Harvest to Harvest Recovering Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Organic Matter via New Sanitation Systems for in Urban Agriculture Rosanne Wielemaker April 15, 2015
Cities: the problem INPUTS OUTPUTS CITY More than half of the world s population Hotspots for resource conversion High quality inputs; Low quality outputs Linear metabolism 2
Cities: the solution organic resources INPUTS OUTPUTS CITY inorganic resources Opportunity: link resource flows between urban functions (ie. Residential, commercial, industrial) Match input-output flows Circular metabolism 3
Urban Agriculture + New Sanitation Urban Agriculture New Sanitation Local food provisioning Community health Employment Temporary land-use Reusing waste Decentralized Source separated Small-scale infrastructure Reduce water use Resource recovery Demand: nutrients, water, and energy Supply: nutrients, water, and energy 4
Focus and Objectives Nutrients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Organic Matter (OM) Rotterdam, the Netherlands Domestic waste and wastewater Quantity and quality of demand and supply Objective 1: To determine appropriate systems for the recovery of nutrients and organic matter from urban residual streams for reuse in urban agriculture. Objective 2: To quantify the degree of self-sufficiency of resource flows of combined urban agriculture and new sanitation systems. 5
Urban Harvest Approach A multi-scale approach For sustainable urban resource planning To increase resources self-sufficiency Via three management strategies Demand minimization Output minimization Multi-sourcing (Agudelo-Vera et. al. 2012) 6
Urban Harvest Approach 0) Baseline 1) Inpu Loss 2) Output Minimization 3) (adapted from Agudelo-Vera et. al. 2012) 7
Urban Harvest Approach 1) Demand Minimization t/b Loss 3) Multi-sourcing Multisource (adapted from Agudelo-Vera et. al. 2012) 8
Loss Urban Harvest Approach 2) Output Minimization 3) Multi-s Multisource t/b Loss (adapted from Agudelo-Vera et. al. 2012) 9
Loss Urban Harvest Approach 3) Multi-sourcing Multisource t/b Loss (adapted from Agudelo-Vera et. al. 2012) 10
Urban Harvest Approach 0) 0) 0) 0) Baseline Baseline 1) 1) 1) 1) Demand Demand Minimization Minimization t/b t/b t/b t/b Loss Loss Loss Loss 2) 2) 2) 2) Output Output Minimization Minimization 3) 3) 3) 3) Multi-sourcing Multi-sourcing Multisource Multisource t/b t/b t/b t/b t/b t/b t/b t/b Loss Loss Loss Loss 11
Urban Agriculture Typologies Ground-based Uit Je Eigen Stad Rooftop De DakAkker 12
Baseline Minimized Demand Ground-based UA UA UIT JE EIGEN STAD Nutrient and Organic Matter Demand kg/ha/yr N total N available P 2 O 5 total P 2 O 5 available Organic Matter 3 TOTAL DEMAND UJES 330.6 110.8 253.3 221.1 7861 CONVENTIONAL NORMS AND REGULATIONS - 178.3-65 - EQUILIBRIUM FERTILIZATION - 202.7-32.2 - MINIMIZED DEMAND 172 108.7 47.4 32.2 2685 DMI N.A. 2% N.A. 85% 66% 13
Concept 1 Feces, urine, kitchen: UASB+OLAND+struvite+sludge disinfection 14
Concept 2 Feces, urine: UASB+OLAND+struvite+sludge disinfection Kitchen, yard waste: composting 15
Concept 3 Feces, kitchen: UASB+OLAND+struvite+sludge disinfection Urine: storage 16
Concept 4a & 4b Urine: storage (a) or struvite precipitation (b) Kitchen, yard waste:composting 17
Matching the Demand DEMAND 1 ha N (available): 108.7 kg/yr P (available): 14.2 kg/yr OM: 2685.0 kg/yr SUPPLY: Harvested Nutrients from New Sanitation Concepts per 1000 people Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3 Concept 4a Concept 4b p/ha 11.9 12.6 24.8 244.8 21.1 N available P available OM 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 kg/yr 18
Self-Sufficiency per hectare DEMAND 1 ha N (available): 108.7 kg/yr P (available): 14.2 kg/yr OM: 2685.0 kg/yr Self-Sufficiency Index SUPPLY 3 24.8 p/ha N (available): 72.0 kg/yr P (available): 14.2 kg/yr OM: 115.0 kg/yr N: 52.4% P: 100% OM: 4.3% 19
Case Study: Rotterdam Rotterdam population: 616,319 Recommended daily vegetable intake: 200g/p/d Yearly marketable harvest: 46,000kg/ha Therefore 980ha to feed Rotterdam 24,300 people needed (Concept 3) for 980ha 20
Best Concept for Rotterdam? DEMAND 980ha 1 N (available): 108.7 kg/yr P (available): 14.2 kg/yr OM: 2685.0 kg/yr SUPPLY: Self-Sufficiency in N, P and OM for New Sanitation Concepts 11.9 11,700 p/ha p Concept 1 12.6 12,300 p/ha p Concept 2 24.8 24,300 p/ha p 244.8 239,900 p/ha p Concept 3 Concept 4a N available P available OM 21.1 20,700 p/ha p Concept 4b 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 % 21
Conclusion Urban agriculture over fertilizes phosphorus Need regulations? Equilibrium fertilization? Urban agriculture + new sanitation = Self-sufficiency 24.8 people/ha could gain 100% self-sufficiency in P Combination promising. Integration possible? 22
Further Research Input Welcome! Nutrient availability to plants The evaluation of NS concepts Criteria and indicators, cost-benefit Patterns at spatial and temporal scales Ex. Urine storage Interlinked resource flows Water and nutrients? Energy? Website: www.wageningenur.nl/ete Email: rosanne.wielemaker@wur.nl 23