Beyond a Divided Cyprus

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Beyond a Divided Cyprus A State and Society in Transformation Edited by Nicos Trimikliniotis and Umut Bozkurt

beyond a divided cyprus Copyright Nicos Trimikliniotis and Umut Bozkurt, 2012. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-33854-8 All rights reserved. First published in 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the World, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-34153-5 DOI 10.1057/9781137100801 ISBN 978-1-137-10080-1 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beyond a divided Cyprus : a state and society in transformation / edited by Nicos Trimikliniotis and Umut Bozkurt. pages cm 1. Cyprus Foreign relations 1960 2. Cyprus Ethnic relations Political aspects. 3. Cyprus Politics and government. I. Trimikliniotis, Nicos, editor of compilation. II. Bozkurt, Umut, 1976 editor of compilation. DS54.55.B49 2012 956.9304 dc23 2012016917 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Integra Software Services First edition: November 2012 10987654321

The crisis consists precisely in the fact that the old is dying and the new cannot be born; in this interregnum a great variety of morbid symptoms appear. Antonio Gramsci Realizing they will never be a world power, the Cypriots have decided to settle for being a world nuisance. George Mikes

Contents List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction: Beyond a Divided Cyprus, a Society in a State of Transformation 1 Nicos Trimikliniotis and Umut Bozkurt 1 The Cyprus Problem and the Imperial Games in the Hydrocarbon Era: From a Place of Arms to an Energy Player? 23 Nicos Trimikliniotis 2 Rethinking the Postcolonial Cypriot Statehood: The Cyprus Problem, Class Struggles, and Ethnic Conflict 47 Umut Bozkurt and Nicos Trimikliniotis 3 Border Dialectics: Cypriot Social and Historical Movements in a World Systemic Context 67 Andreas Panayiotou 4 Cyprus and the West: A Critical Perspective on British and US Foreign Policy and Strategic Interests in Cyprus 83 Ed Rooksby 5 Greek and Greek-Cypriot Political Strategies on Independence: Class, Nation, and Statehood 99 John Milios and Tasos Kyprianidis 6 Turkish-Cypriot Nationalist Drive toward State-Building: Politics, Violence, and Political Economy 119 Hakan Arslan 7 Making Sense of Turkey s Changing Cyprus Policy: The EU Factor and the Shifting Preferences of the Power Bloc 135 Emine Tahsin ix xi xiii

viii C ONTENTS 8 AKEL: A Sociopolitical Profile of Greek-Cypriot Communism 151 Giorgos Charalambous 9 Turkish-Cypriot Left: A Historical Overview 169 Niyazi Kızılyürek 10 Transformations of the Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot Right: Right-wing Peace-makers? 185 Neofytos Loizides 11 The Potential for Reconciliation, Forgiveness, and Social Transformation 201 Dilek Latif and Ari Sitas 12 A Political Economy of Division, Development, and Crisis: Envisioning Reunification Beyond the Cyprus Economic Miracle 217 Nicos Trimikliniotis, Elias Ioakimoglou, and Panayiotis Pantelides Bibliography 249 Notes on Contributors 277 Index 281

List of Figures and Tables Figures 12.1 GDP growth, 1996 2012 232 12.2 Unemployment rate (percentage), 1995 2011 232 12.3 Current account deficit as percentage of GDP 233 12.4 Real wage and private consumption 235 Tables 8.1 Electoral results of AKEL (1960 2008) 159 8.2 Composition of AKEL s affiliates: Social class 160 8.3 AKEL s and the popular movement s membership 162 10.1 Electoral cleavages in Greek-Cypriot politics 189 12.1 Basic features of Cyprus economy for 2008 221 12.2 Economic interdependence between Greek-Cypriots (GC) and Turkish-Cypriots (TC) after 2003 and according to the Green Line regulation (million ) 223 12.3 Migration movements, 2000 2010, in the RoC 229 12.4 Employed non-cypriots in the RoC 229 12.5 Determinants of structural competitiveness 237

