Spatial Development and Technologies for Green Cities in Asia Florian Steinberg, Dr.-Ing. Senior Urban Development Specialist Urban Development and War Division Southeast Asia Department Asian Development Bank, Manila-Philippines
Tough balancing act facing Asia & the Pacific: how to promote economic growth without sacrificing the environment The Global Challenge To prevent catastrophic climate change and not exceed a temperature increase of 2 degrees centigrade, global greenhouse gas emissions must peak by 2020. Scientists warn that the world is heading towards a much higher emission level that will warm the planet by well over 2 degrees. Developed countries collectively need to cut their emissions drastically; developing countries need to decouple continued economic growth from the generation of high levels of greenhouse gases. Even with aggressive efforts to reduce emissions today, adaptation measures are needed to cope with the adverse consequences of climate change that has been locked in by past emissions.
Tackling the Causes of Climate Change: Asia is Key Developing Asia is now responsible for 35% of worldwide energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, compared to 17% in 1990. The People s Republic of China is the largest source, accounting for about 70% of the region s emissions. Its per capita emission, however, is only about 50% of the developed world s average. Vehicle ownership is doubling every 5 years in many Asian countries, with growth in urban areas even more rapid, often doubling every 2 to 3 years. Without greater use of renewable energy and improved energy efficiency, developing Asia s share in global energy-related emissions could reach about 45% by 2030.
continued Around 17% of total annual global emissions come from forest and land use change, with about one-third from Asia and the Pacific. Impacts of Climate Change: The region is highly vulnerable Seven out of the 10 nations at greatest risk to climate change and natural disasters globally are in Asia and the Pacific, and 3 of these are small Pacific island states. (Source: UNU-EHS) 20 million Bangladeshis would be displaced by a 1 meter rise in sea level by 2050. More than 60% of the region s population works in agriculture, fisheries, and forestry, which are the sectors most at-risk to climate change. Decrease in fresh water availability could affect more than 1 billion by 2050. Climate change will cut agricultural crop yields and hike food prices every 10% rise pushes a further 64 million Asians into poverty.
Massive investments are required Massive investments are required Several tens of billions of dollars will be needed annually to help developing countries transition to low-carbon and climate-resilient economies, with $40 billion annually for adaptation in Asia and the Pacific alone. The People s Republic of China leads the world in renewable energy investment, accounting for half of all global output of solar modules and wind turbines. Developed countries collectively need to cut their emissions drastically; developing countries need to decouple continued economic growth from the generation of high levels of greenhouse gases. ADB is helping the region meet financing needs. For example, ADB has invested about $7 billion in clean energy-related projects since 2008, with $2.1 billion in 2011 alone.
Ecological Footprint of Cities
The Most Common Urban Spatial Structures Poly-centric, higher density spatial urban structures prove to be more efficient, More advantageous from climate mitigation perspective due to reduced travel, and reduced emissions
Inputs and outputs - a systemic approach to an urban context across sectors and scales Emissions of cities have been growing over last decades Body mass of cities is absorbing too much heat
High Density New Towns in China Shizhimen in Zhuhai: economic engine for the Pearl River Some Asian cities are trying to demonstrate the high density living of the urban future Urban Asia is becoming a laboratory of urban futures
Masdar: a prototype of One Planet living Masdar, Abu Dhabi may serve as an inspiration, though for many countries it may be unattainable
Eco city Case Studies Sino Singapore Tanjin Eco City (SSTEC) Eco-city near Tianjin: industrial development as justification Green economic growth + green cities Defined eco-city performance standards
Eco city Case Studies Caofeidian International Eco City Steel city in Hebei Province, China: Intended green transport and transitoriented design of short distances
Eco city Case Studies Dongtan Eco City First major Eco-City near Shanghai Has been stopped, due to lack of political support, linked to the demise of a former communist party chief
Eco city Case Studies Kitakyushu Model Eco Town Extensive range of recycling and environmental industries More Japanese eco-city experiments expected soon
CO2 Mitigation Potential in 2030
Green Transport Bus Rapid Transit System in Curitiba, Brazil an example often copied the world over Bus Rapid Transit in Lanzhou, China
Green Transport The Arrival of the Electric Car Electric Tricycle a pilot model in Manila Eagerly awaited Technology trials in Manila
Green Buildings First Examples of Certified Green Buildings in Asia Manila The Headquarters of the Asian Development Bank A LEED-certified building LEED certified
Green Buildings The Greening of Architecture in Asia Editt Tower, Singapore Arya Residences, Bonifacio Global City, Manila Working towards LEED Certification Commercial private sector catching up Manila getting ready for state of the arts green buildings but are the energy concepts right?
