2.., Arthur Beiser Concepts of Modern Physics, 6.
:, :,, (, ) 69
,, 2.1 ( c = 1 ) 2.998 10 8 m/s ɛ0 µ 0
2.2
כ 2.3(a) 2.3(b) Young כ 2.4
:. ( ). ( ) : ( ) * 2.5
2.6
( ) ν ν + dν (3 ) 2.7 G(ν)dν = 8πν2 c 3 dν ε = kt ( ) Rayleigh-Jeans : u RJ (ν)dν = εg(ν)dν = 8πkT c 3 ν 2 dν
u RJ (ν) = 8πkT c 3 ν 2 = lim ν u RJ(ν) 2.8
Planck Planck : u P (ν) = 8πh c 3 ν 3 e hν/kt 1 (h = 6.626 10 34 J s Planck ) hν kt e hν/kt 1 + hν kt = u P (ν) 8πkT c 3 ν 2 dν = u RJ (ν) (Rayleigh-Jeans!)
Planck * : Planck ε n = nhν. / ν, hν ( ) / Planck,!
Planck 2.1 ν 1 = 660 Hz E 1 = 0.04 J (a)? hν 1 = (6.626 10 34 J s)(660 s 1 ) = 4.38 10 31 J = hν 1 = (4.38 10 31 J) = 1.10 10 29 E 1 (0.04 J) ν 2 = 5.00 10 14 Hz (b)? hν 2 = (6.626 10 34 J s)(5.00 10 14 s 1 ) = 3.32 10 19 J = 2.08 ev
: ( ) 2.9 (K ev )
1 t 10 9 s ( t 1 ) 2.9 2 V > V 0 ( ) = כ ev 0 = K max 2.10 V 0
( ) 2.11 2.12 3 K max ν * ν 0 (ν 0 )
Einstein כ ( ) ε = hν 1 2 3 ν
(ν 0 ) : hν 0 * = (φ = hν 0 ) 2.13 hν = φ + K max = K max = hν φ = h(ν ν 0 ) * K K max.
: ( )
2.2 λ = 350 nm I = 1.00 W/m 2 ( ) φ = 2.2 ev (a)? hν = hc λ = (6.626 10 34 J s)(3.00 10 8 m/s) (350 10 9 m) = 5.68 10 19 J = 3.5 ev K = hν φ = 3.5 2.2 ev = 1.3 ev
2.2 ( ) (b) 0.50% 1.00 cm 2? n p = E hν t = IA t hν t = IA hν = (1.00 W/m2 )(1.00 10 4 m 2 ) (5.68 10 19 J) = 1.76 10 14 s 1 n e = Pn p = 0.0050(1.76 10 14 s 1 ) = 8.8 10 11 s 1
- :,,, :,, Compton,,,.? Bohr (complementary principle).
- Young 2.4 : * כ ( ) כ
- * [Charles Addams, The New Yorker Magazine, 1940.]
X X : 0.01 nm λ 10 nm (0.1 kev hν 100 kev) (Bremsstrahlung, braking radiation) X 2.15 ( ) * hν φ
X X 2.16 2.17 1 λ min (λ min V ) K = ev = hν max = hc λ min 2 ( )
X 2.3 V = 50000 V? hν max = ev = λ min = c ν max = hc ev = 2.48 10 11 m
X X 2.18 * : (polarize) *
X Bragg : 2.19(a) 2.19(b)
X Bragg : 2.19(a) 2.20 1 = ( ) 2 2d sin θ = nλ ( n = 1, 2, 3, )
Compton Compton : 2.22 * 100 kev p = E c = hν c
Compton Compton 2.22 1 : hν = hν + K 2 x : hν c = hν c 3 y : 0 = hν c cos φ + p cos θ sin φ p sin θ 4 - : E = m 2 c 4 + p 2 c 2 = K + mc 2
Compton Compton ( ) p K, θ mc 2 ( hν hν ) = (hν)(hν ) (1 cos φ) λ λ = λ C (1 cos φ) (Compton : λ C hmc = 2.426 pm )
Compton Compton 2.23 2.24 λ λ = λ C (1 cos φ)
Compton 2.4 X λ = 10.0 pm (a) 45 X? λ = λ + λ C (1 cos φ) = (10.0 pm) + (2.426 pm)(1 cos 45 ) = 10.7 pm (b) X כ? (כ ) φ = 180 = 1 cos φ = 2 = λ = (10.0 pm) + (2.426 pm) 2 = 14.9 pm (c) (recoil)? ( : φ = 180 ) ( c K max = h(ν ν ) = h λ c ) λ = 6.54 10 15 J = 40.8 kev
,, γ γ : λ 10 pm (hν 100 kev) γ e + e + 2.25 * : +e כ, m e c 2 = 0.51 MeV hν > 2m e c 2 = 1.02 MeV, λ < 1.2 pm
,, γ e + e + γ + γ ( )
,, γ 2.6 +x, v = 0.500c (a) x +x? :, :.! (b)? : p 1 p 2 = 2γmv : p 1 c + p 2 c = 2γmc 2 = E 1 = p 1 c = 0.885 MeV, E 2 = p 2 c = 0.295 MeV
X, γ 3 2.27 2.28(a) 2.28(b)
di = µidx (µ :, SI m 1 ) I = I 0 e µx * µ,, 2.29
2.7 2.0 MeV µ = 4.9 m 1 (a) 10 cm? I I 0 = e µx = exp[ (4.9 m 1 )(0.10 m)] = 0.61 (b) 1%? x = ln(i /I 0) µ = ln(0.01) (4.9 m 1 ) = 0.94 m
(U mgh, U Ec 2 gh ) 2.30 hν = hν ( 1 + gh ) c 2
2.31 : ε = hν, U = G M(ε/c2 ) R : ε = hν, U = 0 ε + U = ε + U = hν = hν = GMhν c 2 R ( 1 GM ) c 2 R ν ν = ν ν ν = GM c 2 R
ε = hν ( 1 GM ) c 2 R GM c 2 R 1?? = ε = hν 0!! * GM c 2 R 1 2 Schwarzschild : M GM c 2 = 1 R S 2 = R S = 2GM c 2 * : R S 3 km ( R sun = 6.96 10 8 m)
(event horizon) :. : : ( ) ( ), X X