Using Data to Support Foster Youth College Success OCTOBER 2015

Using Data to Support Foster Youth College Success OCTOBER 2015

CONTENTS Introduction 3 PART1: COMMUNITY COLLEGES 4-15 EQUIP Basic Skills Course Taking 4 Financial Aid Receipt 6 Participation in Student Support Programs 8 ENROLL Full-Time Attendance 10 Enrollment Within a Year of High School Graduation 11 Course Completion and Success 12 EARN Persistence 15 Completions 15 PART 2: UNIVERSITIES 16-22 EQUIP Remediation Needs 16 ENROLL Participation in Student Support Programs 18 Course Completion and Success 19 EARN Persistence 22 Completions 22 Conclusion 23 Tecnhnical Appendix 24 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is possible because of the tireless dedication and efforts of the partners, community college and university campuses that collaborate to improve the lives and educational outcomes of foster youth. In particular, the vast majority of California College Pathways (CCP) campuses generously shared their data for this report, providing valuable insights into the educational experiences of foster youth and supporting continuous learning and improvement. 1 Philanthropic foundations funded implementation of 10 multi-campus networks, spread throughout the state, which all include at least one community college and one four-year public or private university within a similar geographic region. The funders include The Angell Foundation, The California Wellness Foundation, The May and Stanley Smith Charitable Trust, Pritzker Foster Care Initiative, The Resiliency Fund, The Stuart Foundation, The Tipping Point Community, The Walter S. Johnson Foundation, and Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. Special acknowledgment goes to our partners that facilitated data collection and analyses. As members of the CCP data team, RTI International analyzed the campus data and drafted this report and the John Burton Foundation provided feedback on this report along with technical assistance and support with data collection and reporting to the networks. The Educational Results Partnership, working through the Cal-PASS Plus data system created through leadership and funding by the California Community Colleges Chancellor s Office (CCCCO), created foster youth data dashboards, which are the source of the community college and K-12 data for this report. Educational Results Partnership also provided feedback on this report. Furthermore, this report is possible only because in 2012 the CCCCO created a mandatory data field to flag foster youth in its Management Information System (MIS), thus requiring individual community college campuses to do the same. 1 In acknowledgment of the sensitivity of some of the underlying data and the challenges faced by some campuses in collecting and reporting data for the first time for this report, the campuses submitting data are kept anonymous in this report and no campus-level data are reported.

INTRODUCTION Charting the Course: Using Data to Support Foster Youth College Success provides information on the educational experiences of foster youth attending a subset of community colleges and universities in California. This report builds on the work of the California College Pathways (CCP) initiative, a public and private partnership that supports campuses and community organizations to help foster youth succeed in postsecondary education. This strategy is designed to increase the number of foster youth in California who earn a college degree or certificate. The report, presented in two parts Part 1: Community Colleges and Part 2: Universities aggregates data across 31 CCP campuses and demonstrates how foster youth students are faring on a common set of key indicators of access and success in community colleges and universities. The quantitative data for the 2012-13 and 2013-14 academic years were supplemented with qualitative data from various student and stakeholder focus groups conducted on a subset of individual campuses in 2014. The data presented are intended to promote dialogue that inspires new strategies to ensure that students from foster care succeed. A key component of CCP is to build a shared measurement system that allows campus and community partners to make informed decisions regarding policies, programs, and practices. CCP developed milestone and momentum metrics to be collected and reported by each campus, which reflect a number of measures of student progress and outcomes. The collection and reporting of metric data aims to support shared learning and promote a culture of continuous improvement. The data presented include key metrics of progress categorized primarily by the type of institution supplying the information, i.e., community college or four-year university, and then by the milestones which guide the CCP approach: Are foster youth EQUIPPED with essential resources to succeed and ENROLLED in a college or training program? Have they EARNED a college degree and/or certificate? Future reports hope to capture whether youth have EMBARKED on a career path. While there are some bright spots, the data show overall that foster youth enrolled in CCP community colleges and universities disproportionately face serious academic and economic challenges compared with non-foster youth, and are not being adequately served by federal and state programs, including financial aid programs. Student support programs specifically for foster youth may be successfully addressing these challenges, but more data are needed to determine their impact. Please note that this report provides descriptive aggregate analyses from the CCP institutions who submitted data. The data are not intended to be generalizable to the larger population of California community colleges and four-year universities. Furthermore, data were reported at the institution-level, rather than the student-level, limiting the analyses that could be conducted across indicators. Future data collections and reports may incorporate additional data and analyses. 3

