LLOYD'S INTRODUCTION TO JURISPRUDENCE SEVENTH EDITION by M.D.A. FREEMAN, LL.M. Professor of English Law University College London LONDON, SWEET &lffaxwel*l LTD 2001
CONTENTS Preface to the Seventh Edition From the Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgments Table of Cases Table of Statutes page v vii xiii xxxiii xxxix 1. NATURE OF JURISPRUDENCE l What is Jurisprudence? 1 The Relevance of Jurisprudence 2 Acquiring Social Knowledge 5 Normative Character of Law 11 "Ought" and "Is" 11 Form (or Structure) and Content 13 Philosophy of Law? 13 The Need for a Comprehensive Jurisprudence 14 Jurisprudence Today 15 J. Austin The Uses of the Study of Jurisprudence 19 W.L. Twining Some Jobs for Jurisprudence 21 J. Shklar Legalism 24 D. Hume A Treatise of Human Nature 28 K. Popper The Poverty of Historicism 28 T.S. Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 30 T. Campbell Seven Theories of Human Society 36 2. MEANING OF LAW 39 The Nature of Definitions 39 "Naming a Thing" 39 "Essentialism" 40 Analysis of Words or Fact 42 Are Definitions Unnecessary? 42 Ideological Factors 43 Criterion of Validity 44 Law and Regularity 46 Law and Morals 47 Morals as Part of Law 49 Law and Value Judgements 50
xxiv Contents L.L. Fuller The Case of the Speluncean Explorers 51 G. Williams International Law and the Controversy Concerning the Word "Law" 64 H.L.A. Hart Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence 65 R. Wollheim The Nature of Law 67 J. Raz The Problem about the Nature of Law 69 P. Soper Choosing a Legal Theory on Moral Grounds 80 J. Finnis Evaluation and the Description of Law 87 J. Raz Ethics in the Public Domain 88 3. NATURAL LAW 89 What is Natural Law? 90 The Attractions of Natural Law 96 Greek Origins 103 Jus Gentium 104 Medieval Period 105 Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation 107 Grotius and International Law 110 Natural Law and the Social Contract 111 Kant and Human Freedom 118 The Enlightenment 120 Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 123 Fuller and the Morality of Law 124 Hart on Natural Law 129 Finnis and the Restatement of Natural Law 132 Conclusion 139 Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics 140 Cicero De Re Publica 140 Justinian Institutes 141 Aquinas Summa Theologica 142 T. Hobbes Leviathan 146 Locke Two Treatises of Government 148 J.J.Rousseau The Social Contract 150 J. Maritain Man and the State 154 M. MacDonald Natural Rights 156 L.L. Fuller The Morality of Law 157 J.M. Finnis Natural Law and Natural Rights 171 J, Finnis, J. Boyle, G. Grisez The First Moral Principle 192 Margaret Mead Some Anthropological Considerations Concerning Natural Law 196 4. BENTHAM, AUSTIN AND CLASSICAL POSITIVISM 199 Sovereignty and its Origins 199 Bentham and the Utilitarians 200
Contents xxv Bentham's "Of Laws in General" 203 Austin 207 Conclusion 220 J. Bentham A Fragment on Government 221 J. Bentham An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation 221 J. Bentham Of Laws in General 224 J. Austin The Province of Jurisprudence Determined 242 PURE THEORY OF LAW 255 Normativism 256 The Pure Science of Law 257 Norms and the Basic Norm 258 Hierarchy of Norms and Law-making Process 260 Sanctions 261 Critique 263 The Basic Norm 264 International Law 270 The Rule of Recognition: A Comparison 271 International Law and Sanctions 273 Law and Fact 274 Non-legal Norms 275 Conclusion 276 H. Kelsen The Pure Theory of Law 276 H. Kelsen General Theory of Law and State 282 H. Kelsen Professor Stone and the Pure Theory of Law 289 H. Kelsen The Pure Theory of Law 291 H. Kelsen The Function of a Constitution 302 J. Raz The Purity of the Pure Theory 308 Stanley L. Paulson Continental Normativism and its British Counterpart: How Different are they? 318 6. MODERN TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL AND NORMATIVE JURISPRUDENCE 331 Hart's Concept of Law 335 An Outline of Hart's Jurisprudence 336 The "Internal Aspect" of Law 339 The Rule of Recognition 342 Is Law A System of Rules? 346 Raz and Reasons for Action 350 Rights 353 The Nature of Rights 353 Hohfeld's Analysis of Rights 355
