The Evaluation of User Preferences: the Case of Urban Parks in Konya

The Journal of MacroTrends in Energy and Sustainability MACROJOURNALS The Evaluation of User Preferences: the Case of Urban Parks in Konya Burhan ÖZDEMİR* and Ahmet Tuğrul POLAT** * Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization, Bartın, TURKEY ** Selçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Landscape Architecture Department, Konya, TURKEY Abstract E The most important element to convert cities into livible spaces and increase the aesthetics of urban are open-green spaces. Urban parks due to be used actively by citizens are the most important factors of open-green spaces system that provides maximum benefit to urban public. Scientific researches aiming to evaluate and clarify park users preferences and parameters that comprise these preferences will also provide vital contributions on creating livible spaces and urban aesthetics. In this research, three urban parks in Konya Province (Alaeddin Hill Park, Kozağaç Park and Culture Park) identified and survey conducted on urban park users. To determine urban park users choices for certain parameters (visual quality, plant density, maintenance, safety) survey data given to users evaluated due to Analytical Hierarchy Process Method based on comparison matrices (1,3,5,7,9). According to the results of the survey, Alaeddin Hill Park, Kozağaç Park and Culture Park were preferred respectively by users from visual quality and vegetative density aspects. Via the finding of this research, suggestions have been made to provide benefit to reconsideration of existing urban parks and urban park planning, urban design and management studies. Keywords: Analytical Hierarchy Process, Urban Park, User Preferences, Konya 1-INTRODUCTION Today s modern man and social society are trying to satisfy their physical and psychological health with recreational needs and activities. Parks and open spaces within the city center have a vital role to enlarge the local environment. They increase urban life quality by providing recreational opportunities and enhancing natural environment (Tajima, 2003). Therefore, improving as a whole of urban green areas quantity, spreading and usage is getting important (Polat and Önder, 2004). 48

Urban Parks, which is the most important part of urban green area systems, are valuable urban green areas make citizens get rid of city stress and get enjoy with their social and environmental functions (Lam et al., 2005; Wong and Domroes, 2005). Planning and management of urban parks is significant from the aspect of sustainable urban development Urban parks have important ecological, social and economical functions (Loures et al., 2007). Parks are relaxing, restful, functional and aesthetical spaces in cities. Urban parks create spaces that people can share their daily events. Intercultural interactions opportunities occur with various ethnical groups cultural characterictics (Petters et al., 2009). It is obvious that urban parks are vital to create aesthetic views, lessen the noise, clear the air, micro-clima effect and contamination control (Lam et al., 2005; Wong and Domroes, 2005). Urban parks enable protection, usage, health and education as well as regulating the communal living. Various planning and designing procedure studies are being held to provide more benefits from urban parks, which are one of the most important part of urban green areas. Especially studies related to surveying visitors perceptions and preferences are important. Because data gained from visitors will supply the professional knowledge and abilities of experts who will make the planning and designing of parks. Urban parks will serve more effectively to their users as they designed and applied in this way (Elinç, 2011). Within this framework; based on users experiences locating in Konya province, evaluating physical properties of chosen urban parks related to the study and the level of utilization are aimed in this study. Users level of preferences during designing urban parks and managing urban parks steps will be tried to measure. Beside that, urban parks current stuations have been retained within this study from the aspect of users preferences 2. MATHERIALS AND METHOD 2.1. Matherials 3 urban parks located in Konya province (Alaeddin Hill Park, Culture Park and Kozağaç Park) have been chosen as main materials for the survey (Figure 1). Alaeddin Hill Park and Culture Park are in the city center, but Kozağaç Park is in periphery. 49

Figure 1. Locations of urban parks surveyed in this study in Konya Alaeddin Hill Park is located in Hamidiye district in city center on 110.000 m 2 area consisting of 37.500 current ornamental plants. Park, significant especially with its history, attracts more people since it is locating in the city center. Within the park, Alaeddin Mosque which is one of the oldest Seljuk architecture and Seljukian Palace built in Sultan Kılıç Arslan II. era (Polat, 2001). Culture Park, located on the north-west side of Alaeddin Hill Park, is on 175 decares area. This park served as a convention center for councils and a place to organize Sema Shows for years beginning at 13.century (Özkır, 2007). Kozağaç Park is located in Meram District-Kozağaç Neighbourhood on 110.000 m 2 area. At the same time 13.750 plants have been planted. Additional to that, it contains social facilities such as; manmade lake, picnic area, waterfall and cave, star garden, rose garden, birdman cafe, pigeon loft, playfields and parking lot (Polat, 2001). 50

Past researches related to the research areas, domestic and foreign literatures and maps are used as supplementary materials to the study. 1/1000 scale Implementary Development Plan and Base Maps belonging to Konya Province, Parks Layout Plans, aerial photographs, NetCAD 5.0 and AutoCAD 2007 softwares have been used as tool materials. One other important material used for the research is survey forms in A4 format to measure public contentment level. 2.2. Method In this research, parametres (visual quality, plant density, maintenance, safety) are defined how they contribute to users choises, via Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method (Perçin and Ayan, 2010) and by chosing from literature (Uzun, 2005; Yorulmaz, 2006; Al-Quadah, 2006; Zaloğlu, 2006; Akad, 2007; Sarıkaya, 2007; Özkır, 2007; Elinç, 2011). Survey questions including chosen parametres have been prepared according to AHP method related to urban parks. In case questions in survey compensate users needs and choises in detail, a pre-survey form has been constituted. Surveys have been noted to be simple and applicable as they are prepared. While defining the sample size (for = 0.05 için ± 0.03, ± 0.05 ve ± 0.10 sampling errors), it is assumed that if universe equals to 1.000.000, sample size is 400 people (Yazıcıoğlu and Erdoğan, 2004). Surveys applied to users between September-December 2012 in chosen urban parks dense points from 10.00 am-03.00 pm and weekdays/weekend equally to acquire equal distribution. Each survey form applied to users via one-to-one and face-to-face meeting. Survey results have been evaluated according to Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Comparison Matrix has been constituted among urban parks and parametres (visual quality, vegetative density, maintenance, safety). Significancy Values have been located in upper column of the matrix (Table 1). Thus, significancy value persantages among park parametres to each others have been noted by comparison matrix. After this step, significancy distribution of percentages of each park area has been specified according to urban park parametres. Finally, distribution of percentages of preference among urban parks has been stated. Table 1. Scale used in AHP (Perçin and Ayan, 2010) Significancy Values Definition of Values 1 Both factors have the equal value 3 1. Factor is more significant than 2. Factor 5 1. Factor is much more significant than 2. factor 7 1. Factor is superior than 2. Factor 9 1. Factor is absolutely superior than 2. Factor (2,4,6,8) Interpolar Values 51

3-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. General information about city of Konya This study was investigated in Konya. It is located in south of central Anatolia Region in Turkey. It is located in 37 52 22.15 latitude and 32 29 31.69 longitude with an altitude of 1.016 m and an area of 38.873 km 2 (Fig 2). According to the year 2010 address based census its population is 2.013.845 that is 52 people per km 2 and annual rate of population increase of 10.57 % (KG, 2011). In Konya city, the amount of the active/passive green areas is proximate 4.465 km 2 and is about 44.64 m 2 for per person (KMM, 2009). Figure 2. Geographical Location of the Konya Province (Anonymous 2012) The flora of the providence consists of Irano-Turanien species and Anatolian endemic species. The climate of Konya is typical terrestrial climate which is mostly known as hot, semiarid summers with cold, rainy and snowy winters. The annual average of total precipitation is 319.2 mm/year. Konya has located in the lowest precipitation receiving region of Turkey. The average value of relative humidity is %59. Steppe vegetation is dominant in both Konya and its vicinity (Dursun et al., 2012). Konya is an important place for Christians as well because St. Paul and St. Barnabas came to the city on one of their journeys in Asia Minor around 50 AD. St. Paul preached in Konya but they angered both Jews and Gentiles so they had to leave the city and went to Derbe and Lystra. Konya is connected to Ankara, Eskişehir and to Istanbul via the high-speed railway services of the Turkish State Railways. High-speed trains (abbreviated as YHT) operate between Ankara and Konya. Travel time to Ankara is 100 minutes. There are eight trains from Ankara to Konya every day. 3.2. Demographical Characteristics of the Participants 52

The questionnaire data of totally 400 users that were valid within the scope of the questionnaire application were taken into evaluation. The data on demographic characteristics of the users are given on Table 2. Accordingly; almost 62% of the participants were males. It was observed that especially the young (between 16 and 30 years of age) participants were dominant. On the other hand, there were 5% of the participants who is older than 61 years. When the education level of the participants was examined, the participants were made up 61% of high school and 27% of university graduates. The participants were 31% of students and 21% of housewife. The income level of the participants was generally low. As mentioned above, since the participants were composed of students and a young population resulted in a low income level. In survey study, an effort was made to have diversity in terms of demographical characteristics. Table 2. Demographical characteristics of the participants Demographical Participants Characteristics N (400) Percentage (%) Gender Male 248 62,0 Female 152 38,0 Age between 16-30 204 51,0 between 31-45 116 29,0 between 46-60 60 15,0 61< 20 5,0 Education Primary school 28 7,0 High School 244 61,0 University 108 27,0 Post-graduate 20 5,0 Occupation Public Sector 60 15,0 Retired 24 6,0 Student 124 31,0 Housewife 84 21,0 Unemployed 24 6,0 Other 84 21,0 Income 0-350 200 50,0 350-700 136 34,0 700-1400 56 14,0 1400 and above 8 2,0 3.3. The preferred rate of each park in terms of parameters for urban parks 400 people were interviewed in selected urban park as a field of research. The survey results were evaluated with AHP method and are given in Fig 3. Accordingly, respectively, Alaeddin Hill Park (43%), Kozağaç Park (33%) and Culture Park (25%) were preferred by users in terms of visual quality. In terms of plant density parameter it was preferred by users as Alaeddin Hill Park 45%, Culture Park 17% and Kozağaç Park 38%. In terms of maintanence parameter it was 53

preferred by users as Alaeddin Hill Park 33%, Culture Park 34% and Kozağaç Park 33%. In terms of safety parameter it was preferred by users as Alaeddin Hill Park 32%, Culture Park 35% and Kozağaç Park 33% (Fig 3). Figure 3. The preferred rates of parks in terms of parameters 3.4. The general preference rates of the parameters for urban parks According to the results of the AHP analysis, the general preference rates of the parameters for urban park are given in Fig 4. According to urban park users; in general, parameter of visual quality, maintenance, safety and plant density were preferred respectively 35%, 27%, 23% and 15% ratios. Figure 4. The general preference rates of parameters 54

At the design stage of the urban parks, it is important to select items that the beauty of the landscape of park will enhance. Trees and grass areas are significantly improves the quality of urban landscape (Bernasconi et al., 2009). In addition, it was determined that trees have strong positive effects on landscape preferences (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989; Sullivan and Lovell, 2006; Kearney et al., 2008). Francis (1987), Landscape design created with Water and planting elements affects the level of the user's liking (Akad, 2007). By Dramstad et al., (2006) vegetation samples with the variable topography that takes generally positive reaction. In particular, the water surface and vegetation structure has reached a certain level of maturity increases the visual quality of the landscape (Arriaza et al., 2004; Wong and Domroes, 2005; Bernasconi et al., 2009; Polat et al., 2011). Wong and Domroes (2005), if there are a high content artificiality in a city park, the liking is declining. The vegetation is an element important for park visitors (Sullivan et al., 2004). The presence of vegetation increases the perception of the urban landscape. The maintenance is very important and decisive in terms of visual preferences (Rogge et al., 2007). 3.5. The general preference rates of the each park According to the results of the AHP analysis, the general preferences rates for each urban park were given in Fig 5. According to urban park users; Alaeddin Hill Park, Kozağaç Park and Culture Park were preferred respectively 38%, 35% and 28% ratios. Figure 5. The general preference rates of parks 55

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS The transport sector developing with state investments, Konya has brought an important position in the country. In recent years, with developing industrial sector and the service sector was rapidly constructed intensive in the city to meet the need of housing of the growing population. The urban open and green areas are needed to prevent concretisation of the city, having livable a city and to breathe. The last decade, rapidly the green space planning and implementations are carried out by the municipalities in Konya. However, the distribution of green space in the city is not homogeneous. In addition, only a few parks in terms of area have urban park property. Results of the study are assessed given below are some suggestions. These are; The maintenance and safety precautions should be increased for Alaeddin Hill Park. The plant density and safety precautions should be increased related the Culture park. The maintenance and safety precautions should be increased for Kozağaç Park. The landscape visual quality is an important parameter that to consider for the planning, design and management of park. To ensure the participation of park users is an important parameter that to consider for the planning, design and management of park. Via the finding of this research, suggestions have been made to provide benefit to reconsideration of existing urban parks and urban park planning, urban design and management studies. This essay is supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit Selcuk University. REFERENCES Akad, S., 2007, Kentsel açık alanlarda kullanım sonrası değerlendirme: İzmir sahil bantları örneği üzerine ampirik bir araştırma, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, 6-8. Al-Qudah, Y., M., 2006, Amman (Ürdün) kent parklarının peyzaj erişebilirliği yönünden irdelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 4-17. Anonymous, 2012, http://www.konya.bel.tr/haberayrinti.php?id=3216 [Ziyaret Tarihi: 24 Mart 2012]. Arriaza, M., Cañas-Ortega, J.F., Cañas-Madueño, J.A., Ruiz-Aviles, P., 2004, Assessing the visual quality of rural landscapes Landscape and Urban Planning 69 115-125. Bernasconi, C., Strager, M.P., Maskey, V., Hasanmyer, M., 2009, Assessing public preferences for design and environmental attributes of an urban automated transportation system, Landscape and Urban Planning, 90, 155 167. Dramstad, W.E., Tveit, M.S., Fjellstad, W.J., Fry, G.L.A., 2006, Relationships between visual landscape preferences and mapbased indicators of landscape structure, Landscape and Urban Planning, 78, 465-474. 56

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