CONCEALED WEAPONS DETECTION (CWD) TECHNOLOGIES

CONCEALED WEAPONS DETECTION (CWD) TECHNOLOGIES BERNARD J. CLARKE Air Force Research Laboratory Multi-Sensor Exploitation Branch (AFRL/IFEC) Bernard.Clarke@rl.af.mil 315-330-2106

CONCEALED WEAPONS DETECTION (CWD) TECHNOLOGIES Concealed weapons detection is one of the greatest challenges facing the security/law enforcement community today. Threat not defined. Weapons commonplace. CWD needed for: Law Enforcement Mass gathering security Transportation Security Corrections GUNS KNIFES EXPLOSIVES

WEAPONS GUNS NICE PURSE! CELL PHONE PEN SMALLEST.357 CAMCORDER

WEAPONS GUNS Glock 19 Colt Agent Raven P-25 Davis P380 Ruger Security Six Beretta MOD 70 Colt M1991A1 WHAT ABOUT THESE?

WEAPONS BLADES DIPSTICK KNIFE COMB KNIFE BOOK CONCEALED KNIFE PEN RAZOR POLYMER KNIFE

WEAPONS EXPLOSIVES BOOK BOMB EXPLOSIVE VESTS BRIEFCASE BOMB

CONCEALED WEAPONS DETECTION (CWD) TECHNOLOGIES INVESTIGATING DIFFERENT PHENOMENOLOGIES FOR CWD CONSIDER WAVELENGTH vs MATERIAL PENETRATION/TRANSMISSION

CONCEALED WEAPONS DETECTION (CWD) TECHNOLOGIES BACKSCATTER X-RAY EXCELLENT PENETRATION EXCELLENT RESOLUTION NOT SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE INFRARED BETTER RESOLUTION PROBLEMS WITH AIR GAPS (LAYERS) TERAHERTZ RESOLUTION, PENERATION ACCEPTABLE SOURCES, DETECTORS IN DEVELOPMENT MILLIMETER WAVE RESOLUTION, PENETRATION ACCEPTABLE SOURCES & DETECTION IN DEVELOPMENT ACOUSTIC INVESTIGATING NON-LINEAR ULTRASONIC APPROACHES MAGNETIC MAGNETOMETER PORTAL

MM WAVE BOLOMETER DEVELOPMENT Raytheon IR Systems

MM WAVE BOLOMETER DEVELOPMENT Raytheon IR Systems TRANSMISSION STUDY AND IMPROVED SENSITIVITY BOLOMETER Provide analysis, testing, and new mmw detector development with improved performance and higher resolution. Phase I Material Transmission Measurement - test transmission of several materials at wavelengths throughout the mmw and sub-mmw band. CWD System Requirements Definition Study - help to establish CWD system requirements. Phase II Sub-mmw Detector Development We will develop a highly sensitive detector optimized for frequencies determined in Phase I Testing We will measure the detector characteristics i.e. noise and response and validate its capability to detect concealed weapons.

MM WAVE BOLOMETER DEVELOPMENT Raytheon IR Systems SYSTEM CONCEPT Miniaturized, staring, 2- dimensional sub-mmw focal plane array Provides improved resolution by operating at higher frequency Raytheon PMMWI 2D Staring Array in Vacuum Dewar with Thermoelectric Cooler Increased sensitivity Low cost Low weight Low power consumption for long battery life Handheld Concealed Weapon Detector Concept for Portal and Field Operations

MM WAVE BOLOMETER DEVELOPMENT Raytheon IR Systems Mid-GHz Advantage Resolution as a function of aperture size and mmw sensor operating frequency improves with increasing frequency and aperture size. To meet high-resolution CWD requirements with a reasonably small aperture requires high-frequency operation.

MM WAVE BOLOMETER DEVELOPMENT Raytheon IR Systems PHASE I Material transmission characteristics will be measured from 200 to 1000 GHz Materials include many fabric types, leather, kevlar, Gortex,. Atmospheric transmission will be modeled in at the same frequencies Data from material transmission study and atmospheric modeling will be used to recommend CWD frequencies Concealed weapons detection requirements will be determined through interaction with the Technology Working Group.

MM Wave BOLOMETER DEVELOPMENT Raytheon IR Systems PHASE II Prototype sub mmw detectors will be fabricated and tested 2x2 detector matrix will provide ideal test structure for full characterization Performance evaluation testing will measure detector spectral characteristic, responsivity, etc. A representative mmw detector test chip is shown here. It includes a 2 x 2 detector array as well as individual detectors. Photomicrograph of 2 x 2 mmw Test Array

FOCAL PLANE ARRAY-BASED MILLIMETER WAVE (MMW) IMAGING RADIOMETER Lockheed Martin Fire Control Systems

MMW IMAGING RADIOMETER CURRENT BRASSBOARD 32 W-band radiometers detect natural emissions Scene is focused with Cassegrain optics (12 ) Scanner produces a 32X44 pixel image Signal boards condition and digitize image PC display includes user controls

MMW IMAGING RADIOMETER TRANSITION TO PRODUCTION Brassboard Production 32 detector modules Smart multi-modules Expensive optics Low cost optics Custom electronics Modular electronics External processing Imbedded processing Complex interface Friendly USB High cost lab unit $30K man-portable unit

MMW IMAGING RADIOMETER PROOF OF CONCEPT Metal Composite Plastic

MMW IMAGING RADIOMETER DEMO WITH SIMPLE ATR

PASSIVE MILLIMETER WAVE IMAGER TREX ENTERPRISES

PASSIVE MILLIMETER WAVE IMAGER TREX ENTERPRISES FIRST GENERATION - 2000 90-96 GHz Real-time (30Hz) imaging sensor 3 ft. square aperture < 0.3 angular resolution 6 temp. resolution Sparse antenna > 1200 lb. System weight

PASSIVE MILLIMETER WAVE IMAGER TREX ENTERPRISES What can PMC Provide for Law Enforcement? Visible Image IR Image Millimeter Wave Image PMC image of 9 mm type gun concealed under heavy winter clothing Totally Passive Operation Size, Shape, Directional Discrimination Real-time quality clutter free images Metallic and Non-metallic Article Detection Wide-area Surveillance Capability Standoff Capability to ~10 m Video Clip

CONCEALED WEAPONS DETECTION (CWD) TECHNOLOGIES SECOND GENERATION - 2004 SPECIFICATIONS A prototype wide field system 77-95 GHz real-time (30 Hz) imaging sensor ~ 2 ft. square aperture 0.23 angular resolution 6 temp. resolution ~ 30 by 24 field-of-view 4 milliradian angular resolution 150 lb. system weight 30 Hz frame rate 26 x 26 antenna size Display size: 192 x 128 pixels. Delivered to AFRL in June 2004. TESTING AND EVALUATION IN BEGINS IN NOV. 2004

NONLINEAR ACOUSTIC SENSOR FOR CONCEALED WEAPONS DETECTION LUNA INNOVATIONS

NONLINEAR ACOUSTIC SENSOR FOR CWD All sound with a frequency above 20 khz is called Ultrasound Ultrasound scatters off of objects and some energy returns to the emitter Bats use ultrasound echolocation to hunt prey - they can determine what their target is, and how far away it is Ultrasound frequencies between 30 and 200 khz may be able to penetrate clothing to detect hidden weapons

NONLINEAR ACOUSTIC SENSOR FOR CWD Nonlinear Acoustics (NAC) NAC 3. Detect f1 1. Locate f2 f1-f2 2. Penetrate Locate use highpower focused ultrasound to insonify only the target Penetrate non-linear mixing creates low frequency acoustics to get through clothing Detect localized acoustic field is altered by weapon/explosive be it plastic, ceramic or metal

NONLINEAR ACOUSTIC SENSOR FOR CWD We believe this to be the world s first ultrasonic parametric nonlinear mixed acoustic beam image of a weapon on tissue

INEEL MAGNETOMETER PORTAL

INEEL MAGNETOMETER PORTAL Detection and Classification of Concealed Items using Magnetic Signature Analysis Enabling Technology: An array of magneto-resistive gradiometer sensors that sense disturbances in the ambient Earth s magnetic field Configured into a walk-through weapons detection portal Responds to ferromagnetic materials Accurately pinpoints the number, location and size of weapons Provides a graphical interface to the operator by using freeze-frame video capture technology Video and data records of alarms are archived INEEL: Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory

NYC SCHOOL TESTBED NLECTC-NE Utilization of INEEL Technology Implementation of a test bed in the New York City School System s Taft High School Will identify location of alarmed objects, speeding up students processing time Will alarm on Razor Blades (ferrous objects), addressing current security issues and requirements Will not alarm on non-ferrous metal such as body jewelry, metal buttons some belt buckles, etc., reducing false alarms Can be re-calibrated for enhanced sensitivity, allowing precise screening

NYC SCHOOL TESTBED APRIL MAY 2004 1800 Students Screened in 1.5 Hours Every Morning 40% of the Student Body Requires Hand Wand Searches Every Morning School listed in 2001 as Top 10 Most Violent in NYC INEEL Portal used for secondary searches.

NYC SCHOOL TESTBED Razor Blade

NYC SCHOOL TESTBED Multiple Alarms

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE DETECTION MALIBU RESEARCH

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE DETECTION THEORY The returned radar signal from a terrorist exceeds the average returned signals from friends because of reflectivity (equivalent radar cross section) of the explosives, wires and detonator connections acting as antennas possibly augmented by bullets, nails and other shrapnel 77 GHz Transceiver

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE DETECTION TEST ARTICLE From Literature Mock-up

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE DETECTION SYSTEM APPROACH A commercial warning radar Simple signal processing to measure and compare signal levels returned and determine range An off the shelf imaging system utilizing video and IR An integral Friend or Foe identification subsystem An off the shelf laser designator

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE DETECTION CONSIDERATIONS Scatterer interface between the bomber s body and the explosives Edges of the explosives are significant Explosive volume acts like a resonant cavity, excited off resonance The scattering at frequencies which couple to the modes of the explosive volume might lead to detectable features Cross polarization caused by wires - Little else would generate cross polarization

Bernard Clarke AFRL/IFEC 525 Brooks Rd. Rome, NY 13441 Bernard.Clarke@rl.af.mil 315-330-2106 Peter Costianes AFRL/IFEC 525 Brooks Rd. Rome, NY 13441 Peter.Costianes@rl.af.mil 315-330-4030 Stan Borek AFRL/IFEC 525 Brooks Rd. Rome, NY 13441 Stanley.Borek@rl.af.mil 315-330-2095 Points of contact: