Chest Radiography Interpretation: Reading Chest Films

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Chest Radiography Interpretation: Reading Chest Films Lisa Chen, M.D. Assistant Clinical Professor Pulmonary and Critical Care Division Department of Medicine San Francisco General Hospital Michael Gotway, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Radiology University of California, San Francisco

Approach to the CXR: Technical Aspects Inspiratory effort 9-10 posterior ribs Penetration thoracic intervertebral disc space just visible Positioning/rotation medial clavicle heads equidistant to spinous process

Low Lung Volumes

Over Exposure Proper Exposure

10

What to Evaluate Lungs Pleural surfaces Cardiomediastinal contours Bones and soft tissues Abdomen

Where to Look Apices Retrocardiac areas (left and right) Below diaphragm

Apical TB

Left Retrocardiac Opacity

Normal Anatomy: Frontal CXR Heart Aorta Pulmonary arteries Airways Diaphragm/costophrenic sulci Junction lines

Normal Anatomy: Lateral Heart Aorta Pulmonary arteries Airways Spine

AA RV LV

Chest Radiography: Basic Principles X-ray photon fates: completely absorbed in patient transmitted through patient; strike film scattered within patient; strike film X-ray absorption depends on: beam energy (constant) tissue density

Maximum x-rayx Transmission (least dense tissue) Blackest air fat soft tissue calcium bone Maximum x ray x Absorption (densest tissue) x-ray contrast metal Whitest

Chest Radiography: Basic Principles All cardiothoracic pathology and normal anatomy is visualized (or not) by 7 different densities How is this accomplished? differential x-ray x absorption

Differential X-Ray X Absorption A structure is rendered visible on a radiograph by the juxtaposition of two different densities

Silhouette Sign Loss of the expected interface normally created by juxtaposition of two structures of different density No boundary can be seen between two structures of similar density

Right Lower Lobe Pneumonia

Differential X-Ray X Absorption The absence of a normal interface may indicate disease; The presence of an unexpected interface may also indicate disease The presence of interfaces can be used to localize abnormalities

Chest Radiographic Patterns of Disease Air space opacity Interstitial opacity Nodules and masses Lymphadenopathy Cysts and cavities Lung volumes Pleural diseases

Chest Radiographic Patterns of Disease Cardiomediastinal contour abnormalities Bone and soft tissue abnormalities Below the diaphragm: abdominal and retroperitoneal disease

Air Space Opacity Components: air bronchogram: : air-filled bronchus surrounded by airless lung confluent opacity extending to pleural surfaces segmental distribution

Air Space Opacity: DDX Blood (hemorrhage) Pus (pneumonia) Water (edema) hydrostatic or non-cardiogenic Cells (tumor) Protein/fat: alveolar proteinosis and lipoid pneumonia

LUL Pneumonia

Interstitial Opacity Hallmarks: small, well-defined nodules lines interlobular septal thickening fibrosis reticulation

Interstitial Opacity: Small Nodules

Interstitial Opacity: Lines

Interstitial Opacity: Lines & Reticulation

Interstitial Opacity: DDX Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias Infections (TB, viruses) Edema Hemorrhage Non infectious inflammatory lesions sarcoidosis Tumor

Nodules and Masses Nodule: any pulmonary lesion represented in a radiograph by a sharply defined, discrete, nearly circular opacity 2-30 mm in diameter Mass: larger than 3 cm

Nodules and Masses Qualifiers: single or multiple size border definition presence or absence of calcification location

Well-Defined Ill-Defined Mass Calcification

Lymphadenopathy Non-specific presentations: mediastinal widening hilar prominence Specific patterns: particular station enlargement

Right Paratracheal Lymphadenopathy

Right Hilar LAN

Right Hilar LAN

Left Hilar LAN

Subcarinal LAN

Subcarinal LAN *

AP Window LAN

Cysts & Cavities Cyst: abnormal pulmonary parenchymal space, not containing lung but filled with air and/or fluid, congenital or acquired, with a wall thickness greater than 1 mm epithelial lining often present

Cysts & Cavities Cavity: abnormal pulmonary parenchymal space, not containing lung but filled with air and/or fluid, caused by tissue necrosis, with a definitive wall greater than 1 mm in thickness and comprised of inflammatory and/or neoplastic elements

Cysts & Cavities Characterize: wall thickness at thickest portion inner lining presence/absence of air/fluid level number and location

Benign Lung Cyst : PCP Pneumatocele Uniform wall thickness 1 mm Smooth inner lining

Benign Cavities : Cryptococcus max wall thickness 4 4 mm minimally irregular inner lining

Indeterminate Cavities max wall thickness 5-15 mm mildly irregular inner lining

Malignant Cavities: Squamous Cell Ca max wall thickness 16 mm Irregular inner lining

Pleural Disease: Basic Patterns Effusion angle blunting to massive mobility Thickening distortion, no mobility Mass Air Calcification

Pleural Effusion

Pleural Effusion

Subpulmonic Effusion

Pleural Calcification