Swedish road dust research Mats Gustafsson
Main research fields» Experimental studies of particle properties, emission factors, influencing material and envrironmental parameters (VTI, LU, SU, IVL)» Field studies of measures against road dust and source apportionment (Stockholm, Göteborg)» Health effects (KI, LiU, UmU). Currently no road dust specific studies, though. Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
Experimental studies» WearTox (finnished in 2005)» Damningsminimerad vinter- och barmarksdrift (- 2006)» NanoWear (- 2007)» WearEm (- 2008)» Beläggningars och friktionsmaterials damningsbenägenhet (- 2008) Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
Provvägsmaskinen (PVM) at VTI Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
Studies of wear particles Physical and chemical properties? Factors affecting their formation? Are they as dangerous to health as exhaust particles?
PM 10, studded tyres and pavement types 6 ABT16 with granite PM10 [mg/m3] 4 2 ABS16 with quartzite (Hornsberg) ABS11 with quartzite (Kärr) 0 0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40 0:45 0:50 0:55 1:00 Time Tid efter after start start
PM 10, studded and friction tyres 2 1.6 Studded tyres PM10 [mg/m3] 1.2 0.8 ABS11 with quartzite (Kärr) 0.4 0 0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40 0:45 0:50 0:55 1:00 Tid efter start
PM 10, studded and friction tyres 2 1.6 Studded tyres PM10 [mg/m3] 1.2 0.8 ABS11 with quartzite (Kärr) 0.4 0 Friction tyres 0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40 0:45 0:50 0:55 1:00 Tid efter start
PM 10, traction materials and tyres 10 8 Studded tyres+sand Friction tyres+sand Studded tyres+crushed stone Friction tyres+crushed stone Increase of PM 10 (mg/m 3 ) 6 4 2 0 0:00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 Time after start (h)
TEM, sub micron particles Source?
Sub micron particles dn/dlogdp [#/m³] 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 Friction tyres Granit + dubbdäck 70 km/h Kvartsit + dubbdäck 70 km/h Kvartsit + dubbdäck 50 km/h Kvartsit + dubbdäck 30 km/h Studded tyres Kvartsit + friktionsdäck 30 km/h Kvartsit + friktionsdäck 50 km/h Kvartsit + friktionsdäck 70 km/h 10000 0 10 100 1000 Geometrisk diameter (nm) Tyre particles?
Ongoing projects WearEm
Development of PVM Online data system Gravimetric filter samplers for EF calculations WearEm Pyrometer for tyre temperature
PM 10, tyres and pavement test cycle with fan and filter 30 50 70 70 5030 10000 8000 DT1 PM10 ave SMPS #/cm3 60000 PM 10 & PM 2,5 [µg/m 3 ] 6000 4000 40000 #/cm 3 20000 2000 0 0 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
PM 10, tyres, pavement test cycle with fan and filter 30 50 70 70 5030 20 15 t däck t bel t rum RH rum 70 65 t [ C] 10 5 60 55 RH [%] 0 50-5 45 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
PM 10, tyres, pavement test cycle 10000 8000 DT1 PM10 ave SMPS #/cm3 60000 PM 10 & PM 2,5 [µg/m 3 ] 6000 4000 40000 #/cm 3 20000 2000 0 0 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
PM 10, difference between tyres types 6000 30 km/h 50 km/h 70 km/h 4000 PM 10 [µg/m 3 ] 2000 Summer tyre 0 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
PM 10, difference between tyre types 6000 30 km/h 50 km/h 70 km/h 4000 PM 10 [µg/m 3 ] 2000 Friction tyre Summer tyre 0 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
PM 10, difference between tyre types 6000 30 km/h 50 km/h 70 km/h Studded tyre 4000 PM 10 [µg/m 3 ] 2000 Friction tyre Summer tyre 0 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
PM 10, difference within tyre types? 4 Studded Dubbdäck 1tyre 1 3 60 km/h Marketed with longer stud protrusion PM 10 [mg/m 3 ] 2 Retreaded tyre 1 50 km/h 60 km/h Studded tyre 2 Dubbdäck 2 0 10 11 12 13 14 15 Tid
Emission factors Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
Emission factors for PM 10 de/dlogdp [mg/km] Dp [µm] Integrated emission rate for PM 10 : 0,6 g / vkm
Emission factors for PM 10» WearTox (2005) 0,6 g/vkm (dry conditions, 100% studded tyres)» Johansson et al. (2004) 0,43 g/vkm for coarse crustal fraction at E4 Vallstanäs (cold and dry conditions, ca 40 % studded tyres)» Sjöberg & Ferm (2005) 0,2-0,4 g/vkm mean emission factor for PM 10 (ca 30 % studded tyres) Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
Studies on measures against road dust»pm 10 and studded tyres in Stockholm» Stockholm dustbindning experiments» Göteborg dustbindning experiments Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
Studded tyres and PM 10 in Stockholm streets M. Norman, C. Johansson / Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006) 6154 6164
Studded tyres and PM 10 in Stockholm streets M. Norman, C. Johansson / Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006) 6154 6164 A 50% reduction of the vehicles using studded tyres during winter would according to our measurement reduce the weekly daytime PM 10 levels during dry conditions with around 30 40 mg/m 3 during period with highest fraction of studded tyres.
