Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 6 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Psychosocial Stages During Infancy and Toddlerhood Age Erikson s Stage Needed from Caregivers First year Basic trust versus mistrust Responsiveness Second year Autonomy versus shame/ doubt Suitable guidance Reasonable choices Happiness Anger First Appearance of Basic Emotions Smile: from birth Social smile: 6 10 weeks Laugh: 3 4 months General distress: from birth Anger: 4 6 months Fear First fears: 2nd half of first year Stranger anxiety: 8 12 months 1
Understanding Emotions of Others Emotional contagion/ Operant conditioning early infancy Recognize other s facial expressions 4 5 months RubberBall Productions Social Referencing Relying on others emotional reactions to appraise situation caregivers can use to teach children how to react around 8 10 months RubberBall Productions Self-Conscious Emotions Image Source Shame Embarrassment Guilt Envy Pride Emerge middle of second year Children become aware of self as separate and unique Require adult instruction about when to feel emotions 2
Emotional Self-Regulation Adjusting own state of emotional intensity Requires effortful control Grows over first year, with brain development Caregivers contribute to child s self-regulation style Jennifer Russell/Dreamstime.com Temperament Reactivity: Speed and intensity of emotional arousal attention motor activity Self-regulation: Strategies modifying reactivity DigitalVision Structure of Temperament Thomas and Chess: Easy 40% Difficult 10% Slow-to-warm-up 15% Unclassified 35% Photodisc 3
Biological Basis for Temperament Inhibited, Shy React negatively, withdraw from new stimuli High heart rates, stress hormones and stress symptoms Higher right hemisphere frontal cortex activity Uninhibited, Sociable React positively, approach new stimuli Low heart rates, stress hormones and stress symptoms Higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity Stability of Temperament Develops with age low to moderate stability better indicator after age 3 Photodisc Genetics and Environment in Temperament Genetic influences Responsible for about half of individual differences Ethnic and sex differences Environmental influences Nutrition Caregiving Cultural variations Gender stereotyping Role of siblings 4
Personality, Temperament, and Self-Concept Origins and stability of temperament Heredity Identical twins are more alike in temperament than fraternal twins. Adult personality studies support innate temperament. Neurological processes Underlying physiological processes Kagan Shyness Differing thresholds for arousal Dopamine and serotonin problems Frontal lobe asymmetry Goodness-of-Fit Combines genetics and environment Child-rearing to match temperament Photodisc Ethological Theory of Attachment Preattachment Attachment-in-the-making Clear-cut attachment separation anxiety Formation of a reciprocal relationship Educating Children 5
Testing for Internal Working Models of Attachment Figure 6.2 Types of Attachment RubberBall Productions Ainsworth s strange situation Secure 60% Avoidant 15% Resistant 10% Disorganized/ disoriented 15% Secure and Insecure Attachments Insecure/avoidant attachment Mother rejects or regularly withdraws from the infant Mother is overly intrusive or overly stimulating Insecure/ambivalent attachment Primary caregiver is inconsistently or unreliably available to the child Insecure/disorganized attachment Likely when the child has been abused, and when a parent has an unresolved childhood trauma 6
Factors That Affect Attachment Security Opportunity for attachment Quality of caregiving sensitive caregiving Emotional Availability Caregiver who is able and willing to form an emotional attachment interactional synchrony Contingent Responsiveness Caregivers who are sensitive to the child s cues and respond appropriately Infant characteristics Family circumstances parents internal working models Long Term Consequences of Attachment Quality Low correlation with later temperament More implications for disorganized insecure always troubled later in life Securely attached More sociable More positive in relationships with friends Less clinging and dependent on teachers Less aggressive More emotionally mature Continues into adolescence More likely to be leaders Have higher self-esteem Long Term Consequences of Attachment Quality Securely attached Increased sociability throughout early, middle, and late adulthood Affects their parenting behaviors Demonstrates that the attachment relationship becomes the foundation for future social relationships 7
I-Self and Me-Self I-Self Sense of self as agent Separate from surrounding world Can control own thoughts and actions Me-Self Sense of self as object of knowledge and evaluation Qualities that make self unique: Physical characteristics Possessions Attitudes, beliefs, personality Self-Concept The subjective self Awareness by the child that he is separate from others and endures over time Appears by 8 12 months at the same time as object permanence. The objective self The toddler comes to understand that she is an object in the world. Categorical Self Categorize self and others into social categories age physical characteristics good or bad Use to organize behavior DigitalVision 8
Testing Emerging Self- Awareness Self-Development Self-Awareness From birth Aided by intermodal perception Self- Recognition Empathy Emerges in 2nd year Helped by acting on environment and noticing effects Aided by self-awareness, self-conscious emotions Studying Self-Awareness Rouge Test Children at 21 months show self-recognition in the mirror. This is the same age that children name themselves, use I, me, and mine. 9
Effortful Control Effortful control inhibiting impulses managing negative emotions behaving acceptably Children need awareness of self as separate and autonomous confidence in directing own actions memory for instructions Compliance Understanding and obeying caregivers wishes and standards Emerges between 12 18 months Toddlers assert autonomy by sometimes not complying Warm, sensitive caregiving increases compliance Family Life Helping Toddlers Develop Compliance and Self-Control Respond with sensitivity and support. Give advance notice of change in activities. Offer many prompts and reminders. Reinforce self-controlled behavior. Encourage sustained attention. Support language development. Increase rules gradually. 10