Chapter 8, Section 1 Jefferson Becomes President The Election of 1800 Federalists John Adams and Charles Pinckney candidates Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Both parties believed that the election outcome was vital to the nation s survival The Election of 1800 Campaigning Unlike today, where candidates travel and give speeches, presidential candidates in 1800 made their arguments in and editorials Federalist arguments Painted Thomas Jefferson as a pro- radical Warned that electing him would result in violence in chaos Stated that his interest in science and philosophy would destroy organized religion The Election of 1800 Democratic-Republican arguments Portrayed John Adams as a Harshly criticized the Alien and Sedition Acts Warned that John Adams would use the newly created American military to limit the rights of the common Election Results Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied at 73 votes John Adams received 65 votes and Pinckney received 64 The Election of 1800 Result Problems Under the Constitution at the time, the two candidates with the most became President and Vice President Because of the tie, the decision went tot the House of Representatives, as per the Constitution House of Representatives was also deadlocked Vote after vote resulted in a tie Thomas Jefferson finally won the election on the vote Marked the first time that one party had replaced another in power in the United States Problems with the voting system led to the 12 th Amendment Created a separate ballot for President and Vice President Jefferson s Policies Very different from President George Washington and President John Adams Different ideas Both Washington and Adams favored a strong, central government while Thomas Jefferson supported Sought to limit the powers of government Different Style Thomas Jefferson was less formal than his predecessors Jefferson is Inaugurated Americans were excited about Thomas Jefferson People traveled to Washington D.C. to hear his inauguration address to the nation President Thomas Jefferson delivered his speech in a quiet voice Made it clear that he supported the will of the Stressed the need for limited government and protection of civil liberties Jefferson in Office President Thomas Jefferson faced the task of putting his political ideas into practice Selected James Madison as his secretary of state and Albert Gallatin as secretary of treasury
Jefferson would benefit from the Democratic-Republican controlled congress Allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire Jefferson lowered military spending and reduced the size of the and Hoped that the money saved would help pay for the national Jefferson in Office Government in 1801 Consisted of only a few hundred people President Thomas Jefferson hoped to keep it that way, believing that the primary functions of the federal government were: Protect the nation from foreign Deliver mail Collect Customs Duties Jefferson did realize that some Federalist policies-such as the Bank of the United Statesneeded to be kept Even though the Democratic-Republicans controlled Congress, Federalists controlled the federal judiciary Judiciary Act of 1801 Created 16 new federal judgeships filled with Federalists Done just before Adams s term of office ended Some of the appointments were made so late that the documents that authorized them had not been delivered by the time Adams left office William Marbury Did not receive his documents until after Adams had left office When Thomas Jefferson took office, William Marbury demanded the documents On Jefferson s advice, however, the new secretary of State, James Madison, refused to deliver them Jefferson argued that the appointment of was not valid Marbury sued, asking the Supreme Court to order Madison the deliver the appointment papers Marbury argued that the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the court the power to do so John Marshall, a Federalist appointed by John Adams as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, agreed to hear the case Jefferson protested because John Marshall was one of his political rivals Helped establish the Supreme Court s power to the power of the other branches of government The Court s Opinion The Constitution gave the Supreme Court authority to hear only certain types of cases and Marbury s request was not one of them. Therefore, the law that Marbury s cases depended on was declared unconstitutional By denying Marbury s case, the Court avoided a direct confrontation with Jefferson s administration Established the power of The power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
