How other countries reduce energy cost and consumption while strengthening their economy? Dr. Albith Colon, PE, CEM, CDSM CEO Energtech, Inc.

How other countries reduce energy cost and consumption while strengthening their economy? Dr. Albith Colon, PE, CEM, CDSM CEO Energtech, Inc.

Opportunities for Sustainability High demand for energy and electricity in developing countries. Limited supply and increasing cost of fossil and nuclear fuels. Scientific evidence of link between greenhouse gas buildup and global temperature increase. Increasing governmental mandates and incentives to reduce emissions and waste. Need for accelerated development and use of sustainable technology for energy and electricity. Hurricane Katrina

Sustainable World News in 2005 International policy moved ahead: Kyoto Protocol went into effect China passed Renewable Energy Law Germany confirmed its RE Law US policy advanced: Energy Policy Act 2005 with RE Incentives WGA completed its regional energy plan Renewable industry grew 25% from $30 Billion to some $37 to $42 Billion in sales

Incentives for Renewable Energy Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) Production Tax Credits (PTC) State Renewable Energy Funds Net Metering Provisions and Programs Renewable Energy Production Incentives (REPI for public-government-municipals) Clean Renewable Energy Bonds (CREBs)

Renewable Energy Technology Overview Source: EPRI Renewable Energy Technical Assessment Guide: TAG-RE 2005 (1010407, 12/05) Renewable Energy Technology Status 2005 World Installed MW Issues Wind Commercial 52,100 Grid Integration Solar PV Commercial 3,900 Solar Thermal Biomass Combustion Biomass Gasification Demo & Pre- Commercial 370 Conversion Efficiency & Cost High Capital Cost Commercial 20,000 High Fuel Cost Pilot & Demo <20 Hot Gas Cleanup Ocean Energy Pilot & Demo <20 Cost and Reliability

Munich, Germany

Germany EUROPA PARK

Wholesale Power Generation Wind Power US Wind Power Installations (MW/Year) 3500 3000 2500 2000 Installed RPS Required New 1500 1000 500 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Sources: AWEA, GE Wind, and ACORE 9,700 MW Installed Base 2005 35,000 MW estimated by 2015 Key Issues:. Turbine availability. RPS extension past 2007. Siting and Transmission

New Port, Rhode Island Portsmouth Abbey School 660 KW Vestas

Llanos de Juan Grande, Gran Canaria

5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Renewable Fuels US Ethanol and Biodiesel Over $2 Billion Invested in 2005 Million Gallons / Year Corn-Based Ethanol 1985 1995 2005 Est Source: Renewable Fuels Association and ACORE Biofuel options: Corn-based ethanol fuel Cellulosic ethanol fuel Bio-diesel - US and Europe

Renewable Portfolio Standards DSIRE: www.dsireusa.org January 2006 MT: 15% by 2015 CA: 20% by 2010 *NV: 20% by 2015 *AZ: 1.1% by 2007 *NM: 10% by 2011 MN: 1,125 MW wind by 2010 NY: 25% by 2013 WI: 2.2% by 2011 IA: 105 MW *CO: 10% by 2015 ME: 30% by 2000 MA: 4% by 2009 + 1% annual increase RI: 15% by 2020 CT: 10% by 2010 *NJ : 6.5% by 2008 *PA: 18%¹ by 2020 *DE: 10% by 2019 *MD: 7.5% by 2019 *DC: 11% by 2022 HI: 20% by 2020 TX: 5,880 MW by 2015 State RPS *Minimum requirement and/or increased credit for solar ¹ PA: 8% Tier I, 10% Tier II (includes non-renewable sources) Goal

42,000 36,000 New renewable energy supported: - 32,000 MW by 2017 Effect of RPS Hawaii California Megawatts 30,000 24,000 18,000 12,000 6,000 0 *Assumes regulatory enforcement of voluntary RES. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Nevada AZ & NM CO & MT Texas Minnesota IA & WI Illinois* Maryland Pennsylvania DC & DE New Jersey New York CT & RI MA Maine

Net Metering Programs 25 kw 25 kw 1 MW 30 kw 25 kw 25 kw 10 kw 50 kw 25 kw 100 kw 10 kw OK: 100 kw or 25,000 kwh HI: 50 kw IN: 10 kw and 1,000 kwh/month 100 kw 40 kw 50 kw AR: 25 kw (res.); 100 kw (comm.) 20 kw No limit 40 kw 30 kw NY: varies (10 kw - 400 kw) 15 kw Ohio: No limit FL: 10 kw 50 kw LA: 25 kw (res.); 100 kw (comm. or ag.) ME: 100 kw VT: 15 kw, 150 kw for ag. NH: 25 kw MA: 60 kw RI: 25 kw CT: 100 kw NJ: 2 MW DE: 25 kw MD: 200 kw DC: 100 kw VA: 10 kw (res.); 500 kw (comm.) NC: 20 kw (res.); 100 kw (comm.) GA: 10 kw (res.); 100 kw (comm.) 40 States + D.C. State-wide Programs Individual Utilities

Early Leadership for Renewable Energy European Union Policies Green Certificates Feed-in Tariffs Capital grants, Tax relief Obligation Tradable certificates

Electricity Generation in Puerto Rico Coal 16% Natural Gas 12% Year Oil 71% Peak Demand MW 1970 1185 1980 1998 1990 2305 2000 3133 2010 4286 2020 5702 Hydroelectric 1% Obtained From Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Energy Affairs Administration

NET GENERATION AND COMBUSTIBLE COST Fiscal Year mkwh Net Generated Barrel Consumed (millions) Barrel Cost (S/BBL) 1994-95 17012,06 30.47 17.57 1996-96 17658,24 31.31 19.09 1996-97 17862.69 31.99 20.68 1997-98 19314.01 34.38 18.79 1998-99 18876.76 34.41 14.96 1999-00 20220,14 34.04 23.94 2000-01 18159.24 32.21 29.73 2001-02 18247.41 31.53 23.25 2002-03 17259,02 29.91 30.57 2003-04 16740-57 29.27 30.98 2004-05 17270.70 30.16 39.96

PRIMARY POLUTANT EMMISSIONS (TONS) COMPANY TOWN PM 10 SO2 Nox VOC CO TOTAL AES GUAYAMA 357 170 1,700 113.2 662 3,002.2 ECOELECTRICA PEÑUELA 108.1 7.5 282 0 169.7 567.3 PREPA AGUIRRE SALINAS 2,185 23,521 11,101 0 1094 37,901 PREPA CAMBALACHE ARECIBO 320 595 844 0 515 2274 PREPA COSTA SUR GUAYANILLA 1,974 24,417 7,115 0 845 34,351 PREPA DAGUAO CEIBA 9.26 26.43 105.91 0 7.28 148.88 PREPA JOBOS GUAYAMA 3.81 16.29 43.54 0 2.99 66.63 PREPA SAN JUAN SAN JUAN 573 5,644 4,023 0 377 10,617 PREPA VEGA BAJA VEGA BAJA 4.72 13.24 54.05 0 3.72 75.73 PREPA MAYAGUEZ MAYAGUEZ 19 10 213 0 15 257 PREPA PALO SECO TOA BAJA 1119 11188 6109 0 692 19,108 PREPA YABUCOA YABUCOA 3.29 15.27 37.6 0 2.59 58.75 Total 6,676.18 65,623.73 31,628.1 113.2 4386.28 108,427.49

How other countries reduce energy cost and consumption while strengthening their economy? Thanks!

References Solar Energy International. (2004a). Avantages of Photovoltaic Technology. Photovoltaic Design and Installation Manual. National Library of Canada: New Society Publisher. Solar Energy International. (2004b). Current and Emerging Opportunities. Photovoltaic Design and Installation Manual. National Library of Canada: New Society Publisher. Solar Energy International. (2004c). Disadvantages of Photovoltaic Technology. Photovoltaic Design and Installation Manual. National Library of Canada: New Society Publisher. Solar Energy International. (2004d). Photovoltaic Design and Installation Manual. National Library of Canada: New Society Publisher. Solar Energy International. (2004e). Development of Photovoltaic. Photovoltaic Design and Installation Manual. National Library of Canada: New Society Publisher. Solar Energy International. (2004f). Solar Radiation Fundamentals. Photovoltaic Design and Installation Manual. National Library of Canada: New Society Publisher. Solar Energy International. (2004g). World Daily Insolation Data. Photovoltaic Design and Installation Manual. National Library of Canada: New Society Publisher. Union of Concerned Scientists. (2005). Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA). Extraído noviembre 13, 2006. http://www.ucsusa.org.

References Union of Concerned Scientists. (2006). Renewable Energy Potential in California. Extraido Enero 4, 2007. http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_warming/ucs_electricity_final.pdf Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (2006). Plan de I+D Solar Fotovoltaica de Concentración para Castilla la Mancha. Instituto de Energía Solar. Extraído Enero 21, 2006. www.ies.upm.es/ US Department of Energy. (2005a). Energy Policy Act 2005. Subtitle C - Renewable Energy. PL 109-058. US Department of Energy.(2005b). Energy Policy Act 2005. Subtitle E Amendments to PURPA. U.S Department of Energy. (2005). On the road energy security. November 11, 2006. http://www.energy.gov/media/final_8-4_doe_booklet_copy_sep.pdf U.S Department of Energy. (2006). State Energy Alternatives. October 10, 2006. http://www.eere.energy.gov/states/alternatives/net_metering.cfm U.S Department of Energy. (2005). Net Metering policies. September 15, 2006. http://www.usdoe.gov. U.S Department of Energy. (2005). Solar America Initiative. October 16, 2006. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_america/about.html World Watch Institute. Global fossil fuel consumption surges. november 16, 2006. www.worldwatch.org/node/1811.