councils Damages to Irrigation infrastructure Primary Secondary Tertiary Tube-wells/ Worst Moderately Least Others Larkana 9 0 0 NK NK NK NK Dadu 8 0 0 NK NK NK NK Jacobabad 40 0 0 NK NK NK NK Ghotki 40 0 0 NK NK NK NK Shikarpur 25 19 1 NK NK 433 NK Nawabshah 9 0 0 NK NK NK NK Khairpur 7 0 0 NK NK NK NK Sukkur 3 5 0 NK NK NK NK kashmore 19 0 0 NK NK NK NK Total 160 24 1 0 0 433 0 26 P a g e

Annex 7: Damaged cropped area in the affected in KPK # Total Union Councils Crops cultivated area damaged (Hectares) Districts Worst Moderatly Least Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Mung /Mash Fodder Crops Summer Vegetables Others Citrus Mango Other Orchards Peshawar 10 8 2 0 4628 291 11323 0 0 1028 0 0 0 233 Nowshera 16 7 0 0 2578 94 10889 0 0 975 0 0 0 255 Mardan 6 5 24 0 105 162 530 0 0 61 49 0 0 65 Charsadda 14 10 5 0 15805 142 14543 0 0 2329 343 0 0 193 Swat 29 17 12 0 0 5202 30012 0 0 2612 0 0 0 3479 Lower Dir NK NK NK 0 0 5108 1405 0 0 416 0 0 0 0 Upper Dir NK NK NK 0 0 5257 1243 0 0 161 0 0 0 365 Shangla 8 12 8 0 0 71 7520 0 0 48 0 0 0 30 Kohistan 4 2 0 0 0 14 13192 0 0 27 0 0 0 5 Malakand NK NK NK 0 0 5792 1205 0 0 95 0 0 0 0 DI Khan 28 5 5 206 18713 14248 264 6810 0 183 0 0 0 95 Tank 6 3 4 0 174 178 117 0 0 206 0 0 0 28 Total 121 69 60 206 42004 36558 92245 6810 0 8140 391 0 0 4747 27 P a g e

Annex 8: Losses to livestock sector in affected of KPK Worst # Total Union Councils Moderately Sold at Damages to Livestock and Poultry Animal Poultry farms Least Died in Indirectly Floods Low prices Sheds Fisheries / birds Govt. Veterinary Extension Deptt. Field Offices Peshawar 10 8 2 5406 18021 NK NK NK NK NK NK Nowshera 16 7 0 33905 145127 NK NK NK NK NK NK Mardan 6 5 24 164 31785 NK NK NK NK NK NK Charsadda 14 10 5 20000 50000 NK NK NK NK NK NK Swat 29 17 12 476 1470 NK NK NK NK NK NK Lower Dir NK NK NK 2612 0 NK NK NK NK NK NK Upper Dir NK NK NK 3019 10000 NK Districts NK NK NK NK NK Shangla 8 12 8 1222 69911 NK NK NK NK NK NK Kohistan 4 2 0 2102 242424 NK NK NK NK NK NK Malakand NK NK NK 1560 8340 NK NK NK NK NK NK DI Khan 28 5 5 33657 162351 NK NK NK NK NK NK Tank 6 3 4 919 NK NK NK NK NK NK NK Total 121 69 60 105042 739429 NK NK NK NK NK 28 P a g e

Annex 9: Damages to irrigation infrastructure in affected in KPK Damages to Irrigation infrastructure # Total Union Councils Tube-wells/ Districts Worst Moderately Least Primary Secondary Tertiary Peshawar 10 8 2 0 0 270 4 Nowshera 16 7 0 0 0 45 2 Others Mardan 6 5 24 2 0 43 0 Charsadda 14 10 5 4 0 188 7 Swat 29 17 12 2 0 1260 130 Lower Dir NK NK NK 0 0 20 0 Upper Dir NK NK NK 0 0 50 0 Shangla 8 12 8 5 130 295 185 Kohistan 4 2 0 0 150 80 80 Malakand NK NK NK 0 0 9 0 DI Khan 28 5 5 1 52 333 29 Tank 6 3 4 0 0 8 0 Total 121 69 60 14 332 2601 437 29 P a g e

Annex 10: Damaged cropped area in the affected in Baluchistan # Total Union Councils Crops cultivated area damaged (Hectares) Districts Worst Moderatly Least Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Mung /Mash Fodder Crops Summer Vegetables Others Citrus Mango Other Orchards Jaffarabad 22 10 16 0 0 28388 4 0 1186 676 2277 0 0 0 Naseerabad 9 5 10 0 0 13085 0 0 3424 34449 2313 0 0 0 Sibi 6 3 7 0 0 0 4 0 264 172 3239 0 0 0 Barkhan 2 1 5 0 0 0 4 0 40 432 937 0 0 0 Kohlu 2 2 4 0 0 0 3 0 20 8 1485 0 0 0 Total 41 21 42 0 0 41472 15 0 4934 35737 10250 0 0 0 Annex 11: Losses to livestock sector in affected of Baluchistan Districts # Total Union Councils Worst Moderately Died in Indirectly Sold at Animal Damages to Livestock and Poultry Poultry farms Least Floods Low prices Sheds Fisheries / birds Veterinary Jaffarabad 22 10 16 23796 951842 NK NK NK NK NK NK Naseerabad 9 5 10 10322 238280 NK NK NK NK NK NK Sibi 6 3 7 14627 44770 NK NK NK NK NK NK Barkhan 2 1 5 1000 296252 NK NK NK NK NK NK Kohlu 2 2 4 1995 90000 NK NK NK NK NK NK Total 41 21 42 51740 1621144 NK NK NK NK NK NK Govt. Extension Dept Field Offices 30 P a g e

Annex 12: Damages to irrigation infrastructure in affected in Baluchistan # Total Union Councils Damages to Irrigation infrastructure Tube-wells/ Districts Worst Moderately Least Primary Secondary Tertiary Others Jaffarabad 22 10 16 NK NK NK NK Naseerabad 9 5 10 NK NK NK NK Sibi 6 3 7 NK NK NK NK Barkhan 2 1 5 NK NK NK NK Kohlu 2 2 4 NK NK NK NK Total 41 21 42 NK NK NK NK 31 P a g e

Annex 13: Damages to field crops, livestock and irrigation infrastructure in Pakistan Administered Kashmir Districts # Total Union Councils Worst Moderatly Least Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Crops cultivated area damaged (Hectares) Mung /Mash Fodder Crops Summer Vegetables Others Citrus Mango Other Orchards Muzaffarabad 7 6 7 0 0 103 7728 0 0 921 121 0 0 81 Neelum 4 2 4 0 0 10 1750 0 0 376 61 0 0 96 Total 11 8 11 0 0 113 9478 0 0 1296 182 0 0 177 Districts # Total Union Councils Worst Moderately Least Died in Floods Indirectly Sold at Damages to Livestock and Poultry Animal Poultry farms Low prices Sheds Fisheries / birds Govt. Veterinary Extension Deptt. Field Offices Muzaffarabad 7 6 7 486 90000 700 1500 NK NK NK NK Neelum 4 2 4 237 138000 1200 1200 NK NK NK NK Total 11 8 11 723 228000 1900 2700 NK NK NK NK Damages to Irrigation infrastructure # Total Union Councils Tubewells/ Districts Worst Moderately Least Primary Secondary Tertiary Muzaffarabad 7 6 7 82 NK NK NK Neelum 4 2 4 50 NK NK NK Others Total 11 8 11 132 NK NK NK 32 P a g e