Chapter 8, Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase American Settlers Move West Early 1800 s Thousands of American settled in the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River,, and granted statehood Settlers depended on the Mississippi River to move their goods east was a very important port American Settlers Move West New Orleans and Louisiana under Spanish control Region from the Mississippi River to the vast Rocky Mountains Spanish officials found it impossible to keep American settlers out of the area In a secret treaty, Spain passed Louisiana to Louisiana 1802 Just before passing Louisiana off to France, Spain closed the port of New Orleans, angering and hurting the American economy President Thomas Jefferson asked the U.S. Ambassador to France (Robert R. Livingston) to try to purchase New Orleans President Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe to help Livingston negotiate terms Napoleon and Louisiana Powerful ruler of France Conquered most of Europe Wanted to rebuild France s empire Strategy Use French colony of Haiti (in the Caribbean) as a supply base From there, send troops of Louisiana Enslaved Africans in Haiti revolted and freed themselves from French rule Napoleon tried to crush the rebellion on the island but his forces were defeated in 1802, ending his hopes of rebuilding a North American empire Jefferson Buys Louisiana The American ambassador got a surprising offer during his negotiations with French Foreign Minister Charles Talleyrand When the Americans tried to buy, Talleyrand offered to sell all of Louisiana to America With his hopes of a North American empire dashed, Napoleon turned his attention to Europe At war with Great Britain In need of and Hoped that a larger United States would challenge Great Britain s authority on the world stage Jefferson Buys Louisiana Knowing a bargain when presented with one, Livingston and Monroe accepted the French offer for $ million President Thomas Jefferson was pleased but as a strict constructionist, he was troubled The Constitution did not mention the purchase of foreign lands He hated spending large amounts of public money Louisiana Purchase Approved by Senate on October 20, 1803 the size of the United States Explorers Head West Americans knew very little about western Native Americans Americans were unfamiliar with western land
President Thomas Jefferson wanted to learn more about the people and land west of the Mississippi River Jefferson also hoped to find a river route to the Pacific Ocean Lewis and Clark Expedition 1803 President Thomas Jefferson asked Congress to fund an expedition to explore the West Selected former army captain Meriwether Lewis Lewis then chose his friend William Clark to co-lead the expedition with him Lewis spent weeks preparing for the journey by studying with experts about plants and surveying This helped him to take careful notes on the journey of what he saw With Clark, Lewis selected 50 skilled frontiersmen to join the Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis and Clark Expedition Began in May of 1804 Long journey to explore the Louisiana Purchase Traveled up the Mississippi River to the village of St. Charles Once past St. Charles, the expedition would receive no more letters, fresh supplies, or reinforcements Lewis and Clark navigated the Missouri River into unknown lands Contact with Native Americans The Lewis and Clark expedition traveled more than 600 miles up the Missouri River without encountering any Native American peoples When the expedition spotted large buffalo herds the in the distance, they smartly guessed that Native Americans would be nearby was a source of food for Native Americans Contact with Native Americans Lewis utilized interpreters to communicate with the Native Americans that the expedition encountered Relied on the goodwill of the Native Americans Sacagawea Shoshone from the Rocky Mountains Accompanied the group with her French fur trading husband Helped the expedition by naming plants and animals Helped identify edible fruits and vegetables indigenous to the west Brother provided horses and a guide to lead the expedition across the mountains Contact with Native Americans After crossing the Rocky Mountains, Lewis and Clark followed the Columbia River and met the powerful Nez Perce along the way The Nez Perce people provided the expedition with food Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean in November of 1805 and remained in the Pacific Northwest for the remainder of the winter Began journey home in March of 1806 Lewis and Clark did not find a river route to the, but they learned much about Western Lands and paths across the Rockies Pike s Exploration Zebulon Pike Young army officer 1806, sent on a mission into the west Ordered to find the starting point of the Red River Explored into and tried to reach the summit of the mountain now called Pike s Peak 1807, traveled into Spanish territory until his arrest Suspected Pike was a spy Released and returned to the United States Offered many Americans their first description of the Southwest
Chapter 8, Section 3 The Coming of War Violations of Trading overseas was profitable but very risky for American merchants Ships had to travel vast distances often through violent storms Risk of capture by pirates from the Barbary States of North Africa in the Mediterranean USS Constitution Large United States warship sent to end Barbary attacks Violations of Neutrality France and Great Britain go to war in 1803 Each side wants to stop the United States from supplying the with goods Each government designed laws to prevent American merchants from trading with the other British and French navies captured American ships searching for war supplies Violations of Neutrality Great Britain began searching American ships for British sailors who had run away from the British navy Sometimes American sailors were captured by mistake and forced to fight in the British navy Attack on the Chesapeake British ship Leopard stopped the United States ship Chesapeake and tried to remove sailors The American captain of the Chesapeake refused British took the sailors by force The Embargo Act Americans were unsure of how to react to Great Britain s violation of United States s neutrality Some called for war while others favored an Banning of trade Embargo Act Banned all trade with other countries American ships could not sail to foreign ports American ports were closed to British ships The Embargo Act The effect of the law was devastating to American Northern states hit especially hard The embargo damaged President Thomas Jefferson s Strengthened the party Angry merchants petitioned Jefferson to repeal the embargo The Embargo had very little effect on Great Britain or France Non-Intercourse Act Banned trade only with Britain, France, and their colonies Stated that America would resume trading with the first side that stopping violating US Neutrality No more successful than the embargo act Conflict in the West Disagreements between Great Britain and the United States went beyond the shenanigans on the high seas On the western frontier, British and Native Americans clashed with American settlers over land The Conflict Over Land In the early 1800 s, Native Americans in the old continued to lost their land as thousands of settlers poured into the region United States gained this land in the Treaty of, but Native American leaders who did not agree to the treaty protested the settler s arrival Frustrated Native American groups considered what to do next Britain saw an opportunity to slow American westward expansion British agents supplied Native Americans with arms Resists U.S. Settlers Shawnee Chief Brilliant Speaker Warned other Native Americans about the dangers of settlers Promoted unification of Native American peoples to resist settlers The Battle of Tippecanoe Governor of Territory Alarmed with Tecumseh s activities
Was convinced that Tecumseh had British backing William Henry Harrison and Tecumseh met face to face in 1810 Harrison insisted that Tecumseh follow the Treaty of Greenville Tecumseh argued that the white settlers had no rights to Native American lands Harrison warned Tecumseh not to resist the power of the United States The Battle of Tippecanoe Tecumseh journeyed south seeking the support of the Creek nation During his absence, William Henry Harrison attacked Battle of Tippecanoe Native Americans launched an attack on Harrison s camp on November 7, 1811 After an all day battle, Harrison s soldiers forced the Native Americans to retreat and then destroyed Tecumseh s village The Native American defeat destroyed Tecumseh s dream of a great Native American confederation Tecumseh fled to Canada Tecumseh s Curse Legend has it that after his defeat at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, Tecumseh placed a curse on the United States that every president elected in a year ending in 0 would perish in office This curse came true when William Henry Harrison died in office in 1841 (elected in 1840) of pneumonia (also the nation s shortest presidency) From this point forward, every president elected in a year ending in 0 died in office, terminating with (elected in 1980), who survived an assassination attempt Call For War Evidence of British support to Native Americans angered Americans Many felt that Great Britain encouraged Tecumseh s actions in the west The War Hawks Young members of Congress who took the lead in calling for war against Britain Given the nickname by their political opponents Many from the South and the West Henry (of Kentucky) John C. (of South Carolina) Felix Grundy (of Tennessee) Calls for war increased Leaders wanted to put a stop to British influence among Native Americans Wanted to invade Canada and obtain more land for settlement Others angered by British trade restrictions The Opposition New England Federalists were the strongest opponents to the war Business people and merchants there wanted to renew friendly business ties with Great Britain for economic purposes Others argued that a war against Great Britain would be United States not yet ready Small army and navy Inability to mass produce military supplies Declaring War James Madison (father of the Bill of Rights) was elected President in 1808 In 1812, he decided that Congress must vote on the war War Hawks won in Congress War was declared against Great Britain (and for the first time ever in the nation)
