COMMERCIAL ENERGY BALANCE TABLES AND CONVERSION FACTORS 3 The energy balance tables prepared by TERI provide an account of the different kinds of commercial energy sources. Columns represent various energy sources and rows represent the origin and utilization of these sources. All figures are represented in a common unit, million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE). Original units have been converted into MTOE units based on the calorific values of the respective energy sources (main conversion factors are given in Tables 1 and 2). Columns Columns 2 to 7: Sources of primary energy Sources of primary energy can be referred to as (commercially traded) resources that occur as is in nature and are used to produce energy from coal, water in motion (hydroelectricity), uranium (nuclear energy), wind, biomass, natural gas, crude oil, solar radiation, geothermal resources, and so on. Coal and lignite, hydropower, nuclear resources, renewable energy sources, natural gas, and crude oil are the main sources of primary energy. Column 2: Coal and lignite The values in this column pertain to coking coal, non-coking coal, and lignite. In India, coking coal is categorized based on ash content and noncoking coal is categorized based on useful heat values (UHVs). The categorization of different grades of coking and non-coking coal is given in Tables 3 and 4. Table 1 Main conversions used in the petroleum industry Item Conversion factor Crude oil 1 tonne = 7.33 barrels = 1.165 m 3 (kilolitres) 1 barrel = 0.136 tonnes = 0.159 m 3 (kilolitres) 1 m 3 = 0.858 tonnes = 6.289 barrels 1 MT = 1.111 BCM natural gas = 39.2 BCF natural gas = 0.805 MT (LNG) = 40.4 trillion Btu Natural gas 1 BCM = 35.3 BCF natural gas = 0.90 MT crude oil = 0.73 MT LNG = 36 trillion Btu = 6.29 million barrels of oil equivalent LNG 1 MT = 1.38 BCM natural gas = 48.7 BCF natural gas = 1.23 MT crude oil = 52 trillion Btu = 8.68 million barrels of oil equivalent CNG 1 kg = 1.244 standard cubic metres natural gas = 1.391 litres of petrol = 1.399 litres of HSD oil Btu British thermal units; BCF billion cubic feet; BCM billion cubic metre; CNG compressed natural gas; HSD high-speed diesel; LNG liquefied natural gas; MT million tonnes
Table 2 Heat units and others expressed Items Heat units 10 million million Btu 0.25 100 million therms 0.25 10 000 teracalories 1.00 Solid fuels Conversion (MTOE) 1 MT of coal 0.67 (international) # 1 MT of lignite 0.33 Natural gas 1 BCM 0.90 Town gas 1 BCM 0.42 Electricity 12 000 million kwh 0.86 0.34 (domestic weighted average)* Btu British thermal units; kwh kilowatt-hour; MT million tonnes; MTOE million tonnes of oil equivalent # BP Statistical Review of World Energy * Calculations used for this energy balance Note According to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 1 MT of oil produces 4400 million units (kwh) of electricity in a modern power station. Table 3 Categorization of coking coal grades Coking coal grade Ash content (%) Steel Grade I Less than 15 Steel Grade II Between 15 and 18 Washery Grade I Between 18 and 21 Washery Grade II Between 21 and 24 Washery Grade III Between 24 and 28 Washery Grade IV Between 28 and 35 Ash + moisture content (%) Semi-coking Grade I Less than 19 Semi-coking Grade II Between 19 and 24 Source CCO (2008) Calorific values for domestic coking coal and non-coking coal have been worked out based on the weighted average of the UHVs, weights being the production figures. The UHVs considered for lignite, imported coking coal, imported non-coking coal, and coal for export are provided in Table 5. Table 4 Categorization of non-coking coal grades Non-coking coal grade Useful heat value (kcal/kg) Grade A 6 200 and above Grade B 5 600 to 6 200 Grade C 4 940 to 5 600 Grade D 4 200 to 4 920 Grade E 3 360 to 4 200 Grade F 2 400 to 3 360 Grade G 1 300 to 2 400 Source CCO (2008) Table 5 Standard useful heat values Item Useful heat value (kcal/kg) Lignite 3 000 Coking coal (imported) 6 500 Non-coking coal (imported) 6 500 Coal (exported) 6 000 Columns 3 to 5: Hydropower, nuclear power, and renewable energy sources Data for hydropower and energy from renewable sources pertain to both utilities and captive power plants. Nuclear power is presently generated only in utilities. Some of the standard conversion factors used for transforming energy units into a common unit are as follows. 1 gigawatt-hour (GWh) = 0.0036 petajoules (PJ) 1 MTOE = 41.868 PJ 1 kwh electricity = 860 kcal Column 6: Natural gas Although the calorific value of natural gas in India ranges from 8000 kcal/m 3 to 9480 kcal/m 3, we have assumed a calorific value of 9000 kcal/m 3 for the study related to energy balances. Column 7: Crude oil 1 MT of crude oil = 1 MTOE Columns 8 to 16: Sources of secondary energy These include the various products obtained from the refining of crude oil, such as liquefied 30 TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14
petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, motor gasoline, aviation turbine fuel (ATF), kerosene, high-speed diesel (HSD), light diesel oil, fuel oil, 1 and other petroleum products. The calorific values of different petroleum products are given in Table 6. Column 17: Total petroleum products The figures for total petroleum products are the sum totals of the figures for the various energy sources produced as a result of refining crude oil. The conversion factors for the main petroleum products are given in Table 7. Since these conversion factors are approximations and the actual factors depend on the densities of various products, the conversion factor for other petroleum products has been adjusted to equate the crude throughput (less refinery fuel) with the total production of petroleum products. Column 18: Thermal power Thermal power includes power generated from (1) coal and lignite, (2) natural gas, and (3) petroleum products. Column 19: Total power Total power includes (1) thermal power, (2) hydropower, (3) nuclear power, and (4) power from renewable energy sources. Column 20: Total energy This column is the summation of all forms of energy outlined earlier. Table 6 Calorific values of different petroleum products Petroleum product LPG 11 300 Naphtha 10 750 Kerosene 10 450 ATF 10 650 Fuel oil 9 850 Motor gasoline 10 700 HSD 10 350 Calorific value (kcal/kg) ATF aviation turbine fuel; HSD high-speed diesel; LPG liquefied petroleum gas Table 7 Conversion factors of petroleum products Product TOE/tonne Barrel/tonne Refinery gas 1.15 8.00 Ethane 1.13 16.85 LPG 1.13 11.60 Aviation gasoline 1.07 8.90 Motor gasoline 1.07 8.53 Jet gasoline 1.07 7.93 Jet kerosene 1.07 7.93 Other kerosene 1.05 7.74 Naphtha 1.08 8.50 Gas/diesel oil 1.04 7.46 Heavy fuel oil 0.96 6.66 Petroleum coke 0.74 5.50 White spirit 0.96 7.00 Lubricants 0.96 7.09 Bitumen 0.96 6.08 Paraffin waxes 0.96 7.00 Non-specified products 0.96 7.00 LPG liquefied petroleum gas; TOE tonnes of oil equivalent Rows Rows 3 to 5: Production, import, and export These rows refer to the indigenous production, import, and export of a particular source of energy. Row 6: Stock changes A stock build is shown as a negative number and a stock draw as a positive number. Row 7: Availability Availability of primary sources of energy has been worked out by adding imports and stock changes to production and subtracting exports from it. Row 8: Petroleum refining This row accounts for the generation of secondary fuels as a result of crude oil refining. 1 Fuel oil includes furnace oil and low sulphur heavy stock (LSHS)/hot heavy stock (HHS). TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14 31
Row 9: Own use Any fuel used for its own production/extraction is reflected in this row. Row 10: LPG extraction This row refers to the extraction of LPG from natural gas. The same value occurs in both the columns natural gas and LPG. Row 11: Power generation This row refers to the amount of power generated from each fuel. Row 12: Conversion loss in power generation Conversion loss in power generation has been calculated on the basis of the efficiency of inputs (that is, electricity generated per unit of input) in different types of power stations. Row 13: Auxiliary consumption in power stations The percentage of auxiliary consumption in different types of power stations has been applied to power generation less conversion loss in power stations in each case. Row 14: Transmission and distribution losses This row refers to the transmission and distribution (T&D) losses in power stations (utilities only). Row 15: Flaring of natural gas This row accounts for the amount of natural gas that escapes and flares up during the process of extraction. Row 16: Coal washery rejects Raw coal feed to washeries is converted into washed coal and middlings, which are sent to either power plants or industries. However, a certain amount of coal comes out as rejects, which are not useable. Row 17: Conversion Conversion is defined differently for different fuels. In the case of coal, conversion implies the amount of coal used for power generation. Conversion of natural gas includes the utilization for its own use, for LPG extraction, and for power generation as well as its flaring. Conversion in the case of crude oil is the amount of crude oil sent for petroleum refining (which is the same as its availability). The conversion value for sources of secondary energy equals their production (from crude oil or natural gas) minus their use in power generation. In the case of thermal power and total power, conversion refers to losses in power generation, that is, conversion loss, auxiliary consumption, and T&D losses. Conversion of total energy also includes flaring of natural gas and coal washery rejects. Row 18: Net availability This row refers to the amount of each energy source available (after consumption in power plants, own use, losses, and so on) for consumption across various economic activities. Rows 19 to 26: Consumption These rows display the total consumption of each energy source and its break-up by sector (that is, agriculture, industry, transport, residential, commercial, other energy uses, and non-energy uses). 2 2 In the absence of disaggregated sectoral data, sales of naphtha by private parties have been distributed between power generation and petrochemicals as per the weighted average of direct sales of naphtha to power plants and petrochemicals sector in respective years. 32 TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14
References CCO (Coal Controller s Organization). 2008. Coal Directory of India 2006/07. Kolkata: CCO CCO (Coal Controller s Organization). 2009. Coal Directory of India 2007/08. Kolkata: CCO CCO (Coal Controller s Organization). 2010. Coal Directory of India 2008/09 (Part-I: Coal Statistics). Kolkata: CCO CCO (Coal Controller s Organization). 2011. Coal Directory of India 2009/10 (Part-I: Coal Statistics). Kolkata: CCO CCO (Coal Controller s Organization). 2012. Coal Directory of India 2010/11 (Part-I: Coal Statistics). Kolkata: CCO CEA (Central Electricity Authority). 2008. All India Electricity Statistics: general review 2008. New Delhi: CEA. CEA (Central Electricity Authority). 2009. All India Electricity Statistics: general review 2009. New Delhi: CEA CEA (Central Electricity Authority). 2010. All India Electricity Statistics: general review 2010. New Delhi: CEA CEA (Central Electricity Authority). 2011. All India Electricity Statistics: general review 2011. New Delhi: CEA CEA (Central Electricity Authority). 2012. All India Electricity Statistics: general review 2012. New Delhi: CEA MoPNG (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas). 2008. Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics 2006/07. New Delhi: MoPNG, Government of India MoPNG (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas). 2009. Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics 2007/08. New Delhi: MoPNG (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas). 2010. Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics 2008/09. New Delhi: MoPNG (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas). 2011. Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics 2009/10. New Delhi: MoPNG (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas). 2012. Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics 2010/11. New Delhi: MoPNG, Government of India TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14 33