Requirements of Planning of District Heating Network in Russia

1 Work report Requirements of Planning of District Heating Network in Russia DHTrain project Erika Matikainen 11.12.2014

2 1. INTRODUCTION Harsh natural environment of many regions in Russia leads to the need for mandatory presence of heating systems in residential and commercial buildings. Currently in most major towns the district heating system is used. Compare to the individual heating systems DH system is more efficient and reliable. Efficiency can be reached when heat is produced simultaneously with electricity in the cogeneration process. Also district heating has advantage for the areas with high population density, because the investments per household can be reduced. And the development of District heating systems provides an opportunity for using of renewable heat generation technologies. DH system in Russia has a high social and economic significance. At the same time it is characterized by poor technical level and low economic efficiency, depreciation of equipment, lack of heat supply reliability and the level of comfort in buildings, large energy losses. The Russian Government accepted a series of actions to improve the situation in the DH system. Among them, the Federal Law 190-ФЗ "О теплоснабжении" [1], which came into force on July 27, 2010. The first principle of the state policy in the field of heating is defined as "ensuring the reliability of heat supply in accordance with the technical regulations" (Article 3). Main funds allocated for repair the heating system are spent on pipelines repair. Pipelines are the most vulnerable element of DH system in Russia. This is due to the poor quality of constructions of heat pipelines applied earlier, thermal insulation, valves, insufficient level of automatic control processes of transmission, distribution and consumption of thermal energy and also by increasing of moral and physical deterioration of pipelines and equipment due to chronic underfunding of works on modernization and reconstruction [2]. The improvement of a DH network is a complex task with many parameters but it is not possible to reach this without creation of a system model and simulations of possible scenarios. For creation the model the data from different authorities are necessary. It might be one of problems related to this process because of disconnection in the work of the organizations and not actual data. Before creating the model, it is necessary to create a database, which should include the data on all the pipes with their dimension, insulation, coordinates, roughness and single pressure loss description; the consumer data like seasonal consumption of heat and tap water; environmental data like the air temperature for overhead pipelines and soil temperature for subsurface pipelining to calculate the heat loss [3].

3 2. HEATING NETWORKS All parts and components of the whole district heating system need to be taken care of when the total system is planned. The district heating system consists of the following parts (see next figure): - Heat production units - DH network - Customer connection (substation and metering centre) and heating facilities in buildings The DH network consists of two pipes: supply pipe and return pipe. These pipes are usually installed underground parallel to each other. Sometimes, the DH network is also installed inside buildings or on the ground. The latest option (on the ground) is used quite seldom in Finland. In bigger towns and cities, DH pipes are quite often inside the buildings in the city centre area, where buildings are built side by side (connected to each other). [4] 1 1 = Heat production plant 1 2 3 4 5 SH 2 = DH network 3 = Customer connection 4 = Metering centre 5 = Substation Figure 1: DH System [4] In Russian towns there are all types of district heating systems. The most commonly used open two-pipes heating system. Less common combined closed system of closed heating system and domestic hot water circulation. It is so called four pipe network.

4 Figure 2: Open two-pipes heating system [5] In this connection hot tap water is district heating water. Figure 3: Four pipe network [5] Also in this connection hot tap water is district heating water.

5 3. HEAT SUPPLY SCHEMES Currently the development of heat supply schemes of cities and towns is very actual and important task, because the further growth of Russian economy is not possible without a corresponding increase in energy, which can be predicted for the future through the development of district heating schemes. The requirement to develop schemes established in Article 23 190-FZ "About Heat Supply" of 27 June 2010 [1]. Article 23. Organization of the heating systems of settlements, urban districts 2. Development of the heat supply system of settlements or urban district is based on a heating scheme, which should correspond to the territorial planning documents of settlements or urban district, including planned placement scheme of heat supply facilities within the boundaries of settlements or urban district. 3. Authorized in accordance with this federal law authorities should carry out the development, validation and annual updating of heat supply schemes. In accordance with the law it is necessary to have as a compulsory part of heat supply scheme a virtual model. The purpose of development heat supply schemes is to ensure in the most cost-effective way quality and reliable heat supply with minimum negative impact to the environment. Heating scheme is the basis for investment programs since it make possible to assess their feasibility and consequences. The theme of design of heating systems virtual models in a dynamic urban development in recent years has become especially urgent. The lack of systematic approach to urban planning leads to the fact that engineering infrastructure not unable to keep up with growth of city development, and conversely - planning of development of life support systems of the city comes by itself, without a strict accounting of resource capabilities infrastructure that leads to the existence of excess capacity in some areas of the city and a deficit in the other [6].

