MACROLITE OVERVIEW 1

MACROLITE OVERVIEW 1

Filtration Mechanics 2 Types Cartridge Filter Media Filter (Straining) (Multiple Depth Filter Mechanics) 2

Comparative size of particles A human hair is about 75 microns in diameter. Yeast cells are about 3 micron in size. A bacteria is 0.45 micron. An a particle of Ferric Iron is 0.01 micron. 3 microns 0.45 microns 0.01 microns 75 microns 3 10

Media Filter Mechanics Interstitial Spaces Spaces between the media Interstitial Space: Is highly dependent on Coefficient of Uniformity Coefficient = 1 Coefficient = 1.5 Coefficient = 2 Perfect Sphere (~5% Interstitial Space) Sand (~15% Interstitial) Irregular Flat Shape (~20% Interstitial) 4

Other Media Filter Mechanics Bridging Particles captured in the interstitial space. Leads to pressure loss and turbulent flow Filter Cake Filtration performance dependent on other particles in water. Filter may release cake if flow dynamics cause shift in filter bed Impaction Filter capacity dependent on surface area of media. Removal performance to smaller levels than bridging. Brownian Motion Turbulent flow current may cause particles to attach to underside of Media. Risk of detachment, as flow current change. Attraction Most particles are negatively charged. Positively charge media can weakly attract and hold particles. Process is reversible with change in charge. 5

Media Filter Comparison Bridging Sand Uniformity = 1.6 30 Micron Macrolite Uniformity = 1.1 5 Micron Filter Cake Most Filtration take place in top 36 of media. Filter cake typically aids a sand filter s performance. Filtration takes place throughout bed, minimal cake build-up. Impaction Smooth surface characteristics reduce impaction. High surface area promotes impaction. Brownian Motion Attraction Irregular shape causes turbulent flow, and currents resulting in Brownian Motion No charge Spherical shape causes laminar flow, no Brownian Motion Slight positive charge 6

Sand 30 micron Filter Service: 4 gpm/ft2 Backwash: 25 gpm/ft2 Uniformity: 1.6 Density: 100 lbs/ft3 7

Anthracite Coal 20 micron Filter Service: 4 gpm/ft2 Backwash: 18 gpm/ft2 Uniformity: 1.5 Density: 55 lbs/ft3 8

Aluminum Silicate 20 micron Filter Service: 5 gpm/ft2 Backwash: 10 gpm/ft2 Uniformity: 1.7 Density: 25 lbs/ft3 9

Ceramic 5 micron Filter Service: 10 gpm/ft2 Backwash: 7.5 gpm/ft2 Uniformity: 1.1 Density: 55 lbs/ft3 10

Media Comparison Media Comparison 40 Micron filtration 35 Sand 30 25 20 Anthracite 15 Aluminum Silicate Ceramic M2 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 Recommend Max Flow Rate gpm/sq ft 8 10 11

Macrolite Compared to Conventional Filtration Media Will filter at two to three times the flow rate Has much finer filtration capability, approaching the performance of some membranes And requires half the water to backwash clean 12

Macrolite Properties PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Material Color Surface Characteristics NSF 61 Approved Shape Diameter Mesh Size Coefficient of Uniformity Bulk Density Specific Gravity Moisture Absorption Ceramic Taupe, Brown/Gray Highly Textured Yes Spherical 0.17-1.4 mm 80-14 Mesh 1.1 1.2 28-60 (lbs./ft3) 0.6 2.7 < 0.5% by weight 13

MACROLITE ADVANTAGES Extremely high surface area Chemically inert (ceramic based product) Superior filtration capability High loading rates (up to 12 gpm/ft2) Low backwash flow rates Adjustable specific gravity / Adjustable Mesh Size 14

How Macrolite is Made SELECTED MINE TAILINGS BINDER ADDITION TO WASTE PRILLING KILN CLASSIFIED RAW MATERIAL Raw Material Collection MIXING Air Classification FINAL PRODUCT Batching FIRING Prilling Firing 15

Standard Macrolite Grades 16

Macrolite Filtration Media Kinetico s patented filtration media, Macrolite, is a ceramic media that is used for municipal, residential, commercial and industrial filtration applications. This media is manufactured exclusively by Kinetico in our Newbury facilities. The media has an almost unlimited lifetime, can be backwashed with much lower flow rates, can process water at twice the flow rates of standard filtration media and filters down to between 1 and 5 micron levels. Macrolite effectively removes suspended iron and sediment along with Cryptosporidium and Giardia using specific mesh sizes. 17

Macrolite Filtration Media CP Macrolite Systems Flow Rates #12662 Filter, 2030f OD (7 ) 5gpm /18.9 lpm #11211 CP 208f OD (8 ) 8gpm / 30 lpm #11146 CP 210f OD (10 ) 10gpm / 38 lpm #11246 CP 213f OD (13 ) 12gpm / 45.5 lpm 18

Macrolite Filtration Media CP Macrolite Limits Solids Turbidity Suspended Solids 20 NTU 10 ppm Note: Particle reduction to below 5 Micron (less than.5 NTU) CP Macrolite Limits Iron 5ppm CP Macrolite Limits Iron & MN Less then 5ppm 19

Macrolite Filtration Media Iron Limits -.3 ppm Secondary MCL Manganese Limits -.05 ppm Secondary MCL (Note-.25ppm Manganese is high level) Contact time for Iron is 2 to 3 minutes -For 10 gpm (37.8 lpm) a 10 x 54 tank required 20

Media Comparison 100x Magnification Macrolite Filter Sand 2000x Magnification 21 50x Magnification 2000x Magnification

Filtration Applications Application Filtration Needed Media Giardia & Cryptosporidum Removal <1 micron M1 Iron Removal <5 micron M2 Membrane Protection <5 micron M2 Arsenic Removal (iron coagulation) <5 micron M2 Sand Filter Replacement <30 micron M5 Sand Filter Replacement with Better Quality Effluent <20 M4 Multimedia Pressure Filter Replacement <20 micron M4 Iron Removal on High Turbidity Water <5 micron M6/M2 22

MACROLITE CREDENTIALS NSF Standard 61 certified NSF ETV verified for surface water treatment NSF ETV verified for arsenic removal Giardia & Cryptosporidum spike tested AWWARF tested for arsenic removal (#2661) 23

Arsenic Removal Pump Oxidant Feed Iron Feed Contact Tank Macrolite Filter 35 psi min. Downflow Filtration at 10 gpm/sq.ft. Chlorine, Ozone, etc. as preferred Ferric Chloride (if necessary) 8 psi loss with clean bed 20 psi loss with exhausted bed Raw Water Source Contact time as needed Finished Water to Reservoir 24

Waco, TX Effluent Turbidity(Macrolite - Sand) Run 13 Turbidity NTU 0.1 0.09 0.08 Turbidity NTU 0.07 Existing Sand Media 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 Macrolite Media 0.02 0.01 0 07/25/03 07/25/03 07/25/03 07/25/03 07/26/03 07/26/03 07/26/03 Date 07/26/03 07/26/03 07/27/03 07/27/03 07/27/03 25