S TIME LINE THE ANCIENT PERIOD Thales* c. 624 545 B.C. Thales predicts solar eclipse, 585 B.C. Anaximander Anaximenes Pythagoras Xenophanes Heraclitus Parmenides c. 612 545 B.C. Lao-tzu, c. 575 B.C. c. 585 528 B.C. Buddha, c. 563 483 B.C. c. 580 496 B.C. Confucius, 551 479 B.C. c. 570 478 B.C. c. 540 480 B.C. Republic of Rome established, c. 508 B.C. c. 515 450 B.C. Sophocles, c. 496 406 B.C. Anaxagoras 500 428 B.C. Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C. Empedocles Zeno the Eleatic Portagoras Gorgias Socrates Democritus Plato c. 495 435 B.C. c. 490 430 B.C. Parthenon built in Athens, 438 B.C. c. 490 420 B.C. c. 483 375 B.C. Peloponnesian War, 431 404 B.C. c. 470 399 B.C. Trial and death of Socrates, 399 B.C. c. 460 370 B.C. c. 427 347 B.C. Plato founds the Academy, c. 388 B.C. Aristotle 384 322 B.C. Aristotle founds the Lyceum, 334 B.C. Pyrrho c. 360 270 B.C. Death of Alexander the Great, 323 B.C. *Philosophers whose names appear in boldface appear in this volume. xi
xii time line THE ANCIENT PERIOD Epicurus 341 270 B.C. Epicurus opens school in Athens, 306 B.C. Zeno the Stoic c. 336 264 B.C. Zeno opens school at the Stoa, 301 B.C. Rome conquers the Greek world, 200 128 B.C. Caesar is dictator of Rome, 49 44 B.C. Jesus Christ, c. 4 B.C. A.D. 30 Epictetus c. 50 130 Romans destroy Temple in Jerusalem, 70 Marcus Aurelius 121 180 Sextus Empiricus c. 200 Plotinus 205 270 THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Constantine grants tolerance to Christianity, 313 Augustine 354 430 Theodosius I makes Christianity the state religion of Rome, 392 Boethius c. 480 524 Fall of the Roman Empire in the West, 476 John Scotus Erigena c. 810 877 Muhammad, c. 570 632 Avicenna 980 1037 Anselm 1034 1109 Al-Ghazali 1058 1111 Peter Abelard 1079 1142 William of Normandy conquers England, 1066 Start of the Crusades, 1096 Averroës 1126 1198 University of Paris founded, 1160
time line xiii THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Moses Maimonides 1135 1204 Oxford University founded, 1167 Cambridge University founded, 1209 Thomas Aquinas 1225 1274 Meister Eckhart c. 1260 1327 Dante Alighieri, 1265 1321 John Duns Scotus c. 1266 1308 The Black Death ravages Europe, 1347 1351 William of Ockham c. 1285 1349 THE MODERN PERIOD Thomas Hobbes 1588 1679 Johann Gutenberg invents the printing press, 1445 Leonardo da Vinci, 1452 1519 René Descartes 1596 1650 The reign of Louis XIV in France, 1643 1715 Blaise Pascal 1623 1662 Benedict (Baruch) 1632 1677 Johann Sebastian Bach, Spinoza 1685 1750 John Locke 1632 1704 Two Treatises on Government, 1689 Isaac Newton 1642 1727 Publication of Principia Mathematica, 1687 Gottfried Wilhelm 1646 1716 Leibniz George Berkeley 1685 1753 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1756 1791 Voltaire 1694 1778 Candide, 1759 David Hume 1711 1776 Ludwig van Beethoven, 1770 1827
xiv time line THE MODERN PERIOD Jean-Jacques 1712 1778 American Revolution, Rousseau 1775 1783 Adam Smith 1723 1790 The Wealth of Nations, 1776 Immanuel Kant 1724 1804 Critique of Pure Reason, 1781 Edmund Burke 1729 1797 French Revolution, 1789 92 William Paley 1743 1805 Jeremy Bentham 1748 1832 Industrial Revolution in England, c. 1790 Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France, 1804 Mary 1759 1797 Charles Darwin, 1809 1882 Wollstonecraft Richard Wagner, 1813 1883 Georg W. F. Hegel 1770 1831 Fyodor Dostoevsky, 1821 1881 Leo Tolstoy, 1828 1910 Arthur 1788 1860 Second French Revolution, 1830 Schopenhauer Opium War in China, 1839 Auguste Comte 1798 1857 Italian Revolution, 1848 John Stuart Mill 1806 1873 On Liberty, 1859 Darwin s Origin of Species, 1859 Søren 1813 1855 Fear and Trembling, 1841 Kierkegaard Karl Marx 1818 1883 The Communist Manifesto, 1848 Sigmund Freud, 1856 1939 Friedrich Engels 1820 1895 American Civil War, 1861 1865 Bismark unites Germany, 1870 C. G. Jung, 1875 1961 Friedrich Nietzsche 1844 1900 Pablo Picasso, 1881 1973 James Joyce, 1882 1941 Virginia Woolf, 1882 1941 The Dreyfus Affair (France), 1899
time line xv THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Charles S. Peirce 1839 1914 Albert Einstein presents theory of relativity, 1905 William James 1842 1910 W. K. Clifford 1845 1879 Gottlob Frege 1848 1925 First World War, 1914 1918 Edmund Husserl 1859 1938 Henri Bergson 1859 1941 Russian Communist Revolution, 1917 John Dewey 1859 1952 Gandhi begins his crusade for Indian independence, 1919 Alfred North 1861 1947 Joseph Stalin becomes general secretary Whitehead of the Communist party, 1922 Bertrand Russell 1872 1970 The Great Depression, 1929 1939 Spanish Civil War, 1936 1939 G. E. Moore 1873 1958 Ludwig 1889 1951 Second World War, 1939 1945 Wittgenstein Martin Heidegger 1889 1976 Dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima August 6, 1945 Rudolph Carnap 1891 1970 India gains independence, 1947 Gilbert Ryle 1900 1976 Israel becomes a nation, 1949 Karl Popper 1902 1994 People s Republic of China under Mao Tse-tung established, 1949 Crick and Watson identify the structure of DNA, 1953 John Wisdom 1904 1993 Korean War, 1950 1953 Jean-Paul Sartre 1905 1980 Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
xvi time line THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Nelson Goodman 1906 1998 Assassination of John F. Kennedy, 1963 Simone de Beauvoir 1908 1986 Willard V. O. Quine 1908 2000 War in Vietnam, 1954 1975 A. J. Ayer 1910 1989 Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., 1968 Philippa Foot b. 1920 John Rawls b. 1921 A Theory of Justice, 1971 Thomas Kuhn 1922 1996 The fall of the Soviet Union, 1991 Michel Foucault 1926 1984 Apartheid ends in South Africa, 1994 Thomas Nagel b. 1937 Islamic terrorist attacks on U.S. World Trade Center and Pentagon September 11, 2001