Dust binding with CMA & MgCl 2 on E4 Stolp nr för start och stopp av provytor i Sydgående färdriktning Stolp nr för start och stopp av provytor i Norrgående färdriktning Obehandlad 730 # Obehandlad # 724 Mätstation 3 # CMA 706 # Mätstation 3 # CMA Obehandlad 689 # # 699 Obehandlad 685 # N S % Mätstation %% 2 # MGCL 668 # Mätstation 2 % %% # MGCL # 661 Obehandlad Obehandlad Mätstation 1 # Mätstation 1 #
Diurnal mean PM 10 at the three stretches Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
PM 10 reduction on E4 Reduction of PM 10 concentration in percent during the day after dust bidning as compared to the control stretch.
PM 10 reduction on Stockholm city street Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
Conclusions from tests with CMA and MgCl 2 in Stockholm» CMA/MgCl 2» Effective to lower maximum concentrations during dry conditions» Considerably less exceedencies on E4» No effect on number of exceedencies in street environment» Magnesium chloride also effective Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
Measures against PM 10 in Göteborg Conclusions from tests with CMA and sweeping in Göteborg»PM 10 reduction with 37% first days after CMA treatment» Sweeping reduces PM 10 with 27 % (?)» Flushing of road tunnel INCREASES PM 10 concentration with 57%. Probably caused by release of dust from tunnel walls. Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
Health effects of road dust?» Cell study in WearTox project» Epidemiological studies (Forsberg m.fl.) Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
Cell study, macrophages, IL-6, 100 µg/ml 8 7 * 6 IL-6 pg/ml x 10 4 cells 5 4 3 2 1 * * * * 0 Control Kontroll Granite PM 1 Quartzite PM 2 Street PM 3 Subway PM 4 DEP1 PM 5 DEP2 PM 6
Epidemiological studies Astma 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% Road Vägdamm dust No Ej road vägdamm dust Pm10 PM 10 Totalt total KOL 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% Road Vägdamm dust No Ej vägdamm road dust Pm10 PM 10 Totalt total Percentage change in number of hospital admissions for asthma and KOL at a concentration increase of 10 µg/m 3 (95 % confidence interval). Left with and right without ozon in model. (Forsberg och Segerstedt, 2004).
Epidemiological studies Andningsorg 4% 0% -4% Road dust No road dust PM 10 total Vägdamm Ej vägdamm Pm10 Totalt Hjärt-kärl 4% 0% -4% Road Vägdamm dust No Ej vägdamm road dust Pm10 PM 10 Totalt total Percentage change in number of hospital admissions for respiratory problems and cardio-vascular diseases at a concentration increase of 10 µg/m 3 (95 % confidence interval). Left with and right without ozon in model. (Forsberg och Segerstedt, 2004).
Epidemiological studies Main conclusions» The concentration of road dust PM 10 affects the number of admissions for respiratory disease at least as strong as PM 10 concentration in general.» The effect of road dust PM 10 on number of acute admissions for asthma seem stronger than for PM 10 generally, while the effect on cardiovascular diseases and mortality seem weaker for road dust PM 10. Non of these effects are statistically significant, though. Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
Ongoing issues of interest» Continued debate about winter tyres» Dust binding and friction» EMMA on road measurements (ITM, Stockholms universitet)» PVM tests of several pavements» Evaluation of WDS (wet dust sampler) Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14
WDS (wet dust sampler) Mats Gustafsson Trondheim, 2006-09-14