6 One of components of systematic approach is the development and implementation of virtual models, which allow to simulate and to compare different scenarios and constant monitoring. This makes it possible to assess the consequences of actions and to minimize the risk of accidents and also significantly simplifies the process of operational obtaining the information samples, certificates, reports about system in general and for its individual elements. In the future, this will allow utility companies by itself to solve many problems of the current functioning of the systems and development planning, without spending a lot of money. The problem with implementation of virtual model is that often municipalities do not understand its importance. They believe that they are saving money, but in practice it is absolutely not. Administration suffers losses due to inefficient decision-making in heat supply. This work is perceived as pointless government-imposed obligation. By itself the development of district heating schemes will not solve all problems. However, the qualitatively prepared scheme allows make strategic management decisions in the infrastructure development and save the money. The Minister of Regional Development I. Slyunyaev on the State Council on Housing, which was in May 31, 2013 in Kremlin said the following:... According to our monitoring, we have approved only 644 district heating scheme. Often this work is done formally and with a significant backlog of deadlines. Most of local governments do not understand the importance of integrated development programs and do not consider them as a real tool for control of life support systems. What is the result? Lack of reasonable distribution of investments for modernization of municipal infrastructure, the lack of economically justified tariffs, including tariffs for connecting new objects, unsolved problems with registration rights to the ownerless public utilities and land under them. As a result - a significant investment in the housing sector have not come [7]. Modern heating networks are so complex technical objects that even for the calculation of flows distribution and pressures there is required serious descriptive and mathematical tools based on the knowledge in this field of science. Thus, a software for virtual simulation should have a powerful built-in mathematical and algorithmic tool, allowing to describe the network and calculate the modes so that to adequately answer on "What if...?" questions. Heating networks are geographically distributed objects. So for their modeling necessary to take into account geographical reference to the plan. Accordingly tool for creating the virtual models should have adequate built-in graphical representation on the ground plan (such

7 instruments for graphical representation of geographically distributed geocoded objects and for solving problems of spatial modeling are called "geographic information systems" - GIS). Therefore, for the visualization of heating systems virtual models should be used the principles underlying the GIS systems. components: Thus the concept of "virtual model of the heating system" includes the following software allowing to describe (certify) all technological objects that make up the district heating system and on the basis of this description to solve the whole range of computational and analytical tasks required for multiple modeling of operating modes of heat supply system and its elements; tools for creating and visualizing the graphical representation of heat supply networks in relation to the plan of the territory and inseparably related with tools of the technological description of heating system objects and their relationships; data describing each object that make up the heating system - from the heat source and up to each consumer, including all pipes and thermal chambers, as well as the virtual plan of the area to which the model of heating system is linked. [8].

8 4. VIRTUAL MODELS OF DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS At designing heating system necessary to research the current state and represent the collected data in GIS, specialized software that provides storage of graphic and semantic information and allowing solve problems of forward planning. OJSC "VNIPIenergoprom" (ОАО ВНИПИэнергопром ) and NP Russian Heat Supply (НП Российское теплоснабжение) analyzed the software market and in association with a number of Russian heating companies have developed and released The standard of organization. Automated information-analytical systems Virtual models of heat supply systems of cities [9], which sets requirements for application software used for these purposes, in particular for: organizing the data; functionality and a minimum set of tasks; requirements for accounting modules; information support of virtual model. Below the excerpts from the Standard are presented. Virtual model is the automated information and analytical system for decision-making in tasks of the current operation and planning perspective development of heat supply system of municipalities. The main objectives of creating a virtual model are the following: Increasing an efficiency of information support the decision-making processes and management decisions in the current functioning and future development of district heating system, and related sectors of municipal economy, based on results of statistical, analytical and other processing of objective data about processes of production, distribution and consumption of thermal energy; Development of actions for improvement the reliability of heat supply system and minimize the possibility of accidents; A uniform policy in organization of enterprises activities and in future development of heating systems;