xxvi Contents The Obligation to Obey the Law. 358 The Legal Enforcement of Morality 362 H.L.A. Hart Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals 367 L.L. Fuller Positivism and Fidelity to Law - a Reply to Professor Hart 370 R. Alexy A Defence of Radbruch 's Formula 374 H.L.A. Hart Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence 391 N. MacCormick Contemporary Legal Philosophy: the Rediscovery of Practical Reason 396 J. Raz Practical Reason and Norms 409 J. Raz Authority, Law and Morality 412 J. Coleman Inclusive Legal Positivism 430 F. Schauer Positivism as Pariah 441 S. Perry Hart's Methodological Positivism 451 M. Kramer How Moral Principles Can Enter the Law 481 Sir Neil MacCormick A Very British Revolution 497 W.N. Hohfeld Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning 510 N. MacCormick The Ethics of Legalism 515 THEORIES OF JUSTICE 523 Introduction 523 Rawls and Distributive Justice 523 Nozick: Justice as Entitlement 534 Justice as Rights 540 Feminism as Justice 548 Economic Theories of Law and Justice 557 Corrective Justice 564 John Rawls A Theory of Justice 566 John Rawls Political Liberalism 577 John Rawls The Law of Peoples 585 R. Nozick Anarchy, State and Utopia 590 Ronald Dworkin A Trump over Utility 593 R. Dworkin What is Equality? Part 2: Equality of Resources 603 I.M. Young Defining Injustice as Domination and Oppression 614 I.M. Young The Faces of Oppression 618 S.M. Okin Justice as Fairness: For Whom? 629 M. Walzer Three Distributive Principles 639 R. Posner The Ethical and Political Basis of Wealth Maximization 647
Contents xxvii 8. SOCIOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND THE SOCIOLOGY OF LAW 659 Introduction 659 Comte and Sociology 660 Laissez Faire and Herbert Spencer 661 Jhering (1818-1892) 662 Max Weber (1864-1920) 662 Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) 666 Eugen Ehrlich (1862-1922) 670 Roscoe Pound (1870-1964) 672 Sociological Jurisprudence since Pound 678 Lasswell and McDougal 679 Talcott Parsons 681 Selznick 682 Towards a Sociology of Law 683 Unger and the Development of Modern Law 691 Habermas and the Centrality of Law 693 Critical Empiricism 697 Autopoiesis and Law 700 R. von Jhering Law as Means to an End 703 M. Weber Economy and Society 705 E. Durkheim The Division of Labour in Society 714 E. Ehrlich Principles of the Sociology of Law 717 R. Pound Philosophy of Law 721 R. Pound Outlines of Jurisprudence 723 R. Pound Contemporary Juristic Theory 724 P. Selznick The Sociology of Law 727 R.M. Unger Law in Modern Society 732 A. Hunt Dichotomy and Contradiction in the Sociology of Law 737 R. Cotterrell The Significance of a Concept of Law Not Restricted to State Law 744 R. Cotterell Why Must Legal Ideas be Interpreted Sociologically? 747 D. Nelken Blinding Insights? The Limits of a Reflexive Sociology of Law 759 D.M. Trubek Back to the Future: The Short Happy Life of the Law and Society Movement 766 S. Silbey & A. Sarat Critical Traditions in Law and Society Research 774 N. Luhmann Operational Closure and Structural Coupling: The Differentiation of the Legal System 779 B. Tamanaha A Social Theory of State Law 787 J. Habermas Between Facts and Norms: An Author's Reflections 794
xxviii Contents 9. AMERICAN REALISM 799 The "Revolt against Formalism" 799 Mr Justice Holmes 800 The American Legal System 802 The "Realist" Movement in Law 802 Factskeptics and Ruleskeptics 803 Llewellyn on Institutopns and "LawJobs" 805 The Common Law Tradition 806 Scientific and Normative Laws 810 Realism: An Assessment 811 Post Realism 813 Jurimetrics 813 Judicial Behaviouralism 815 Pragmatism in Law 817 Legal Process 819 W. Twining The Bad Man Revisited 821 J. Frank Law and the Modern Mind 827 K. Llewellyn Some Realism About Realism 830 K.Llewellyn My Philosophy of Law 834 K. Llewellyn The Common Law Tradition 840 W. Twining The Significance of Realism 848 10. THE SCANDINAVIAN REALISTS 855 Axel Hagerstrom (1868-1939) 856 Law as Fact 858 Ross's Theory of Law 860 The "Verifiability" Principle 863 Origin of Law 866 "Reductionism" and Legal Concepts 866 Features of Law 867 Law and Morals 868 Legal Ideology - the Method of Justice v. Social Welfare 869 Scandinavian and American Realism 872 Axel Hagerstrom Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals 872 K. Olivecrona Law as Fact 877 K. Olivecrona Legal Language and Reality 885 A.V. Lundstedt Legal Thinking Revised 888 A- Ross On Law and Justice 890 A R ss Directives and Norms 893 A. Ross Tutu 899
Contents xxix 11. HISTORICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE 903 The Romantic Reaction 903 Herder and Hegel 903 The German Historical School 904 F.K. von Savigny (1779-1861) 905 The Volkgeist - Some Problems 906 Legislation and Juristenrecht 907 Sir Henry Maine (1822-1888) 908 Law and Anthropology 910 Dispute Processes 916 Legal Pluralism 919 F.K. von Savigny System of Modern Roman Law 921 Sir Henry Maine Ancient Law 925 E.A. Hoebel The Law of Primitive Man 928 M. Gluckman Judicial Process among the Barotse 933 L.L. Fuller Human Interaction and the Law 936 Paul Bohannan The Differing Realms of the Law 946 S. Diamond The Rule of Law versus the Order of Custom 949 12. MARXIST THEORIES OF LAW AND STATE 953 Dialectics, Hegel and Marx 954 Marx and Hegel's Political Philosophy 955 The Materialist Conception of History 956 Base and Superstructure 958 The Question of Class 964 Marx and Ideology 965 The State and Law 969 Marx and Justice, Morality and Human Rights 972 The "Withering Away" of the State 977 Other Marxisms 979 Karl Renner 979 Antonio Gramsci 981 The Frankfurt School 982 Pashukanis 982 Marxist Theories of Law and State - a Critique 986 F.Hegel Philosophy of Right 990 K.Marx Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right 991 K. Marx Preface to Contribution to Critique of Political Economy 992 K. Marx and F. Engels The German Ideology 993 F. Engels The Housing Question 994 G.A. Cohen Karl Marx's Theory of History 995 S. Lukes Can the Base be Distinguished from the Superstructure? 999
xxx Contents K. Marx and F. Engels The German Ideology 1004 K. Marx Preface to The Critique of Political Economy 1005 K. Marx Capital 1005 K. Marx and F. Engels The German Ideology 1013 E.P.Thompson Whigs and Hunters 1013 K. Marx The Civil War in France 1019 K. Marx Critique of the Gotha Programme 1020 F. Engels Anti-Duhring 1021 V.Lenin State and Revolution 1022 K. Renner The Institutions of Private Law and their Social Functions 1023 E. Pashukanis Law and Marxism 1031 13. CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES 1040 Critical Legal Studies and Liberalism's Contradictions 1041 Rules and Reasoning 1046 Critical Legal Studies and Legal Practice 1048 Legal Theory and Social Theory 1051 Conclusion 1055 R.W. Gordon Law and Ideology 1056 R.W. Gordon New Developments in Legal Theory 1063 D. Kennedy The Structure of Blackstone's Commentaries 1067 P. Gabel Reification in Legal Reasoning 1073 M. Kelman Interpretive Construction in the Substantive Criminal