Oil and Gas Production and Exploration, Part II American Translators Association 52th Annual Conference Boston, October 26, 2011 Presenter: Steven Marzuola 1 Progression 2
Water depths Shallow Up to 1000 / 1500 ft deep Christmas tree on platform ( dry tree ) Deepwater Christmas tree on bottom (subsea, wet tree ) 3 Offshore building blocks 4
Shallowest water Louisiana Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela 5 Jackup drilling rigs Mobile, flexible Usually up to 400 ft water depth Can handle surface trees on permanent platform, OR subsea trees 6
Conventional platform Depths up to 1000 feet Wells drilled directionally Surface-type wellheads Drilling equipment often permanent Source: California Department of Conservation - www.conservation.ca.gov 7 Deepwater drilling rigs Semi Submersible More stable in rough weather Slow transit speed Drillship Faster deployment Less stable Increased Capacities Liquids, bulk material, personnel 8
Marine Riser 9 Riser tensioner system System used to keep a positive pulling force on the marine riser independent of the movements of the rig. If there was no tensioner system in place every time that the rig moved downward, the riser would buckle 10
Subsea BOP stack 11 Anchor handling vessels Moored (anchors) Reduced operating cost (fuel) No Drive-Off (loss of control) No Drift-Off 12
Dynamic Positioning (DP) Thrusters Any water depth Faster to mobilize/demobilize, avoid bad weather No anchors to handle, drag on bottom Expensive to operate (fuel) Not shown: Built-in type 13 Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) Unmanned submarine Controlled from rig with tether Multiple functions Video Operate wellheads or BOP Stack Classed by horsepower, number of actuators 14
Production facilities TLP - Tension Leg Platform Semisubmersible, moored to seafloor Production through subsea manifolds More stable in rough weather Reduced transit speed Onboard drilling and production facilities 15 Production facilities (cont.) SPARS Large submerged cylinder, moored to seafloor Stable Platform Surface BOP Stacks / trees Weather has less impact on operations Usually Reduced Capacities Liquids Bulk Material Personnel 16
Pipelay vessels S-Lay Shallower water J-Lay Deeper water 17 Subsea pipeline - complications Concrete coating: Reel-lay 18
Rig costs Up to $550,000 per day Total operating costs Up to $1,000,000 per day = $41,600 per hour $694 per minute $11.57 per second 19 Subsalt 20
Particular problems with salt Salt blurs seismic images Required advances in seismic technology Drilling problems Plastic salt movement Abnormal pressures Lost circulation Shale problems 21 Norske Shell Troll A Installed in 1996 Water depth 303 meters Overall height 472 meters Weighs 656,000 tons. Produces gas from 40 wells Towed 200 km to the Norwegian Sea. Tallest structure ever moved by man. 22
FPSO - Floating Production Storage, Offtake 23 ChevronTexaco Genesis 24
Independence Trail Hub Located 200 miles SE of New Orleans. Anchored in 7920 ft of water Cost $385 million. Service life of 20 years Receives flow from subsea wells up to 30 miles away, connected via 176 miles of flowlines Peak production 850 million cubic feet of gas per day Sent to shore via 24 pipeline (cost $280 million) Current price of $4.30 / MCF, provides cash flow of $3.5 million per day 25 Chevron Typhoon Installed May 2001 Capsized during Hurricane Rita, drifted 70 miles away September 2004 26
Project lifecycle Consequence of size, expense, complexity Phases Conceptual Pre-FEED FEED (Front End Engineering Design) Detailed Engineering Construction, Installation, Commissioning 27 Factors that influence projects Long lead times 1-2 years for major equipment, longer for vessels and platforms Plans change due to Market prices Interest rates Other opportunities, access via pipelines built for nearby fields Mergers 28
Peak Oil, or Hubbert s Peak M. King Hubbert - Shell geophysicist Theory: production tends to follow bell-shaped curve. Can be predicted in advance. Production increases early due to discoveries and new infrastructure. Later declines due to depletion. 29 Peak Oil, or Hubbert s Peak (cont) In 1956, Hubbert predicted peak of USA production late 1960s - early 1970s. Controversial, but proven right by 1976. Actual peak was in 1970. Is it applicable to world production? Rapidly growing demand in China, India New technologies, increased depletion rates What is the effect of higher real prices? 30
Historical oil production 31 Steven Marzuola 281-381-9337 www.techlanguage.com Houston Interpreters and Translators Association American Translators Association 2011 Steven Marzuola 32