Chapter 8, Section 4 The War of 1812 Early Battles War of 1812 began in the summer months United States up against the world s most powerful military (Great Britain) War Hawks (pro war members of Congress) made claims that the war would be a swift and easy victory War at Sea British navy had hundreds of war ships United States navy had fewer than 20 at the start of the war Most of Britain s ships were scattered across the globe had a vast colonial empire covering almost every continent on the globe United States navy was small but well trained Powerful new warships like the USS Constitution Americans had several naval victories in one-on-one duels These victories embarrassed the British and boosted American morale Eventually, the British navy blockaded America s seaports Battles Along the Border American leaders wanted to follow up naval victories with an invasion of British Canada 3 planned attacks From From (present day Buffalo, NY) From the towards Montreal Battles Along the Canadian Border American Attack from Detroit (failed) British soldiers and Native Americans led by Tecumseh captured Fort Detroit Other American attacks failed because state militia refused to cross the Canadian border Argued that they did not have to fight in a foreign country Battles Along the Canadian Border 1813 Americans went on the offensive again Goal was to break British control of Lake Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry in command Battle of Lake Erie Perry said out to meet the British on September 10 Battle ended when the British surrendered Perry s brilliant victory forced the British to withdraw, giving the United States military control of Lake Erie and renewing morale Battles Along the Canadian Border Control of Lake Erie allowed William Henry Harrison to march into Canada with his ground forces Battle of the Thames River (October 1813) defeated British and Native American forces Harrison s victory ended British power in the Northwest Territory Tecumseh s death during the battle struck a blow to the British alliance with Native Americans in the region The Creek War War between the United States and Native American forces erupted in the south in 1813 Creek tribe angry that settlers were pushing into their lands Attacked Fort Mims on the Alabama River Destroyed the fort and killed 250 Americans
American Commander of the Tennessee militia Gathered 2,000 volunteers (hence the nickname The Volunteer State ) to fight against the Creek Nation The Creek War Jackson attacked the Creek in spring of 1814 Jackson s victory against the Creek became known as the Battle of Horseshoe Bend Treaty of Fort Jackson Ended the Creek War Forced the Creek Nation to give up millions of acres of their land for white settlement Great Britain on the Offensive Despite US victories in the West and South, the situation was dire in the East Great Britain defeats France in 1814 and could now focus all of their energy on the war in America Sent more troops to America British Attacks in the East Great Britain attacked President James Madison forced to flee the capital British set fire to the city and burned the White House Dolley Madison Wife of President James Madison Refused to leave the White House until a famous of George Washington was rescued British Attacks in the East British moved south to Maryland Attacked Fort McHenry Shelled the fort for 25 hours Americans refused to surrender, even in this dark hour British Attacks in the East Francis Scott Key Watched the bombs bursting in air at Fort McHenry o er the ramparts on the night of September 13-September 14, 1814 In the morning, when the smoke cleared, Francis Scott Key saw broad stripes and bright stars flying over Fort McHenry Because the flag was still there, Francis Scott Key became overwhelmed with American pride and wrote a little poem We know this poem today as The Star-Spangled Banner The flag that so inspired Francis Scott Key now resides as an exhibit in the Smithsonian Museum in Washington D.C. The Battle of New Orleans After the attack on Washington, British forces moved on the New Orleans The British goal was the capture the city and take control of the Mississippi River Andrew Jackson in control of American forces in New Orleans Forces made up of regular soldiers, free African Americans, Choctaw Native Americans, state militia, and French Pirates led by Jean Lafitte The Battle of New Orleans The Battle of Began on the morning of January 8, 1815 As British forces began marching toward US defenses, they were caught in an open field undefended More than 2,000 British soldiers were killed or wounded in a short span of time Americans suffered only 70 casualties
This battle made Andrew Jackson a national Last major battle of the War of 1812 Effects of the War Prior to the Battle of New Orleans, a group of New England Federalists met secretly in Hartford, Connecticut Hartford Convention Federalists agreed to oppose the war and send delegates to meet with Congress Before the delegates could reach Congress, news arrived that the war was over Critics mocked the Federalists and the party lost much of its power Effects of the War Treaty of Signed in Belgium on Christmas Eve 1814 Ended the War of 1812 Slow communications prevented the Federalists or Andrew Jackson from knowing of the war s end Cause and Effect