NAMA: Sustainable development and transformational change to low carbon development SUDHIR SHARMA UNEP RISOE CENTRE REGIONAL TRAINING WORKSHOP Development of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in South Caucasus countries 9 10 July, Tbilisi Georgia 2013
Understanding NAMAs
NAMAS KEY OUTCOMES & FRAMEWORK FOR NAMAS Key elements of Cancun Decision o Developing country Parties will take Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions: o In the context of sustainable development. o Supported and enabled by technology. financing and capacity-building. o Aimed at achieving a deviation in emissions relative to business as usual emissions in 2020. o Will be measured, reported and verified (MRV). o Compiled NAMAs communicated in document FCCC/SBI/2013/INF.12/Rev.2
Economywide Goals ANALYSIS OF NAMAS SUBMITTED TO UNFCCC Scope Absolute reduction target BAU Deviation Target Example to illustrate the scope Antigua and Barbuda: reducing GHG emissions by 25 per cent below 1990 levels by 2020. South Korea: reduce national GHG emissions by 30 per cent from the business as usual emissions in 2020. Intensity target India: reduce the emissions intensity of GDP by 20 25 per cent by 2020 compared with the 2005 level. Sectoral Goal Togo: increase forest cover from 7 per cent in 2005 to 30 per cent in 2050. Focus areas Measures energy efficiency, sustainable management of natural resources, promotion of renewable energy for example: Madagascar - draw up and implement an action plan to develop renewable energies. standards in the building sector, promotion of low energy light bulbs, development of an institutional and legal framework for REDD+) for example: Tunisia - diffusion and development of the use of energy-saving light bulbs. Specific actions Others Ethiopia: 450 MW Tekeze Hydro power project. Morocco: Urban transportation development projects - the Casablanca Regional Express Network. Afghanistan: NAMAs would include the preparation of initial national communication, including national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory. Mauritius: comprehensive Sustainable Development Programme, which prioritizes renewable energy and energy efficiency. 2013
NAMAs in Registry 25 NAMAs uploaded on the UNFCCC Registry 15 seeking support for development; 6 seeking support for implementation; and 4 for recognition. To give a flavour of types of NAMAs: Chile: National Program for catalysing Industrial and Commercial Organic Waste Management in Chile Cook Islands - Supporting Implementation of 100% Renewable Electricity by 2020 Indonesia: Sustainable Urban Transport Initiative (Policy Framework for Sustainable, Low carbon Urban Transport) Uruguay: First introduction of Photovoltaic Solar Energy in the national electrical grid. Serbia: Replacement and Construction of a New Natural Gas Cogeneration Plant CHP Novi Sad
NAMAs as pledges and NAMAs as implementation actions NAMA as Pledges (submitted to UNFCCC and included in INF.12) Expressions of intentions to implement mitigation Don t include detailed implementation plans. National level voluntary mitigation efforts countries are willing to undertake to address their GHG emissions and achieve significant deviation from the BAU emissions. similar to the pledges made by developed countries to reduce GHG emissions in response to the Cancun agreements. NAMA as Implementation Actions specific mitigation actions with clear defined goals/objectives. Limited to sector/sub-sector or specific technologies or sources of emissions. Implementation of Policies/programmes and in some cases Projects. The term NAMA is used for both Nationally determined voluntary mitigation action to address GHG emissions; and, Detailed implementation plans for specific mitigation actions.
WHAT IS A NAMA? Though No official definition of NAMA under international negotiations, one can build one based on decisions A NAMA can be considered as any mitigation action Tailored to the national context, characteristics and capabilities; Embedded in national sustainable development priorities; and, Nationally determined and voluntary taken by a developing country to address its GHG emissions.
Types of NAMAs NAMA specific mitigation action as Implementation Plans International supported NAMA = supported NAMA Domestic supported NAMA = unilateral NAMA Carbon market support for NAMA though no formal system exists but many country proposals consider support from carbon markets for components of NAMAs. Irrespective of type of NAMA a key Element is MRV A robust and reliable assessment of GHG impacts of NAMAs and its MRV is critical to assess the effectiveness of action and countries contribution to deviation from BAU Stringency of MRV likely to vary from unliateral NAMA to Credited NAMA Key is ensuring transparent assessment and reporting of impacts.
Sustainable Development and Transformational Change
NAMA and Sustainable Development NAMA to be developed in context of sustainable development. The Convention and the Cancun decisions recognizes that Reaffirming that social and economic development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing country Parties. So developed in context of sustainable development implies: NAMA = Options that, in context of plans to implement social and economic development, deliver the same or higher level of sustainable development benefits with lower (lowest) GHG emissions.
Example Dominican Republic Tourism and Waste NAMA Tourism sector key source of income and employment. Government objective to increase the competitiveness and growth in tourism sector as a future source of growth and employment. Key challenge; low cost energy source to allow expansion of tourism infrastructure (hotels and resorts); and, Managing waste generated from tourism to minimize environmental and social impacts from open dumping. NAMA objective: To achieve sustainable development of tourism sector to maximize economic, social, and environmental benefits through low GHG options. To promote use of alternative energy sources, particularly municipal solid waste and biomass.
Indicators for Sustainable Development A framework to assess the sustainable development impacts of planned NAMA.
NAMA and GHG impacts NAMA are mitigation actions with an additional objective contribute to deviation of GHG emissions from BAU. This is important in context of goal adopted by countries to limit the increase in temperature to below 2 C. IPCC AR4 reports global emission reductions by at least 50% below 1990 levels by 2050 to achieve stabilization of atmospheric GHG concentrations at 450 ppm CO2-eq (gives 25 70% chance of achieving 2 C): Developed countries: Economy wide emission reduction targets to achieve the goal of 25 40% emissions reductions below 1990 level by 2020; and, Developing countries: to implement NAMAs with the goal to achieve deviation from BAU emissions in 2020.
Long run reductions for 2 0 C Encourages developing countries to develop LCDS in the context of SD,.i.e., decouple emissions from SD
Sustainable Development NAMAs and the 2 C goal Carbon Intensive Development Transition to Low Carbon Development Carbon free development LCD Vs NAMAs Time GDP Emissions Zero carbon Economy in 2100 The NAMA a tool to contribute to limiting the increase in temperature below 2 C through mitigation actions: That leads to deviation from BAU emissions; and, That transform development towards low emission pathways in medium to long term.
Ensuring Transformational Impact of NAMA Transformational Change: ensuring means of continually responding, adapting and innovating Effective implementation of a new solution, Creation of the tools, skills and organisational capacity for on going change, Focus on changing behaviour, and Adding decision making and continuous assessments to the system Transformation Integration, Capacities, and Feedback
Ensuring Transformational Impact of NAMA Institutional aspects Integration of climate change consideration with development planning and implementation Integrating climate change consideration into development planning - is the government department/institution responsible for policies/regulation/planning involved in designing and implementing the NAMA? Capacities evaluate and consider low carbon options in programme/policy formulation - Does NAMA leads to creation of systems and capacities for evaluating and considering low carbon options?
Ensuring Transformational Impact of NAMA Design Aspect of NAMAs Aligned with low carbon development strategies /climate change strategy Is the NAMA based in LCDS or climate change strategy, etc? A holistic approach and focus on changing the behaviours of investors and consumers towards low carbon options - policies, regulation and related institutional structures what is the scope of NAMA and does it addresses barriers faced by actors to adopt low carbon options? Involvement of stakeholders. creation of institutional and human capacities to sustain the change and ensure effective implementation.
NAMA and LCDSs Linking NAMA to National Development Priorities and LCDS important to ensure transformational impacts NAMA 1 National/sectoral low carbon strategy NAMA 2 NAMA 3 NAMA National mitigation strategies: LEDS Climate Compatible Development Plans National Climate Change Plans
Ensuring Transformational Impact of NAMA Feedback mechanisms (MRV+) Robust measurement system to track progress and impacts Is a reliable and cost effective system to measure the progress and impacts of NAMA implementation designed? Integration of measurement of impacts into national data collection systems for continuous monitoring Is the measurement of progress in transforming behaviour integrated into national data system for continuous monitoring and reporting to policy makers? Systems to use the measured data for assessing implementation of actions as well as at the assessment of climate change policy implementation Are there institutional arrangements to feed information on implementation of NAMA into climate change policy making process?
To Conclude NAMAs a tool to integrate consideration of climate change into country s development planning. NAMAs as actions tailored to achieve or enhance sustainable development through low carbon options. Climate change is a long term problem and there efforts have to be sustained over long term. Thus NAMAs design should be focussed on change in incentive structure in favour of low carbon options through necessary policies/regulatory and institutional measures. Creating long term capacities across all parts of Government, private sector, research organizations, civil society is important. Systems for feedback and evaluation for continuous reappraisal of progress.
Thank you!! For more information at http://uneprisoe.org http://cdmpipeline.org http://uneprisoe.org/publications http://acp-cd4cdm.org http://namacademy.org http://cdm-meth.org http://namapipeline.org http://cdmbazaar.net sudr@dtu.dk