9 Creation of an information platform for coordination the actions and interests of major participants in heat supply (heat supplying and operating organizations, administration and supervisory authorities, existing and future customers, investors, etc.); Economy of budgetary funds allocated to ensuring processes of energy production, distribution and consumption. 4.1 General requirements for virtual model Requirements for organizing data in virtual model Data must be organized in such a way as not to depend on the type and mode of graphical representation. This means that the priority is the semantic description of elements of heating system as a uniform set of information tables related by unique record identifier. The basis of information describing should be system of unique identification the basic technological elements of heating system, that are the nodes of heating network. These elements include: heat sources, pumping stations, wells and chambers, consumers (or the point of load attachment), central substations (CTP), points of changes of pipelines technological characteristics, and etc. i.e. all technological nodes incorporated by pipelines. Graphical representation of the heating system objects should not come into conflict with the semantic information description. The information model should allow the simultaneous use of several methods and / or types of graphic representation describing the same object model of heating system. The basis of heating system mathematical model should be the tabular description of connected structural units of heating networks. All semantic descriptors of pipe sections should be represented in the model as the load on the table describing connectivity. Information model of heating system must be equipped with tables of metadata (data about data), provides a flexible configuration of the information structure in accordance with the current and emerging needs, and regulated access to information from the outside by means meta descriptions.

According to the requirements of the unification, virtual model should possess advanced technological tools of integration with other application systems and databases. 10 Requirements for ergonomics and technical aesthetics Hardware and software configuration of the users automated workplace must ensure the functioning of professionally-oriented interface that meets the following requirements: a graphical multi-window mode; providing context-sensitive help; easy understanding and application of interface. 4.2 The main functions of the system Information function The amount of information contained in the database of virtual model should allow solve the problems of integrated development of individual services and enterprises, that will use the virtual model. The database of virtual model should include the possibility of information exchange with the enterprises database, from which the information is required for development of virtual model and the implementation of its tasks and functions. The database should contain information from: General plan; Executive management of the city; Industrial associations of energy and supply companies; Industrial enterprises; Specialized organizations. Calculation tasks Virtual model should provide the following calculations: hydraulic calculation of looped heating networks, including in parallel operation on one network several sources of heat; calculations should be carried out both in

11 design mode - on the connected load and in the current (emergency and nonproject) modes - at actual source parameters and state of valves; adjustment calculation of terminals for adjusting networks and terminals; calculation of normative and actual heat loss through the insulation and leakages; calculation of temperature curve of users and sources on connected loads; calculation of reliability and radius of quality heating; calculation of emissions and dispersion; comparative calculations of unit cost of simulated heating modes. Any calculations should be provided in the mode of virtual simulation, without modification of the information contained in the reference database. calculations. Virtual model should have a built-in tools for comparative analysis the results of multiple Analytical tasks Virtual model should provide an opportunity to define: optimal thermal and hydraulic DH system modes; optimal construction of the heating networks scheme; best options for providing thermal energy to consumers in emergency situations; necessity and possibility of building new sources; validity of issuance the technical specifications for connection new consumers; actual modes of heating system and heat losses through the use of virtual models with automated systems of commercial accounting the energy production and distribution in the fuel and energy facilities. Virtual model should provide an opportunity to simulate: switching heat loads between sources of heat; different options of heating in order to develop the objective tariff policy in the sphere of energy production, distribution and consumption. In addition to these tasks after the implementation on heat supply companies virtual model must provide the following tasks:

12 maintaining the damages archive on the objects; forming the repair plans based on the damages archive. Database of virtual model should provide: actualization, processing, accumulation and storage of information required for implementing the system functions; present information in a form convenient for the user, according to his functional responsibilities and established access; information completeness, relevance, reliability and integrity; adaptability to possible changes in information requirements of users. Software Requirements Software (SW) should be developed with taking into account the tasks and requirements defined in this standard and the requirements of GOST for automated systems (principles of systematic, development, compatibility standardization, unification and efficiency). Software should consist of general (GSW) and special (SSW) software. GSW should be designed to ensure the functioning of the technical tools and the SSW of the system. SSW should be prepared for implementation in organizations of the Russian Federation, i.e. should regardless of GSW localization include: support the user interaction with information and analytical subsystem in Russian; documentation in Russian; existence of consultants in the Russian Federation; existence of independent experts in setting up and maintenance in the labor market of the Russian Federation.

13 4.3 The analysis of the requirements Creation of virtual models in Russia is based on previously mentioned requirements. The following characteristics of the software that must be considered, when choosing software for designing district heating networks, can be identified: open data storage; detailed description of the information storage structure; data export-import; multiuser mode; a set of tasks; quantity and quality of real implementations. The first three points provide safety of data and allow using them even if the using of system is stopped. Data is the most valuable component of information objects and makes up a large part of total work. The compliance of these points allows the inclusion in information system an additional accounting and analytical modules that are not delivered by developers. Software quality depends on adaptability to a full information exchange, because data for designing heating system are obtained from different organizations and various geographic information and information systems. Export and import tool allows to use once already entered data, regardless of when and on which platform it was done. Regardless of other software features the continuity of data is necessary for effective using. Multiuser mode is a fundamental requirement. Without this the useful application of software for virtual model development and operation of heating schemes is impossible. Developer s experience in the field of heat supply, as well as the quantity and quality of implementations, provides insights about quality of software under consideration.

14 5. REFERENCES 1. Консультант Плюс (Consultant Plus) (http://consultant.ru/) Федеральный закон от 27.07.2010 N 190-ФЗ (ред. от 14.10.2014) "О теплоснабжении" (The Federal Law of 27.07.2010 N 190-FZ (version from 14.10.2014) "About Heat Supply") (http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=law;n=169807). In Russian 2. Российское теплоснабжение (Russian Heat Supply) (http://www.rosteplo.ru/) Методика и алгоритм расчета надежности тепловых сетей при разработке схем теплоснабжения городов (The methodology and algorithm for calculating the reliability of thermal networks when developing urban heating schemes). (2013) (http://www.rosteplo.ru/npb_files/npb_shablon.php?id=1590). In Russian 3. Volkova A., Mašatin V., Hlebnikov A., Siirde A. Methodology for the Improvement of Large District Heating Networks // 25th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems (ECOS 2012): Proceedings, Italy, Perugia, 25.-29. June, 2012. - pp 1-13. In English 4. Veli-Matti Mäkelä, Development possibilities in municipal energy in Russia, DHTrain Project, Oulu University of Applied Sciences, Oulu 2014. In English 5. http://e-zkh.ru/systeplo.html In Russian 6. Журнал Новости теплоснабжения 11, 2007 г., Разработка электронной модели системы теплоснабжения г.москвы (The magazine News of heat supply 11, 2007, Development of electronic model of the heating system of Moscow) (http://www.rosteplo.ru/tech_stat/stat_shablon.php?id=2167). In Russian 7. Заседание Госсовета по вопросам ЖКХ (The meeting of the State Council on Housing and Communal Servises), Kremlin, May 31, 2013, (http://kremlin.ru/news/18232). In Russian 8. Журнал Энергосовет 7 (12)б 2010, Об электронных моделях систем теплоснабжения городов (The magazine Energosovet 7 (12), 2010, About electronic models of heating systems of cities) (http://www.energosovet.ru/bul_stat.php?idd=90). In Russian 9. Стандарт организации. Автоматизированные информационно-аналитические системы Электронные модели систем теплоснабжения городов. Общие требования (The standard of organization. Automated information-analytical systems Virtual models of heat supply systems of cities. General requirements.) (http://www.energosovet.ru/nadegts.php?idd=42). In Russian