Sustainability of construction materials and products CE marking, EPD tools, quality issues Margareta Wahlström ReUse workshop, March 19, 2014
2 Outline of presentation Targets use of terms Construction product regulations and CE-marking Environmental product declarations Quality control Challenges
3 What is sustainability? Member States / Regions: ENV Sustainability SOC ECON Different interpretations of sustainability Will define what indicator(s) to use for quantifying sustainability Technical design Will have to agree what indicator to harmonise Functional design
4 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY - Construction.. makes best use of materials, water and energy over the lifecycle of built assets to minimise embodied and operational carbon (WRAP,UK) Key elements: Reducing material consumption Waste Re-use and recycled content Durability & life span Scarcity & security Products with low embodied carbon and water Reducing energy and water use in construction Operational energy and water use Reflected in Waste Frameword Directive, Commission Roadmap for Resource Efficiency, Construction Products Regulation, YM, SITRA, VATSU, RAMATE.
5 CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS REGULATION (No 305/2011) Concerns construction works under normal conditions of use (buildings, engineering works e.g. bridges) Aims to remove barriers in trade Harmonised testing, but national requirements CE-marking mandatory in all EU countries if covered by a harmonised product standard or an European Technical Assessment (list of harmonised standards published in the Official Journal of the European Union) Focus on basic work requirements
6 CE marking (based on Declaration of performance Suoritustasoilmoitus ) Covers 400 products Harmonised standards given for e.g.following applications: - Timber - Wood flooring, wood panelling, cladding, - Concrete, wall elements, Beam: precast blocks - Glass blocks and pavers - Under discussion: CE-marking of recyclable construction products (e.g. products already in the market, products further processed before recycled) - NOTE! CE-marking is not a quality mark and no guarantee for safety
List of product areas that are covered by hens (source: Sarah Neary, 2013) 26.3.14 7
8 Harmonized European Standards Where the harmonized technical specifications (eg. Annex ZA of hen) require a manufacturer to involve a third party before CE marking then that third party shall be a Notified Body. Source: Dr Tatjana Ko etov Mišuli, October 1 3, 2013, Belgrade, Serbia.Fostering innovation skills in the wood sector supporting structures
9 1. CE mark 2. Company contact 3. Certified body issue number 4. The European standard that it has been checked against 5. Type of product 6. The product performance criteria
10 Assessment of performance & verification of constancy Suoritustajon pysyvyyden arviointi ja varmentaminen Five systems of Assessment of Performance and Verification of Constancy (1+,1,2+,3 and 4) Varying degrees of 3 party involvement The European Commission establishes which system or systems are applicable to a given construction product or family of construction products or a given essential characteristic.
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12 BASIC WORK REQUIREMENTS (BWR) - perusominaisuudet 7 basic work requirements: BWR1: Mechanical resistance and stability BWR2: Safety in case of fire BWR3: Hygiene, health and the environment BWR4: Safety and accessibility in use BWR5: Protection against noise BWR6: Energy economy and heat retention BWR7: Sustainable use of natural resources (new!) NPD (no performance determined)
13 Construction Products Regulation 2 basic requirements focusing on environment BWR 3. Hygiene, health and the environment The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that they will, throughout their life cycle, not be a threat to the hygiene or health and safety of workers, occupants or neighbours, nor have an exceedingly high impact, over their entire life cycle, on the environmental quality or on the climate during their construction, use and demolition, in particular as a result of any of the following: the giving-off of toxic gas; the emissions of dangerous substances, volatile organic compounds (VOC), greenhouse gases or dangerous particles into indoor or outdoor air; the emission of dangerous radiation; the release of dangerous substances into ground water, marine waters, surface waters or soil; the release of dangerous substances into drinking water or substances which have an otherwise negative impact on drinking water; faulty discharge of waste water, emission of flue gases or faulty disposal of solid or liquid waste; dampness in parts of the construction works or on surfaces within the construction works. Focus on health/env safety during whole life cycle! BWR 7. Sustainable use of natural resources The construction works must be designed, built and demolished in such a way that the use of natural resources is sustainable and in particular ensure the following: 1) reuse or recyclability of the construction works, their materials and parts after demolition; 2) durability of the construction works; 3) use of environmentally compatible raw and secondary materials in the construction works. New: focus on recycling, use of LCA!
14 BWR 7 (source: DIBt report 2013) 1. Reuse or recyclability of the construction works, their materials and parts after demolition; a) Need for selective dismantling technology b) Design and construction c) Installation situation of construction product d) Type and composition of construction product (no dangerous substances, one material matrix. Easily demountable from structure) 2. Durability (links to BWR1) a) Assess conditions lowering durability (e.g. temperature, humidiy ) b) Recommendations for maintenance and upkeep c) Repair (replacement of part of construction) 3. Environmental friendliness and use of secondary raw materials (links to BWR3) a) No hazardous substances b) Life cycle approach covering different scenarios Proposals: reuse/recyling part of Declaration of Performance
15 Environmental Product Declarations in CPR (not binding) englanniksi suomeksi
16 Source: Pekka Vuorinen, RT
17 Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is a standardised format for communicating the result from an LCA EPD s are done in a common format, based on common rules known as Product Category Rules (PCR). The core PCR EN 15804 describes the rules regarding how to develop an EPD for construction products in a common way.
18 Procedure for EPD development: Note: EN 15804 is very general
19 Use of LCA data in EPD Construction products regulation: LCA is part of a so called Product Category Rule (PCR) that is used to make Environmental (or climate) Product Declarations (EPD) (ISO 14025, ISO 21930, EN 15804) Environmental impact from different phases of the lifecycle of a construction product are calculated as load (e.g. release units expressed as mass per functional unit or mass of building product used) LCA gives indicative information of environmental load during the whole lifecycle of a product (e.g. to be used in comparison of constructions) Material specific information is needed for calculation of loads in different scenarios The inclusion of recycling in the LCA-programmes need to be further checked Production Construction Usage End of life Recycling Site release Degradation Landfill etc New use
20 EPD - Mandatory Impact categories: Currently six mandatory impact: 1. Depletion of abiotic resources (elements) in kg Sb equiv. or depletion of abiotic resources (fossil).in MJ 2. Global Warming Potential (GWP), in kg CO2 equiv. 3. Eutrophication Potential (EP), in kg PO4 equiv. 4. Acidification Potential (AP), in kg SO2 equiv. 5. Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), in kg CFC-11 equiv. 6. Photochemical Ozone Formation Potential (POFP), in kg ethylene equiv.
21 Example of EPD: Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA according to EN 15804 Example of EPD reporting of emissions for precast concrete production (stages A1 A3) during production stage (NEPD nr 165N Bubbledeck Buskerud Betongvarefabrikk 2013) Unit A1 A3 (kg/t) Declared unit A1 A3 (kg/m 2 ) Waste kg 0,04 0,01 Eutrophication Potential (EP) PO 4 equiv. 0,40 0,07 Photochemical Ozone Formation Potential (POFP) kg ethylene equiv. 0,15 0,028 Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) kg CFC-11 equiv. 1,33 E-05 2,41 E 06 Acidification Potential (AP) kg SO 2 equiv 2,96 0,54 Global Warming Potential (GWP) kg CO 2 equiv. 281,85 51
22 How to address recycling: Scenario for reuse/recycling needed! Two options for recycled materials/products: a) used in same type of applications b) used in new applications 12 10 8 6 4 2 Global Warming Potential [kg CO2-eq.] 0
23 Quality control (source: end-of-waste documents): to give confidence in the material properties Examples of aspects to be discussed: 1. Clear definition of origin 2. Need for specification and standards for reuse referring to critical properties to be evaluated, Important! clear conditions for acceptance/rejection 3. Monitoring of processes to ensure effective all time (quality assurance system) 4. Inspection at receipt 5. Third part controllers (independent) 6. Documentation (& chain of custody report) 7. Sampling/checking guidance (e.g. visual testing )
24 Example of Quality protocol (source: Aggregate, WRAP, UK)
25 Implementing sustainability targets - challenges Products need to be designed for later recycling (however, contamination/change of technical properties during use needs to be evaluated) Note! Mentioned in CPR for CEmarking Stricter requirements for selective demolition including quality assurance control (e.g. need for development of dismantling technology + further development of permission for demolition - instruments/approval) Technical standards need to fit characteristic of reuse/recycling materials Agreement on indicators to be used quantifying sustainability in LCA Weighing of different impacts in calculations (base for calculation: same functionality of construction work) Environmental Product Declarations are input for the environmental assessment of buildings (currently not including reuse/recycling)