Running head: SMOKING AND BLOOD OXYGENATION 1 title should summarize paper s main idea and identify variables under discussion and relationship between m. Effects of Smoking on Blood Oxygenation Level Melissa Ross head is a shortened version of paper s full title, and it is used to help readers identify titles for published articles (even if your paper is not intended for publication, your paper should still have a running head). title centered on page, typed in 12- point Times New Roman Font. It should not be bolded, underlined, or italicized. author s name and institution doublespaced and centered. Purdue University head cannot exceed 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation. head s title in capital letters. head flush left, and page numbers flush right. On title page, running head should include Blue boxes contain directions for writing and citing in APA style. Green text boxes contain explanations of APA style guidelines. words Running head. For pages following title page, repeat running head in all caps without Running head.
SMOKING AND BLOOD OXYGENATION 2 abstract is a brief summary of study, allowing readers to quickly review main points, purpose, methods, and results of study. Abstract Smoking kills 5.4 million people per year (Mackay, 2007). One possible reason people smoke is because of ir lack of understanding of harm it actually does to body. For example, smokers may not be aware of effect of smoking on ir blood oxygenation levels, as smoke inhaled damages biological mechanisms needed to carry oxygen through bloodstream (Witting, 2008; Polito, 2005). This research project examines relationship between smoking and blood oxygenation levels by comparing two groups, smokers and non-smokers, and by using a pulse oximeter to Do not indent abstract paragraph. Indent all paragraphs following abstract. abstract between 150-250 words. Abbreviations and acronyms used in paper defined in abstract. measure blood oxygenation levels. Based on previous research, results from this project should show that smokers blood oxygenation levels are lower than non-smokers, because smokers bodies transport oxygen less efficiently. Means, standard deviations, and t-tests were used to calculate differences between each groups blood oxygenation levels. While it was hoped re would be a drastic difference between groups, no significant difference was found. Keywords: blood oxygenation, smoking When writing your report, give agency to research and not you, researcher. Avoid using first-person pronouns (I, we, me, etc.); instead, begin sentences with elements referring to study: results show..., Previous research states... Be clear and concise.
SMOKING AND BLOOD OXYGENATION 3 introduction presents problem that paper addresses. It provides more detail about problem than abstract does. See OWL resources on introductions: http://owl.en glish.purdue.e du/owl/resou rce/724/01/ Effects of Smoking on Blood Oxygenation Level Smoking is a highly addictive trend in 21 st century America. It is responsible for an array of illnesses including a multitude of cancers, heart disease, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Although whole body is negatively affected by smoking, heart and lungs are most adversely affected organs. Carbon monoxide, which is a major component of cigarette smoke, binds to hemoglobin and rein prevents oxygen from doing so. This causes a lower amount of oxygen to be transported through blood and carried to cells of body (Witting, 2008). Hydrogen cyanide, anor major component in cigarette smoke, prevents lungs from cleaning mselves. This allows cilia, tiny hairs in lungs that are responsible for ridding lungs of toxins, to become damaged. With cilia damaged, lungs are not as effective at transferring oxygen into bloodstream, which again causes blood to carry less oxygen than is needed (Polito, 2005). Because of se two factors, blood oxygenation level of a smoker is going to be noticeably less than that of a non-smoker. Testing blood In-text citations include author s/ authors name/s and publication year. publication year and not page number is used, because APA users are concerned with date of article ( more current better). oxygenation levels of smokers and non-smokers should demonstrate that smoking does Method section shows how study was conducted and population used. Describe how data was collected (e.g., surveys, pulse oximeter, etc.) and research design, if applicable. cause body to less effectively transport oxygen from lungs to cells of body. Method purpose of this experiment is to prove that smoking does cause a person to have a lower blood oxygenation level. To test amount of oxygen in a person s blood, a pulse oximeter was used. This machine uses two infrared lights (one on bottom and one on top of finger), because oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood absorb lights at different rates. machine can be used to calculate percent of blood that has absorbed oxygen or is oxygenated (Gareeb, 2009). Level 1 headings start with method section and centered, bolded, and typed in 12 point Times New Roman.
SMOKING AND BLOOD OXYGENATION 4 Thirteen non-smokers and 13 smokers were tested using pulse oximeter. An average blood oxygenation level was found for each group and data was compared. Results section summarizes data and performed analysis/ analyses. results justify conclusion made from study; refore, be sure to report your results in detail. Results results of experiment were not different from hyposis. After testing 26 subjects (13 smokers and 13 non-smokers), blood oxygenation level of smokers and non-smokers did not show significant difference. Table 1 shows that average blood oxygenation level for smokers was 97% and average blood oxygenation level for non-smokers was 98%. This is significantly less of a difference than expected. standard deviation for smokers data was.85, and standard deviation for non-smokers data was.72. data was relatively close toger in value. t-test results are.244, meaning data is too close toger to be statistically significant. Graph 1 shows difference in average blood oxygenation levels of Use two spaces after a period throughout your paper. smokers and non- smokers. Table 1 Statistical Analysis of Participants Blood Oxygenation M (%) SD T-test Smokers 97.85.244 Non Smokers 98.72.244 Graphs and tables should have brief yet clear titles ( Statistical Analysis... ) and labels ( Table 1 ). y should be introduced in text. Titles and labels should be concise, i.e., using SD for standard deviation.
SMOKING AND BLOOD OXYGENATION 5 Graph 1 Average Blood Oxygenation Levels Graphs and tables should have brief yet clear titles ( Statistical Analysis... ) and labels ( Table 1 ). y should be introduced in text. Titles and labels should be concise, i.e., using SD for standard deviation. Discussion section evaluates and interprets results. Draw conclusions from your data in this section to show wher or not your hyposis is supported; explain why it is or is not supported. Discuss potential limitations of study and how study could be improved. Discussion small difference between blood oxygenation level of smokers and non-smokers was surprising, as expected difference was drastic. One of biggest limitations in experiment and what caused se unexpected results was that most of subjects tested were rar young. refore, subjects had not been smoking for a very long time. It is possible that true ill-effects of smoking could take a few years to be seen and/or have a negative effect on blood oxygenation level of smoker and, refore, would not have shown up in our experiment. It would be interesting to re-test same smokers (assuming y still smoke) over a period of time to see if ir blood oxygenation level decreases longer y smoke.
SMOKING AND BLOOD OXYGENATION 6 References Gareeb, S. A. (2009). Pulse oximetry in adults. American Journal of Nursing, 109. Retrieved from http://www.nursingcenter.com/library/journalarticle.asp?article_id=863732 Mackay, J. (2007). One billion people killed by smoking. Bio-Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news/1-billion-people-to-be-killed-by- Smoking-22175-1/ Polito, J. R. (2005). How will smoking kill you? Why Quit News: Motivation, Education and Support for Nicotine Cessation. Retrieved from http://whyquit.com/pr/092505.html Witting, S. M. (2008). Diagnostic room-air pulse oximetry: Effects of smoking, race and sex. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 26. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18272090 Start reference list on a new page, center and bold title Referen-ces, and alphabetize entries. Do not underline or italicize title. Double-space all entries. Every article mentioned in paper should have an entry.