Green Buildings In China EXPO 2010 Initiative: Demonstration eco-building in Minhang District, Shanghai Towards energy-efficiency and low-carbon cities
Green Buildings Energy Saving Home for Kuala Lumpur, Birds Island project proposal High-end residential housing seems to use new ecological concepts
Green Buildings Vibrant City, Cool Greenery Commercialization of Green Building Concept in Singapore project for sale
The case for investments in Green Buildings in Developing Asia
Energy Renewable energy in the city Renewable energy in the city Adaptive Reuse of an old bunker facility in Hamburg Asia is has few examples of decentralized energy production in cities
Energy Options of renewable energy in the city Renewable energy through urban renewal Technologies are known Urban renewal in Asia will face similar challenges
Energy Cities that consume 30% less energy? Cleaner Energy for Cities
Towards carbon neutral cities: Future applications of glass facades as solar panels Example of revolutionary technology: Solar Panel HIT tm Double Façade Wuxi Suntech PV R&D Center Outer wall structure with unique solar power generation system, which takes in sunlight from the front and rear surfaces Towards carbon neutral cities: Future applications of glass facades as solar panels
Vegetation and Landscape Manhattan, New York, Rooftop greening ideal for heat absorption Grass roofing: Science Museum, San Francisco
Vegetation and Landscape Green Facade: Quay Branly Museum, Paris Green Roof UNESCO Building, Paris
Green roofs in Beijing s Central Business District
Towers of trees: Vertical forests in the sky are the height of green living Italy today, Malaysia and Singapore tomorrow
Urban Agriculture Invented in Europe and the US, is seen as part of the future in South Korea
Urban Agriculture at the Mekong River Kaysone Phomvihane, Lao PDR Today still part of the informal sector
Vertical Farms Since Expo 2000 a vision
Green Vision for Hong Kong
City Greening: Thanh Hoa, Viet Nam Top photo and above left, two green park bands that stretch throughout the city are oriented toward the sea breeze and the cool night winds. Green and blue fingers - Linear parks and urban forests: Contiguous green corridors, canals and open space networks; conceiving storm water retention as urban design amenities; and enhanced connectivity and transportation, Thanh Hoa City by 2020, Raven-LBG (2008). Above right: City model detail- Green fingers through dense, energy-efficient, pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods of cool streets, urban squares lower building cooling loads.
Smart technologies - Infrastructure and digital technology Ubiquitous city - New Songdo, Incheon, South Korea Seoul s Integrated Set of 3- Systems Initiative Another experimental frontier Technological progress may become more easily available to all of us
E-governance and accountability: the basis for more effective coordination
Traffic Management System being developed by COOPERS, a European research initiative
Road Radar and Speed Limits
Futuristic Eco-Designs
Clean and Smart Urban Technologies Promise to Become Drivers of Green Growth
Adoption of Green Cities Planning and Technologies
ADB support through lending Sovereign loans to public sector: Clean Energy Green transport Other infrastructure for resilience Subsovereign loans to national/local banks or private sector Guarantees for green architecture programs Private sector projects (loans/guarantees/ equity investment)