Law 1081 C. Dalton An Essay in the Deconstruction of Contract Doctrine 1093 D. Kennedy The Ideological Content of Legal Education 1104 R.M. Unger The Spell of Rationalizing Legal Analysis 1108 14. FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE 1122 Origins 1122 The Inquiries of Feminist Jurisprudence 1124 Equality and Difference 1127 Women and Ideology 1129 The Public and the Private 1130 Cultural Pluralism and Women's Rights 1132 Feminist Legal Methods 1134 A.C. Scales The Emergence of Feminist Jurisprudence: An essay 1137 Patricia A. Cain Feminism and the Limits of Equality 1149 R. West Jurisprudence and Gender 1157
Contents xxxi C.A. MacKinnon Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination 1175 C.A.Littleton Reconstructing Sexual Equality 1184 K.T. Bartlett Feminist Legal Methods 1197 L.M. Finley Breaking Women's Silence in Law: The Dilemma of the Gendered Nature of Legal Reasoning 1215 N. Lacey The Feminist Challenge to Conventional Legal Scholarship 1225 J. Conaghan Truth, Justice and the Pursuit(s) of Feminism 1238 Susan Moller Okin Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? 1245 15. POSTMODERNIST JURISPRUDENCE 1253 Postmodernism and Modernism 1253 The Death of the Subject 1253 The "Subject" and the Legal System 1254 A Political Agenda 1257 Postmodern Law: Postmodern State 1259 Semiotics and Legal Theory 1261 J.F. Lyotard Answering the Question: What is Postmodernism! 1264 J. Wicke Postmodern Identity and the Legal Subject 1271 P. Schlag Normativity and the Politics of Form 1283 J.M. Balkin Understanding Legal Understanding: The Legal Subject and the Problem of Legal Coherence 1292 B. de Sousa Santos The Postmodern Transition: Law and Politics 1308 C. Douzinas and R. Warrington "A Well-Founded Fear of Justice": Law and Ethics in Postmodernity 1316 D. Patterson Postmodern Jurisprudence: The Truth of Propositions of Law 1325 16. CRITICAL RACE THEORY 1335 Introduction 1335 The Other Movements 1337 R. D. Barnes Race Consciousness: The Thematic Content of Racial Distinctiveness in Critical Race Scholarship 1339 R. Delgado and J. Stefancic Critical Race Theory: An Annotated Bibliography 1342 A.Harris The Jurisprudence of Reconstruction 1343 Milner S. Ball The Legal Academy and Minority Scholars 1350
xxxii Contents Kimberle Crenshaw Race, Reform and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Anti-Discrimination Law 1351 Kevin R. Johnson Celebrating LatCrit Theory: What Do We Do When the Music Stops? 1367 Berta Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol LatCrit as Liberation Theory 1370 17. THEORIES OF ADJUDICATION 1375 The Nature of Legal Sources 1375 The Institution of Adjudication 1377 Stare Decisis 1380 Why Precedent? 1387 Judges and Discretion 1389 Dworkin and "hard cases" 1391 Dworkin and Discretion 1393 Dworkin and Interpretation 1394 Law as Integrity 1396 One Right Answer? 1398 Integrity and Legitimacy 1399 Right Answers and Wrong Answers 1402 Judge-Made Law 1403 Judicial Reasoning 1406 Statutory Construction - 1410 Statutory Construction and Democracy 1419 J. Austin Lectures on Jurisprudence 1422 H.L.A. Hart Problems of the Philosophy of Law 1423 R. Dworkin Taking Rights Seriously 1429 R. Dworkin Law as Interpretation 1439 R. Dworkin Law's Empire 1447 B. Cardozo Nature of the Judicial Process 1467 G. Williams Language and the Law 1470 J. Wisdom Gods 1473 D.N. MacCormick Formal Justice and the Form of Legal Arguments 1475 E.H. Levi An Introduction to Legal Reasoning 1478 R. Sartorius Social Policy and Judicial Legislation 1481 T. Endicott Dworkin: The Right Answer Thesis 1483 L. Alexander and K. Kress: The Arguments Against Legal Principles 1491 Index of Authors 1505 Index of Subjects 1513