PART 1 COMMUNITY COLLEGES 4 The majority of foster youth in postsecondary school in California attend community colleges. As of spring 2014, there were about 13,400 foster youth enrolled in all California community colleges. 2 Community colleges offer a more affordable and open access education than four-year universities. Community colleges also offer a wide array of certificate and degree programs in career and technical education fields that allow foster youth to move quickly into the workforce. However, the benefits of a community college education may be offset by the fact that most do not offer on-campus housing, and lack of housing can be a critical problem for foster youth during college. The data in this section are available thanks to the California Community Colleges Chancellor s Office s creation of a mandatory data field flagging foster youth. In examining the metrics below, it is important to note that the foster youth flag is based primarily on foster youth s self-report. As a result, the data for foster youth in this report may both exclude foster youth who should have been counted, and include some who were erroneously identified as foster youth. For more information on the accuracy of the foster youth flag, see the Conclusion and the Appendix. 2 California Community Colleges Chancellor s Office, Management Information Systems Data Mart, http:// datamart.cccco.edu/services/special_pop_count.aspx 3 Bailey, T. (2009) Challenge and Opportunity: Rethinking the Role and Function of Developmental Education in Community College. New Directions for Community Colleges, 145, 11 30. 4 Percentages exclude foster youth who had not yet attempted a course in math, English, or ESL. Figure 1: EQUIP First college course attempted in either math, English, or ESL was a basic skills course: 2013-14 10 6 4 EQUIP 83% All Students All Foster Youth Basic Skills Course Taking 77% 88% First-time Students All Non-foster Youth Basic-skills course taking is an important indicator of student preparation for college-level work. Foster youth who do not demonstrate proficiency in English and math are required to undergo remediation by taking basic skills courses before they can take courses that count towards transfer to a four-year university. In a study using sample data collected by the US Department of Education, fewer than 25 percent of foster youth assigned to remediation at community colleges earned a certificate or degree within eight years, compared to almost 40 percent of foster youth who did not enroll in remedial education courses. 3 Through its Basic Skills Initiative, the California Community Colleges Chancellor s Office is focusing on helping to ameliorate the basic skills needs of foster youth. The state has also allocated considerable funding in part to address this issue through the Student Success and Support Program and Equity funding. Large majorities of both foster youth and non-foster youth were required to take basic skills courses in math or English. Approximately three-quarters of both foster youth and non-foster youth who were enrolled in 2012-13 took their first course in math, English, or ESL at the remedial level (data not shown). 4 Among all foster youth enrolled in 2013-14, the percentage was even higher, and there was a gap between foster youth and non-foster youth (Figure 1). Foster youth enrolled in community college for the first time in 2013-14 had particularly high rates of basic skills course taking.

COMMUNITY COLLEGES PART 1 MOVING FORWARD EQUIPPING FOSTER YOUTH FOR COLLEGE The data provided in this report tell us that many foster youth are not equipped to successfully advance through college. Further inquiry in the following areas will lead to an increased understanding of why foster youth place in such high numbers into basic skills courses and then struggle to complete these courses. It may also help illuminate promising strategies to address this issue: 1. California foster youth in K-12 are more likely to experience school disruption, be classified with a disability, and be enrolled in the lowestperforming schools than students without foster care involvement. 5 Is there a correlation between any of these factors and placement into basic skills courses? Foster youth were less likely than their peers to move from basic skills courses to transferlevel courses within two years. Among foster youth enrolled in 2012-13 whose first course attempted in math was remedial, only 9 percent completed a transfer-level math course within 2 years, compared with 17 percent of non-foster youth (Figure 2). In English, 22 percent of foster youth moved into a transfer-level course within two years, compared with 38 percent of non-foster youth. Figure 2: EQUIP Among foster youth whose first course in a subject was a basic skills course, percent who completed a transfer-level course in that subject within two years: 2012-13 2. Some colleges are exploring alternatives to placement assessments that rely solely on assessment tests, which may be more effective at predicting how community college students will perform in collegelevel courses. 6 Does utilizing an alternative placement mechanism impact the degree to which foster youth place into basic skills courses and/or successfully transition to transfer-level coursework? 3. Which campuses are experiencing some success with supporting foster youth with transitioning from basic skill to transfer level coursework? Are there particular policies or practices that contribute to a successful transition? 10 6 4 9% 17% 22% 38% Math All Foster Youth English or ESL All Non-foster Youth 5 Barrat, V.X., & Berliner, B. (2013). The Invisible Achievement Gap, Part 1: Education Outcomes of Students in Foster Care in California s Public Schools. San Francisco: WestEd. 6 Rivera, C. (2012, June 25). Long Beach City College Tries an Alternative to Placement Tests. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/25/local/la-me-collegeremedial-20120625 5

PART 1 COMMUNITY COLLEGES a aa EQUIP Financial Aid Receipt Foster youth are much more likely than the general student population to come from a low-income household and lack financial support from family for college. Research shows that foster youth who receive financial aid are more than 40 percent more likely to accrue 15 or more credits in one year compared to those who do not receive financial aid. 7 This metric examines receipt of grant-based financial aid, with particular attention to three of the main sources of federal and state aid available to foster youth: Board of Governors (BOG) Fee Waivers, Cal Grants, and Pell Grants. Board of Governors (BOG) Fee Waiver: a waiver of enrollment fees for California residents who are below a certain income threshold, receive certain forms of public assistance, or have a demonstrated need based on their Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). 8 Cal Grant: a financial award for low-income California residents who are enrolled at least half time and meet certain GPA requirements. To qualify for an entitlement award, students must apply as a high school senior or within one year of graduating high school or earning a GED; they may also apply as a community college transfer student as long as they are under age 28. 9 The vast majority of CalGrants require high school completion or a GED. Some Cal Grants pay tuition and fees, while others may be used for living expenses related to transportation, supplies, and books. 10 Pell Grant: a federal financial aid program for lowincome undergraduate and vocational students. Applicants must be a United States citizen or an eligible non-citizen and must have a high school diploma or a GED but have not yet earned a bachelor s degree. Recipients must maintain satisfactory academic progress in a degreeoriented program to retain eligibility. Data were also collected on receipt of Chafee Grants, which are grants specifically for foster youth. However, the data were deemed unreliable and are therefore excluded from the report. Figure 3: EQUIP Foster youth receiving a Pell Grant, Cal Grant, BOG Fee Waiver, or other grant or scholarship-based financial aid: 2013-14 10 6 4 9% Cal Grant 5 Pell Grant 85% BOG Fee Waiver 87% Pell Grant, Cal Grant, BOG Fee Waiver, or other grant or scholarship Note: Non-foster youth data were excluded from this indicator. Non-foster youth eligibility rates for financial aid may vary significantly from the rates for the foster youth population; therefore, a straight comparison of rates of receipt between the two groups would be of limited use here. While most foster youth received some form of financial aid, they received Cal Grants and Pell Grants in relatively low numbers. In both 2012-13 and 2013-14, the vast majority of foster youth received at least some form of grant-based financial aid, with more than 80 percent of foster youth receiving the BOG fee waiver (see Figure 3 for 2013-14 data; data for 2012-13 not shown). This waiver only covers course enrollment fees and does not provide money for living expenses. By contrast, only about half received a Pell Grant, despite the fact that most foster youth receiving a BOG Fee Waiver would likely have sufficient financial need to qualify for a Pell Grant as well. Fewer than 10 percent of foster youth received a Cal Grant. Unlike the BOG Fee Waiver, Pell Grants and Cal Grants can help foster youth pay for living expenses like housing. 11 6 7 Frerer, K., Sosenko, L., Pellegrin, N., Manchik, V., & Horowitz, J. (2013). Foster Youth Transitions: A Study of California Foster Youth High School and College Level Outcomes. Center for Social Services Research and Institute for Evidence-Based Change. 8 California Community Colleges Chancellor s Office, Board of Governors Fee Waiver Program and Special Programs Manual, http://extranet.cccco.edu/portals/1/sssp/fa/fwax/bogfw%20manual%20(final%20revised%20aug%202009).pdf 9 Cal Grants website, http://www.calgrants.org/index.cfm?navid=12 10 Cal Grants website, http://www.calgrants.org/index.cfm?navid=11 11 About 9 percent reported receiving some other grant or scholarship (excluding Chafee Grants) in 2013-14.

COMMUNITY COLLEGES PART 1 MOVING FORWARD ADDRESSING ACCESSIBILITY AND ADEQUACY OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES QUOTES FROM STUDENTS THE MAIN PROBLEM I HAD WAS FILLING OUT THE FAFSA FORMS WHERE THEY NEED TO KNOW YOUR PARENT S INCOME AND THE LEVEL OF SCHOOLING THEY HAD, BECAUSE I DIDN T KNOW ANY OF THAT. IT WAS A CHALLENGE BECAUSE THE SOCIAL WORKER I HAD AT THE TIME WASN T VERY HELPFUL. SO I JUST SORT OF HAD TO FIND OUT ON MY OWN. Financial resources are of paramount importance in supporting the efforts of foster youth students. Campus professionals working with foster youth and financial aid office staff might explore specific reasons why foster youth are not accessing certain sources of aid in greater numbers to improve the overall success rate. 1. Are foster youth applying for financial aid by the March 2 priority deadline? If not, what are the barriers to meeting this deadline? 2. To what extent are foster youth not receiving certain types of financial aid due to lack of eligibility (e.g. lack of a high school diploma, inadequate GPA for Cal Grant, etc.)? To what extent are they not receiving aid due to barriers to access (e.g. lack of awareness about types of aid, confusion about the application process, not meeting deadlines, etc.)? 3. Are there campuses at which greater numbers of foster youth are accessing all available financial aid? If so, what internal or external factors contribute to this? In addressing these questions, it is important to specifically consider the administrative and eligibility requirements of Cal and Pell Grants. In order to receive Cal or Pell Grants, students must fill out the FAFSA. Foster youth reported that they found the FAFSA daunting, confusing, and difficult to complete, and they did not know that they were exempt from filling out the section related to parents income and education levels if they were in foster care after the age of 13. Foster youth who take more than a year off between high school or earning a GED and college are not eligible for an entitlement Cal Grant. Of those who do plan to enroll immediately, many are unaware that they must submit a FAFSA by March 2 during their last year in high school. To maintain eligibility for many forms of financial aid, students must make Satisfactory Academic Progress, which at many schools requires a 2.0 GPA; as detailed on page 13-14, about half of all of foster youth are not meeting this criterion. 7

PART 1 COMMUNITY COLLEGES ENROLL Participation in Student Support Programs Foster youth may be eligible to receive support services through a number of different federallyand state-funded programs. Enrollment in five of these programs were examined in this report. Extended Opportunity Programs and Services (EOPS): A state-funded comprehensive academic counseling program designed to provide additional support to eligible full-time students from disadvantaged backgrounds. 12 Cooperative Agencies Resources for Education (CARE): a program composed solely of EOPS students who are also single parents receiving public assistance. 13 Disabled Student Programs and Services (DSPS): a program providing support services, specialized instruction, and educational accommodations to students with disabilities. 14 TRIO: a federally funded outreach and student services program that serves individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds. 15 California Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKs): a program that provides work study, job placement, child care, coordination, curriculum development and redesign, and under certain conditions, postemployment skills training and instructional services to community college students receiving state welfare benefits. 16 Fewer than one-fifth of foster youth participated in EOPS, TRIO, DSPS, CalWORKs, or CARE support programs. Overall, just 16 percent of foster youth at the CCP twoyear campuses participated in these support programs in 2012-13 (data not shown). In 2013-14, 19 percent participated. The percentages participating specifically in EOPS and DSPS were lower (Figure 4). Figure 4: ENROLL Foster youth participation in Extended Opportunity Programs and Services (EOPS) and Disabled Student Programs and Services (DSPS) 10 These support programs can be critical for student success. For example, prior research has found that students served by EOPS have higher retention rates, higher completion rates of transfer math and English courses, complete more transfer units within three years, and are more likely to have completed a degree or transferred in three years compared to non-eops students with similar backgrounds. 17 6 4 7% 8% 2012-13 2013-14 DSPS 1 2012-13 12% 2013-14 EOPS Note: Non-foster youth data were excluded from this indicator. Non-foster youth eligibility rates for student support programs may vary significantly from the rates for the foster youth population; therefore, a straight comparison of participation rates between the two groups would be of limited use here. 8 12 California Community Colleges Chancellor s Office website, EOPS & CARE home page, http://extranet.cccco.edu/divisions/studentservices/eopscare.aspx 13 California Community Colleges Chancellor s Office website, Comparison of CalWORKs, EOPS, & CARE Programs http://extranet.cccco.edu/portals/1/sssp/eops/training/comparison%20of%20eopscarecalworksprograms.pdf 14 California Community Colleges Chancellor s Office website, Disabled Student Programs and Services http://extranet.cccco.edu/divisions/studentservices/dsps.aspx 15 US Department of Education, TRIO home page, http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/trio/index.html. 16 California Community Colleges Chancellor s Office website, California Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Kids http://extranet.cccco.edu/divisions/studentservices/calworks.aspx 17 RP Group, EOPS Impact Study Technical Report, September 7, 2012.

COMMUNITY COLLEGES PART 1 QUOTES FROM STUDENTS MY FIRST SEMESTER WAS HORRIBLE BECAUSE I WAS IN CLASSES THAT WERE NOT WHAT I NEEDED, BUT BY SECOND SEMESTER THAT GOT FIGURED OUT WITH THE HELP OF EOPS COUNSELORS. MOVING FORWARD ENROLLING MORE FOSTER YOUTH IN STATE AND FEDERAL SUPPORT PROGRAMS Foster youth enrolled in community colleges disproportionately face serious academic, economic, and emotional challenges and it is imperative that they are adequately served by federal and state programs. It is therefore critical to gain a better understanding of the eligibility challenges and to raise awareness among foster youth of the programs and resources available to them. 1. What percentage of foster youth are eligible for state and federal support programs? Of those that are eligible, how many apply? 2. What are the barriers that prevent eligible foster youth from participating in these programs? 3. How can foster youth awareness of these programs be improved? 4. How do the persistence and completion rates of foster youth participating in state and federal support programs compare to those of foster youth not receiving these supports? There is evidence that foster youth find these programs helpful. For example, in focus groups, foster youth across multiple campuses stated that EOPS counselors helped them choose classes in line with their goals, and indicated that EOPS counselors fill the void when counseling services on campus are subpar. Other foster youth praised the TRIO program on their campuses. Beginning in 2016, the Community College System will be implementing a new program at up to ten community college districts within EOPS, known as the Cooperating Agencies Foster Youth Educational Support Program (CAFYES) which will expand the availability of EOPS services to foster youth and provide an enhanced level of service. Once this program is implemented, additional questions related to lessons learned from this program should be explored. 9

PART 1 COMMUNITY COLLEGES ENROLL Full-Time Attendance MOVING FORWARD Students enrolled in college full time are generally more likely to complete a degree or certificate in six years compared with those enrolled part time or those with mixed enrollment (part time and full time at different periods). 18 Full-time status can also bring many benefits, including greater eligibility for scholarships and other forms of financial aid, as well as eligibility for student support programs and services such as EOPS. Yet, campus professionals also note potential benefits of part-time status for at-risk foster youth, particularly during the first year of college. For example, because many foster youth may be employed or have parenting responsibilities, a full-time course load may be overwhelming, and may make the youth more likely to fail a course and drop out. Course success while enrolled part time, by contrast, can build the student s confidence and increase their likelihood of persisting. Only about one in three foster youth attended full time, compared with one in two non-foster youth. In 2012-13 and 2013-14, only about one-third of foster youth enrolled at a CCP community college attended full time, compared with about half of all non-foster youth (Figure 5). Among foster youth first-time students, the percentages attending full time were even lower: only 22 percent in 2012-13 and 14 percent in 2013-14 were attending full time (data not shown). INCREASING LEVELS OF FULL-TIME ENROLLMENT AND ENSURING STUDENT SUCCESS To help more students make an informed decision as to whether full- or part-time enrollment is in their best interest, it is critical to understand what benefits and difficulties students experience by attending full time and part time. 1. What are the different reasons foster youth enroll part time rather than full time? 2. Do the persistence and completion rates of foster youth enrolled part time differ from those enrolled full time? 3. How can campuses help foster youth determine if full-time or part-time enrollment best fits their needs and goals? Figure 5: ENROLL Attended full time 10 6 4 35% 5 34% 46% 2012-13 2013-14 All Foster Youth All Non-foster Youth 10 18 Shapiro, D., Dundar, A., Chen, J., Ziskin, M., Park, E., Torres, V., & Chiang, Y. (2012, November). Completing College: A National View of Student Attainment Rates (Signature Report No. 4). Herndon, VA: National Student Clearinghouse Research Center.

COMMUNITY COLLEGES PART 1 ENROLL Enrollment Within a Year of High School Graduation 19 Foster youth who delay enrollment in community college for one year or more are 40 percent less likely to persist (enroll from one year to the next) compared with those who enroll immediately after college. 20 Foster youth first-time students were less likely to enroll in college within a year of high school graduation compared to their non-foster youth peers. Across CCP two-year campuses in 2012-13, 62 percent of foster youth who were first-time students enrolled in college within a year of graduating from high school compared with 68 percent of their nonfoster youth peers (Figure 6). The percentages were slightly lower in 2013-14 for both groups. Figure 6: ENROLL First-time students enrolled within 12 months of high school MOVING FORWARD INCREASING ENROLLMENT SOON AFTER HIGH SCHOOL While delayed enrollment is associated with poorer educational outcomes, it is not clear that delayed enrollment necessarily causes the poorer outcomes. Nevertheless, because delays in enrollment can increase challenges faced by foster youth, particularly with regard to financial aid receipt, it is important to understand how to advance the enrollment process. 1. What are the reasons that foster youth delay their enrollment in community college after high school? 2. How do the completion rates of foster youth who delayed their enrollment compare to those who enrolled within a year of high school? 3. Are there strategies that have proven effective in motivating foster youth to enroll within a year of high school? 10 6 4 68% 62% 64% 56% 2012-13 2013-14 Foster Youth First-time Students Non-foster Youth First-time Students 4. Do foster youth who delayed their enrollment require different supports than foster youth who enrolled directly after high school? In focus groups, foster youth provided some indications of reasons why they delayed enrollment in college, particularly highlighting that they took time between high school and college in order to work and earn money. Foster youth also reported difficulty tracking down the required documents to enroll in college and obtain financial aid, including birth certificates, social security documents, proof of foster youth status, and transcripts. At least one student had to postpone enrollment because their social worker did not provide the required paperwork on time. 19 Data on enrollment in college within a year of receiving a high school diploma is limited to those students who earn a high school diploma and for whom the date of high school graduation and the first community college term were available. In 2013-14, data were available for about 73% of foster youth first-time students, and 81% of non-foster youth first-time students. Data should be interpreted with caution. 20 Frerer, K., Sosenko, L., Pellegrin, N., Manchik, V., & Horowitz, J. (2013). Foster Youth Transitions: A Study of California Foster Youth High School and College Level Outcomes. Center for Social Services Research and Institute for Evidence-Based Change. 11

PART 1 COMMUNITY COLLEGES EARN Course Completion and Success Earning passing grades in college courses is crucial to college success, as failing to pass courses not only increases time to completion, but also costs students money and puts them at risk of losing their financial aid. Course grades are also a powerful indicator of a student s chances for graduation, with higher GPAs linked to higher rates of college completion. 21 Foster youth did not complete half of all courses in which they enrolled. In both years of analysis, foster youth only successfully completed about half of all courses in which they enrolled (Figure 7). 22 By contrast, non-foster youth completed almost 70 percent of their courses. Successful course completion rates were generally slightly lower among first-time students; the 2013-14 course completion rate for foster youth first-time students 45 percent was particularly low (data not shown). Foster youth were less likely to have completed 30 or more units than nonfoster youth. In 2012-13 and 2013-14, only about one in five enrolled foster youth had completed 30 or more units anytime during their college career, compared to almost two in five non-foster youth (Figure 8). Figure 8: EARN Successfully completed 30 or more units anytime during college 10 6 4 18% 38% 37% Figure 7: EARN Successful course completion rate (A, B, C, Pass, or Credit) 2012-13 2013-14 All Foster Youth All Non-foster Youth 10 69% 68% 6 51% 5 4 2012-13 2013-14 All Foster Youth All Non-foster Youth 12 21 Tyson, C. (2014, September 10). The Murky Middle. Retrieved from Inside Higher Ed website https://www. insidehighered.com/news/2014/09/10/maximize-graduation-rates-colleges-should-focus-middle-rangestudents-research-shows (focuses on 4-year colleges) 22 Successful completion means students received either a passing or satisfactory grade

COMMUNITY COLLEGES PART 1 Foster youth were more likely than their peers to have a GPA below 2.0, and were less likely to have a 3.0 GPA or higher. Overall, in 2012-13 and 2013-14, a little under half of foster youth earned a 2.0 GPA or higher for the academic year, compared with close to three-quarters of non-foster youth (see Figure 9 for 2013-14 data; data for 2012-13 not shown). In both years, just 19 percent of foster youth earned a 3.0 GPA or higher, compared with 36 percent of non-foster youth. Figure 9: EARN All students GPA in 2013-14 10 71% 6 49% 4 36% 19% Earned a 2.0 or higher All Foster Youth Earned a 3.0 or higher All Non-foster Youth QUOTES FROM CHILD WELFARE PROFESSIONALS I HAVE HAD A COUPLE OF STUDENTS WHO HAVE [BEEN] SLEEPING IN THEIR CARS OR COUCH SURFING WHILE ATTENDING COLLEGE, AND THEN THEIR GRADES START TO SUFFER BECAUSE THEY DON T HAVE CONSTANT ACCESS TO COMPUTERS OR A RIDE EVEN TO [SCHOOL].... THEY LOSE THEIR HOUSING OR THEIR PLACE TO LIVE AND THEN THEY HAVE TO DROP OUT OF SCHOOL. THAT S ONE OF THE LARGEST STRUGGLES I VE SEEN OUR YOUTH FACE. 13

PART 1 COMMUNITY COLLEGES EARN Course Completion and Success Research indicates that first-year college GPA is the most important predictor of persistence. 23 Foster youth first-time students earned a 2.0 GPA at particularly low rates (Figure 10). Figure 10: EARN First-time students GPA in 2013-14 10 6 61% MOVING FORWARD IMPROVING CHANCES FOR ACADEMIC SUCCESS It is critical to examine what is underlying the significant achievement gap between foster youth and non-foster youth and what can be done to address it. 1. Are there specific factors that correlate with course completion and success measures for foster youth, such as part-time or full-time enrollment, remediation needs at entry, or financial aid receipt? 4 38% Earned a 2.0 or higher 18% 31% Earned a 3.0 or higher 2. What types of interventions are most effective at supporting foster youth academic achievement? 3. For foster youth who achieved a GPA of 3.0 or higher, what do they identify as the biggest factors in their success? Foster Youth First-time Students Non-foster Youth First-time Students QUOTES FROM STUDENTS LAST SEMESTER WAS MY FIRST SEMESTER; I TOOK 14 UNITS AND HAD JUST HAD MY BABY... IT WAS TOO MUCH OF A STRUGGLE TO BE A NEW MOM AND A SINGLE MOM AND TAKING ALL THOSE CLASSES, SO I HAD TO DROP OUT.... THIS SEMESTER, I FEEL THAT I HAVE THE RIGHT CLASSES AND... MY SCHEDULE IS MORE MANAGEABLE. Many programs report anecdotally that enhanced counseling services, tutoring resources, ongoing emotional support and linkages to other off campus resources such as housing programs and mental health support can improve student outcomes. Foster youth also repeatedly noted that they had a lot of difficulty with course selection, particularly in their first semester. Ensuring that foster youth access priority registration and receive targeted academic counseling including prior to first semester enrollment would likely help to improve course completion rates and first-year GPAs. Campus support programs have an obvious role to play in this area. 14 23 Crissman Ishler, J. L., & Upcraft, M. L. (2005). The keys to first-year student persistence. In Upcraft, Gardner & Barefoot s (Eds.) Challenging and supporting the first-year student: A handbook for improving the first year of college. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

COMMUNITY COLLEGES PART 1 EARN Persistence MOVING FORWARD The persistence metric measures the percent of first-time students who, starting in 2012-13, remained enrolled at their community college for three consecutive semesters or four consecutive quarters. Foster youth were less likely than non-foster youth to persist. Only about one-third of all foster youth who enrolled for the first time in 2012-13 persisted for three consecutive terms or four consecutive quarters, compared to 56 percent of non-foster youth (Figure 11). Figure 11: EARN Enrolled in three consecutive terms or four consecutive quarters starting in 2012-13 10 6 4 All Foster Youth 34% 56% First-time Students All Non-foster Youth KEEPING FOSTER YOUTH ENROLLED IN SCHOOL It is critical to understand what is needed to keep foster youth in school. 1. What factors correlate with persistence rates for foster youth, part- or full-time enrollment, remediation needs at entry, or financial aid receipt? 2. What reasons do foster youth give for dropping out of community college? 3. Do the experiences of foster youth receiving extended foster care benefits differ from foster youth who do not? 4. What types of interventions are most effective at supporting foster youth persistence? The California Fostering Connections to Success Act, signed into law through Assembly Bill (AB) 12, extends foster care for eligible youth up to age 21, and includes an option to enroll in college to establish eligibility. CCP partners are interested in understanding how to best support those foster youth who have enrolled. In focus groups, foster youth stressed the need for a specific location on campus, staffed with people knowledgeable about supportive resources available. Some emphasized that this resource should be available in senior year in high school. Those on campuses with programs for foster youth (e.g. Guardian Scholars) highlighted their effectiveness at making resources known. EARN Completion MOVING FORWARD In California community colleges, students can earn an associate s degree, a Chancellor s Office approved certificate, transfer to a four-year institution, or some combination of these three. At the 19 community colleges that submitted data, 123 foster youth earned an associate s degree, certificate, and/or transfer in 2012-13. 149 foster youth earned an associate s degree, certificate, and/or transfer in 2013-14 24 24 For some context, there were 3,500 students identified as foster youth enrolled in the CCP community colleges in 2012-13 and 4,818 students identified as foster youth in 2013-14. The number of transfers in 2013-14 is likely an underestimate due to data lag. The goal is to increase the number of foster youth in California who earn a college degree or certificate. What are currently the biggest barriers that foster youth face in obtaining an associate s degree, certificate, or transfer to a university? What are promising strategies for helping more foster youth obtain a degree, certificate, or transfer? Are foster youth aware of career and technical education (CTE) certificate programs, which may offer a shorter route to completion than associate s programs? If not, what can be done to raise awareness and ensure that interested foster youth take advantage of this option? 15 Are foster youth prepared to transition quickly into employment after graduation?

PART 2 UNIVERSITIES Although most foster youth in California attend community college, there are sizable numbers of foster youth in four-year colleges and universities, either enrolling as freshmen or as transfer students from community colleges. Enrolling in a university may provide many benefits to foster youth as some evidence suggests that students who initially enroll in four-year colleges and universities are more likely to complete a bachelor s degree than similar students who intend to complete a bachelor s degree but initially enroll in a two-year college. 25 Four-year universities also typically offer on-campus housing, and access to housing is a critical issue for foster youth. However, four-year universities are also considerably more expensive and may provide foster youth with less flexibility. It is also important to remember that four-year universities have selective admissions criteria based on a student s academic preparation in high school and other factors. According to the California Master Plan for Higher Education, University of California campuses offer admission to the top one-eighth (12.5%) of the high school graduating class and California State Universities to the top one-third (33.3%) of the high school graduating class. 26 In contrast, community colleges accept any student who wishes to attend regardless of academic preparation or high school success, including those who did not obtain a high school diploma or GED. Because of these significant differences in student populations, data presented in this section for universities should not be compared with the community college data. This section would not have been possible without the incredible efforts of the participating universities, who went to great efforts to compile their data on the requested metrics for this report. EQUIP Remediation Needs At CSUs, students who score below a certain level on placement tests are identified as needing remediation. 27 The credits earned by completing remediation courses do not count towards a bachelor s degree, yet cost the same to the student as other college courses and count towards the six-year limit on federal financial aid. Substantial percentages of foster youth at CSUs were identified as needing remediation. Among foster youth enrolled in 2012-13 and 2013-14, almost half were identified as needing remediation at entry in English, compared to about one quarter of non-foster youth (see Figure 12 for 2013-14 data; 2012-13 data not shown). 28 Foster youth and non-foster youth were slightly less likely to need remediation in math, but the achievement gap was similar. 29 Figure 12: EQUIP Percent of students who needed remediation in English and math: 2013-14 10 6 4 46% 25% 43% 21% Needed remediation in English Needed remediation in Math All Foster Youth All Non-foster Youth 5 CSUs reported usable data. 16 25 Reynolds, C.L. (2012). Where to attend? Estimating the effects of beginning college at a two-year institution. Economics of Education Review, 31(4), 345-362. 26 UC Office of the President website, Major Features of the California Master Plan for Higher Education, http://www. ucop.edu/acadinit/mastplan/mpsummary.htm 27 This metric was requested of CSUs only as the UC system does not have a comparable remediation program. 28 Includes all students who were not exempt from taking the English Placement Test (EPT) and who scored below 147. 29 Includes all students who were not exempt from taking the Entry Level Mathematics (ELM) exam and who scored below 50.

UNIVERSITIES PART 2 MOVING FORWARD REDUCING THE NEED FOR REMEDIATION COURSES AND ACCELERATING THE TRANSITION FROM REMEDIATION The higher rates of remedial course taking indicate that foster youth will, overall, have to spend more time and money than non-foster youth completing a bachelor s degree. 1. California foster youth in K-12 are more likely to experience school disruption, be classified with a disability, and be enrolled in the lowestperforming schools than students without foster care involvement. 30 Is there a correlation between any of these factors and placement in remediation? 2. Which CSU campuses excel at supporting foster youth with transitioning out of remediation? What types of interventions are most effective? 30 Barrat, V.X., & Berliner, B. (2013). The Invisible Achievement Gap, Part 1: Education Outcomes of Students in Foster Care in California s Public Schools. San Francisco: WestEd. 17

PART 2 UNIVERSITIES ENROLL Participation in Student Support Programs The Educational Opportunity Program (EOP) aims to improve access and retention of low-income and educationally disadvantaged students by providing admission and academic assistance and, in some cases, financial assistance. 31 The EOP program can serve as a critical resource for foster youth enrolled in universities. The majority of foster youth were not being served by an Educational Opportunity Program. 32 Overall, only 34 percent of foster youth at CCP CSU institutions participated in EOP in 2012-13 (Figure 13). In 2013-14, the participation rate for foster youth was 38 percent. Figure 13: ENROLL Foster youth participation in the Educational Opportunity Program (EOP) 10 6 4 34% 38% MOVING FORWARD INCREASING THE NUMBER OF FOSTER YOUTH ENROLLED IN THE EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM The Educational Opportunity Program (EOP) is designed to provide additional support to those who need it most. However, fewer than half of all foster youth are participating in the program. In order to expand the number of students participating in EOP it would be worthwhile to explore: 1. What percentage of foster youth are eligible for EOP? Of those that are eligible, how many apply? Of those that apply, how many are accepted? How does this compare to the percent of eligible non-foster youth who are accepted? 2. What are the barriers that prevent eligible foster youth from participating in EOP? Do eligible nonfoster youth face similar barriers? 3. How do the persistence and completion rates of foster youth participating in EOP programs compare to those of foster youth not participating? 2012-13 2013-14 6 CSUs reported usable data. No UCs submitted data on EOP participation. Note: Non-foster youth data were excluded from this indicator. Non-foster youth eligibility rates for EOP may vary significantly from the rates for the foster youth population; therefore, a straight comparison of participation rates between the two groups would be of limited use here. QUOTES FROM STUDENTS I KEEP COMING TO EOP AND THEY KNOW OF A LOT OF THE RESOURCES FOR US.... [T]HEY ARE THE ONES THAT KEEP ME GOING EMOTIONALLY AND FINANCIALLY. 18 31 CSU Mentor website, What is the Educational Opportunity Program (EOP)?, https://secure.csumentor.edu/planning/eop/ 32 Not all UCs have an EOP program, although many have comparable programs. For this report, only CSU campuses reported data on EOP program participation.

UNIVERSITIES PART 2 EARN Course Completion and Success To advance toward a bachelor s degree, students have to both enroll in a sufficient number of units and complete the courses in which they enroll. Succeeding in courses, beyond just completing them, is important, as GPA is a predictor of both a student s likelihood of degree completion 33 and their post-college earnings. 34 Gaps in course completion rates between foster youth and non-foster youth were slightly wider among first-time freshmen, and somewhat narrower among first-time transfers (Figure 15). In 2013-14, there was no gap between foster youth first-time transfers and non-foster youth first-time transfers. Foster youth completed courses at slightly lower rates than non-foster youth. In 2012-13 and 2013-14, foster youth successfully completed 85 percent of courses they attempted (Figure 14). The course completion rates for nonfoster youth were a few percentage points higher. Figure 15: EARN Successful course completion rate (A, B, C, Pass, or Credit) for first-time freshmen and first-time transfers 10 82% 89% 81% 9 86% 91% 9 9 Figure 14: EARN Successful course completion rate (A, B, C, Pass, or Credit) 6 4 10 85% 91% 85% 9 6 2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14 First-time freshmen First-time transfers All Foster Youth All Non-foster Youth 4 7 campuses reported usable data on first-time freshmen foster youth; 6 campuses reported usable data on first-time transfer foster youth in 2013-14 and non-foster youth; 5 campuses reported usable data on first-time transfer foster youth in 2012-13. 2012-13 2013-14 All Foster Youth All Non-foster Youth 7 campuses reported usable data on foster youth; 6 campuses reported usable data on non-foster youth. 33 Tyson, C. (2014, September 10) The Murky Middle. Retrieved from Inside Higher Ed website https://www. insidehighered.com/news/2014/09/10/maximize-graduation-rates-colleges-should-focus-middle-rangestudents-research-shows 34 Backes, B., Holzer, H.J., & Velez, E.D. (2015). Is it worth it? Postsecondary education and labor market outcomes for the disadvantaged. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 4 :1. 19

PART 2 UNIVERSITIES EARN Course Completion and Success Large percentages of both foster youth and non-foster youth achieved a GPA of 2.0 or higher, but foster youth were considerably less likely than non-foster youth to have a GPA of 3.0 or higher. In both 2012-13 and 2013-14, foster youth and non-foster youth achieved at least a 2.0 GPA at relatively high rates (Figure 16). Foster youth were considerably less likely than nonfoster youth to have a GPA of 3.0 or higher (Figure 17). In both years, a little over one-third of foster youth earned a 3.0 GPA or higher, compared to more than half of non-foster youth. Figure 17: EARN Achieved a GPA of 3.0 or higher 10 Figure 16: EARN Achieved a GPA of 2.0 or higher 10 85% 92% 88% 92% 6 4 35% 54% 36% 52% 6 4 2012-13 2013-14 All Foster Youth All Non-foster Youth 2012-13 2013-14 11 campuses reported usable data for 2012-13 and on foster youth in 2013-14; 10 campuses reported usable data on non-foster youth in 2013-14. All Foster Youth All Non-foster Youth 11 campuses reported usable data on foster youth in 2013-14; 10 campuses reported usable data on foster youth and non-foster youth in 2012-13 and on nonfoster youth in 2013-14. First-time freshmen foster youth were somewhat less likely to earn a 2.0 GPA. In 2013-14, 74 percent of first-time freshmen foster youth earned a 2.0 GPA or higher, compared with 85 percent of first-time freshmen non-foster youth (data not shown). Among first-time transfer students, by contrast, 94 percent of foster youth and 91 percent of non-foster youth earned a 2.0 GPA. The gap between foster youth and non-foster youth in achieving a 3.0 GPA was similarly large among first-time freshmen (28 percent for foster youth in 2013-14 vs. 47 percent for non-foster youth) (data not shown). By contrast, among first-time transfers, the gap was narrower, with 49 percent of foster youth and 55 percent of non-foster youth earning a 3.0 GPA or higher in 2013-14. 20

UNIVERSITIES PART 2 MOVING FORWARD ELIMINATING THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP It is encouraging that foster youth at universities are completing courses and achieving 2.0 GPAs at a relatively high rate. However, the greater achievement gap at the 2.0 GPA level among first-time freshmen may indicate that, relative to their peers, foster youth struggle more academically early on in their college careers. It may also indicate that foster youth who perform poorly are more likely to drop out after their first year. Furthermore, a gap remains at the 3.0 level, which is troubling, as researchers have found that students with first-year GPAs above a 2.0 but below a 3.0 make up nearly half of all dropouts. 35 Foster youth in campus-based support programs fared better academically than other foster youth. On both GPA metrics in both years, foster youth students participating in campus-based support programs specifically for foster youth had higher GPAs than the general population of foster youth (see Figure 18 for 2013-14 data; 2012-13 data not shown). Differences in outcomes may be influenced by whether campus-based support programs are serving foster youth with either greater or fewer needs that the general foster youth population. Figure 18: EARN GPA achievement for all foster youth and foster youth in campus-based support programs: 2013-14 10 88% 94% 1. Are there specific factors that correlate with course completion and success measures for foster youth, such as EOP participation or remediation needs at entry? 2. What types of interventions appear to be most effective at supporting foster youth academic achievement? 3. For foster youth who achieved a GPA of 3.0 or higher, what do they identify as the biggest factors in their success? 4. What is the connection between campus-based support program participation and GPA? What specific supports may have an impact on student achievement? How do foster youth in these programs differ from other foster youth in terms of academic preparation? 6 4 36% 44% Achieved a 2.0 GPA or higher All Foster Youth Achieved a 3.0 GPA or higher Foster Youth in Campus-Based Support Programs 8 campuses reported data on foster youth in campus-based support programs. 35 Tyson, C. (2014, September 10) The Murky Middle. Retrieved from Inside Higher Ed website https://www. insidehighered.com/news/2014/09/10/maximize-graduation-rates-colleges-should-focus-middle-rangestudents-research-shows 21