Acknowledgments This book is a result of a truly collective effort. It grew out of a common concern amongst scholars and activists in Cyprus that what we are witnessing in this part of the world must be analyzed and articulated to a wider audience and across the divide. It aims to speak of worlds in the making. We saw the so-called frozen conflict in Cyprus becoming more fluid and ingrained in the transformations sweeping across the barbed wire dividing the country: all that was solid begun to melt into air. Yet, as time went by we realized that much deeper and wider global transformations were unfolding. The economic crisis is spreading and deepening: a crisis of cohesion in the euro zone is accompanied by rising unemployment and austerity measures imposed on both sides of our divided country. Yet mass action and mobilizations are changing the landscape. The eruptions of revolts in the Arab world are changing the region in uncertain directions. Meanwhile, the discovery of hydrocarbons in combination with regional geopolitical sovereignty games is pulling Cyprus closer to the nucleus of other regional contestations. In this era of uncertainty, this volume reflects on the upheavals of contradictory transformations within and around the country. It is informed by a sense of engagement to rethink what is happening around us; it is hoped that these reflections can serve as useful pointers for future research and political agendas. Different people have helped us in different ways; it is impossible to thank all of them individually. We want to express our gratitude to the friends who shared their ideas, concerns, and companionship, and encouraged us. In particular, we would like to thank Şebnem Oğuz, Berch Berberoğlu, Avishai Ehrlich, Floya Anthias, Toumazos Tsielepis, Gregoris Ioannou, Costas M. Constantinou, Panayiotis Pantelides, Sotiris Kattos, and Alex Apostolides. Also we want to express our appreciation to Daphne Trimikliniotis Mavrovouniotis and Marios Trimikliniotis for great artwork for the cover of the book. Having a mother and a brother who are artists is a great resource!

xii A CKNOWLEDGMENTS A very special thank you must go to our respective families for enduring us during the time of preparing this manuscript: to Corina, for putting up with a partner; to Stella and Manos, for bearing with their busy and absent-minded father in what seemed a never-ending project; and to parents Andreas and Daphne and brothers Michael, Anthony, and Marios for their understanding and backing. On the other part of the divide, loving parents Gülsen and Özkan and wonderful brother Doğuş made this project possible through their love and endless support. We dedicate this book to those people of Cyprus, the region, and the world who dare to think that another world is possible, and relentlessly struggle against capitalism, racism, nationalism, and hatred. As for our island, we dream of a reunified future and salute all the unnamed heroes who are persisting in their battle for reconciliation, coexistence, and peace.

Abbreviations ADESOK AKEL AKP BDH CBM CENTO CIA CR CTP DEK DEİK DHP DIKO DİSK DISY DMP DP ECtHR EDEK EDMA Aνανεωτικó Δημoκρατικó ΣoσιαλιστικóKίνημα (Reformist Democratic Socialist Movement) AνoρθωτικóKóμμα Eργαζoμένoυ Λαoύ (Progressive Party of Working People) Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Justice and Development Party) Barış ve Demokrasi Hareketi (The Movement for Peace and Democracy) Confidence building measures Central Treaty Organization Central Intelligence Service Conflict resolution Cumhuriyetçi Türk Partisi (Republican Turkish Party) Δημoκρατικó EθνικóKóμμα (Democratic National Party) Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Konseyi (Foreign Economic Relations Board) Demokratik Halk Partisi (Democratic People s Party) Δημoκρατικó Koμμα, (Democratic Party) Devrimci İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu (Revolutionary Workers Union Confederation) ΔημoκρατικóςΣυναγερμóς (Democratic Rally) Demokratik Mücadele Partisi (Party for Democratic Struggle) Demokrat Parti (Democrat Party) The European Court of Human Rights Eνιαία Δημoκρατική Eνωση K έντρoυ (United Democratic Union of the Centre) Eνιαίo Δημoκρατικó Mέτωπo Aναδημιoυργ ίας (The United Democratic Front for Re-creation)

xiv EDON EDY EEC EOKA EU GAP GDP GİAD GKK G8 Halk-Der İKTTC IMF İŞAD İSO İTO KATAK KKK KÖGEF KTİBK KTSO KTTO MÜSİAD NATO NE.O NGO A BBREVIATIONS Eνιαία Δημoκρατική Oργάνωση N εoλαίας (United Democratic Youth Organization) EνωμένoιΔημoκράτες (United Democrats) European Economic Community Eθνική Oργάνωση Kυπρίων Aγωνιστών (National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters) European Union Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (Southeastern Anatolian Project) Gross Domestic Product Kuzey Kıbrıs Genç İşadamları Derneği (North Cyprus Young Businessmen s Association) Güvenlik Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı (Command of Security Forces) The Group of 8. Russia, USA, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Germany, Canada, Italy are members with additional participation by the European Union Halkla Dayanışma ve Kültür Derneği (Association for Culture and Solidarity with the People) İstanbul Kıbrıs Türkler Talebe Cemiyeti (The İstanbul Association of Turkish Cypriot Students) International Monetary Fund Kıbrıs Türk İşadamları Derneği (Cyprus Turkish Businessmen Association) İstanbul Sanayi Odası (İstanbul Chamber of Industry) İstanbul Ticaret Odası (İstanbul Chamber of Commerce) Kıbrıs Adası Türk Azınlığı Kurumu (Turkish Minority Institution of the Island of Cyprus) KoμμoυνιστικóKóμμα K ύπρoυ (Communist Party of Cyprus) Kıbrıslılar Öğrenim ve Gençlik Federasyonu (Cypriots Federation of Education and Youth) Kıbrıs Türk İşçi Birlikleri Kurumu (Organization of Turkish Cypriot Workers Unions) Kıbrıs Türk Sanayi Odası (Cyprus Turkish Chamber of Industry) Kıbrıs Türk Ticaret Odası (Turkish-Cypriot Chamber of Commerce) Müstakil Sanayici ve İşadamları Derneği (Independent Industrialists and Businessmen s Association) North Atlantic Treaty Organization N έoι Oρίζ oντες (New Horizons) Non-governmental organization

A BBREVIATIONS xv OEB Oργάνωση Eργoδoτών και Bιoμηχάνων (Cyprus Employers and Industrialists Federation) PAK ΠανγκύπριoAπελευθερωτικóKίνημα (Pancyprian Liberation Movement) PAKOP ΠανγκύπριoAπελευθερωτικóKίνημα γ ια Eπιστρoϕή Πρoσϕύγων (Pancyprian Liberation Movement for the Return of Refugees) PEO Πανγκύπρια Eργατική Oμoσπoνδία, (Pancyprian Federation of Labor) PKK Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan (Kurdish Workers Party) PSE Πανγκύπρια Συνoμoσπoνδία Eργατών (Pan-Cypriot Confederation of Labor) SBA The Sovereign Base Areas SEK Πανγκύπρια Eργατική Συνoμoσπoνδία (Pancyprian Labor Confederation) SEV Συνoμoσπoνδία Eλλήνων Bιoμηχάνων (Hellenic Federation of Entreprises) TEB Türk Ekonomi Bankası (Turkish Economy Bank) TİP Türkiye İşçi Partisi (Workers Party of Turkey) TKP Toplumcu Kurtuluş Partisi (Communal Liberation Party) TMT Türk Mukavemet Teşkilati (Turkish Resistance Organization) TOBB Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği (The Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey) TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus TÜSİAD Türk Sanayicileri ve İşadamları Derneği (Turkish Industrialists and Businessmen Association) UBP Ulusal Birlik Partisi (The National Unity Party) UNFCYP UN Force in Cyprus US United States USAİD Ulusal Sanayici ve İşadamları Derneği (The Association of National Industrialists and Businessmen) USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WW1 World War 1 WW2 World War 2 YDP Yeni Doğuş Partisi (New Birth Party)