English I Grammar and Writing Name: Review of Sentence Structures: Simple / Compound / Complex / Compound-Complex DEFINITIONS clause - a group of words that contain a subject and a verb. Atticus says this. He is teaching empathy. independent clause - a complete sentence; contains at least one subject and one verb. Atticus says this during his conversation with Scout. He is teaching empathy. dependent or subordinate clause - begins with a subordinating conjunction, then at least one subject and one verb. When Atticus says this during his conversation with Scout... Before Atticus says this during his conversation with Scout... Because Atticus says this during his conversation with Scout... sentence fragment - an incomplete sentence. When Atticus says this. During his conversation with Scout. run-on sentence - contains two or more independent clauses not properly separated simple sentence - contains one independent clause and no subordinate clauses compound sentence - contains two or more independent clauses and no subordinate clauses complex sentence - contains an independent clause and a subordinate clause compound-complex sentence - contains two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause All the sentences in this packet are taken from the opening chapter of To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee.
Simple Sentences Review: A simple sentence is an independent clause. It contains a subject and a verb. Strip down the sentences below to their subjects and verbs. 1. So Simon, having forgotten his teacher's dictum on the possession of human chattels, bought three slaves and with their aid established a homestead on the banks of the Alabama River some forty miles above Saint Stephens. Simon bought and established. 2. Simon lived to an impressive age and died rich. 3. Maycomb, some twenty miles east of Finch's Landing, was the county seat of Maycomb County. 4. Atticus's office in the courthouse contained little more than a hat rack, a spittoon, a checkerboard and an unsullied Code of Alabama. 5. His first two clients were the last two persons hanged in the Maycomb County jail. 6. Men's stiff collars wilted by nine in the morning.
7. Ladies bathed before noon, after their three-o'clock naps, and by nightfall were like soft teacakes with frostings of sweat and sweet talcum. 8. They ambled across the square, shuffled in and out of the stores around it, took their time about everything. 9. One night, in an excessive spurt of high spirits, the boys backed around the square in a borrowed flivver, resisted arrest by Maycomb's ancient beadle, Mr. Conner, and locked him in the courthouse outhouse. 10. "Were you ever a turtle, huh?" Write two related simple sentences of your own: 1. 2. Create a compound sentence from the two sentences above: Create a complex sentence from the two sentences above:
Compound Sentences Review: A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses, separated by a coordinating conjunction, a semicolon (;) or, occasionally, a colon (:). (A compound sentence lacking one of these separators is a run-on sentence.) Like simple sentences, compound sentences may be crammed full of phrases and modifiers but contain no subordinate clauses. Coordinating Conjunctions (can be preceded by a comma or no comma) (To remember, try the acronym FANBOYS: For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So for and nor but or yet so Directions: Circle the coordinating conjunction or the punctuation mark (semicolon or colon) that separates the independent clauses. Then write the two (or more) sets of subjects and verbs below the sentence. 11. Rain-rotted shingles drooped over the eaves of the veranda; oak trees kept the sun away. shingles drooped; trees kept 12. We were far too old to settle an argument with a fist-fight, so we consulted Atticus. 13. Atticus had urged them to accept the state's generosity in allowing them to plead Guilty to second-degree murder and escape with their lives, but they were Haverfords, in Maycomb County a name synonymous with jackass. 14. Somehow, it was hotter then: a black dog suffered on a summer's day; bony mules hitched to Hoover carts flicked flies in the sweltering shade of the live oaks on the square. 3 subjects & verbs:
15. He remembered her clearly, and sometimes in the middle of a game he would sigh at length, then go off and play by himself behind the car-house. 16. The shutters and doors of the Radley house were closed on Sundays, another thing alien to Maycomb's ways: closed doors meant illness and cold weather only. 17. They did not go to church, Maycomb's principal recreation, but worshiped at home; Mrs. Radley seldom if ever crossed the street for a mid-morning coffee break with her neighbors, and certainly never joined a missionary circle. 18. The other boys attended the industrial school and received the best secondary education to be had in the state; one of them eventually worked his way through engineering school at Auburn. 19. The doors of the Radley house were closed on weekdays as well as Sundays, and Mr. Radley's boy was not seen again for fifteen years. 20. We looked at her in surprise, for Calpurnia rarely commented on the ways of white people.
Complex Sentences Review: A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate (or dependent) clauses. A subordinate clause is an independent clause that has been subordinated or made dependent by placing a subordinating conjunction before it. Independent clause: he was nearly thirteen Subordinate clause: when he was nearly thirteen A subordinate clause can t stand on its own; it s a sentence fragment. after although as as if as long as (or so long as) as though because before Common Subordinating Conjunctions even if even though if if only in order that now that once rather than since so that so long as than that (sometimes understood ) till (variation of until) though unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while Directions: Bracket the subordinate clause(s) and box the subordinating conjunction(s). Find the subordinating conjunctions in the box above. Then write the subject and verb of the INDEPENDENT (not the dependent) CLAUSE. 21. [When he was nearly thirteen,] my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow. brother got 22. He couldn't have cared less, so long as he could pass and punt.
23. When enough years had gone by to enable us to look back on them, we sometimes discussed the events leading to his accident. 24. They said it ran in her family. (NOTE: The subordinating conjunction that has been omitted, but is understood. Where does it fit in the sentence?) 25. He said it began the summer Dill came to us, when Dill first gave us the idea of making Boo Radley come out. (Here again, that has been omitted; 2 sub. clauses) 26. Early one morning as we were beginning our day's play in the back yard, Jem and I heard something next door in Miss Rachel Haverford's collard patch. 27. Calpurnia always won, mainly because Atticus always took her side. 28. Our first raid came to pass only because Dill bet Jem The Gray Ghost against two Tom Swifts that Jem wouldn't get any farther than the Radley gate. (2 sub. clauses)
Compound-Complex Sentences A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses AND at least one subordinate clause. Directions: Circle the coordinating conjunctions or punctuation marks separating the independent clauses. Bracket the subordinate clause(s) and box the subordinating conjunctions. Then write the subjects and verbs of the INDEPENDENT clauses. 29. Maycomb was an old town, but it was a tired old town [when I first knew it.] Maycomb was, it was. 30. Our mother died when I was two, so I never felt her absence. (1 sub.clause) 31. His left arm was somewhat shorter than his right; when he stood or walked, the back of his hand was at right angles to his body, his thumb parallel to his thigh. (1 sub. clause) 32. But it was a time of vague optimism for some of the people: Maycomb County had recently been told that it had nothing to fear but fear itself. (1 sub. clause)
33. As he told us the old tale, his blue eyes would lighten and darken; his laugh was sudden and happy; he habitually pulled at a cowlick in the center of his forehead. (1 sub. clause) 3 subjects & verbs: 34. Mrs. Radley ran screaming into the street that Arthur was killing them all, but when the sheriff arrived, he found Boo still sitting in the living room, cutting up the Tribune. (2 sub clauses) 35. Miss Stephanie Crawford said he was so upright he took the word of God as his only law, and we believed her, because Mr. Radley's posture was ramrod straight. (3 sub. clauses - 2 with that understood) Write 2 compound-complex sentences of your own. Bracket subordinate clauses and write the subjects and verbs of your sentences. 1. Subjects & verbs: 2. Subjects & verbs: