Ann. soc. entomol. Fr. (n.s.), 2011, 47 (1 2) : 78-88

ARTICLE Ann. soc. entomol. Fr. (n.s.), 2011, 47 (1 2) : 78-88 New data on the Merodon Meigen 1803 fauna (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Turkey including description of a new species and changes in the nomenclatural status of several taxa Ante Vujić (1), Mª Ángeles Marcos-García (2), Süleyman Sarıbıyık (3) & Antonio Ricarte (2) (1) Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia (2) University of Alicante, Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad (CIBIO), carretera de San Vicente s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain (3) Kastamonu University Education Faculty, 37200 Kastamonu, Turkey Abstract. The Old World syrphid genus Merodon Meigen 1803 is highly species-diverse and has a signifi cant number of endemic species in the circum-mediterranean area. The present study reports on taxonomic changes resulting from the examination of adult Merodon specimens collected in 15 Turkish provinces during the period 1992 to 2002, and provides new faunistic data. Merodon ilgazense n. sp. is described. Four species of Merodon new to Turkey are recorded: M. armipes Rondani 1843, M. auronites Hurkmans 1993, M. bessarabicus Paramonov 1924 and M. chalybeatus Sack 1913. Lectotypes are designated for two taxa: M. chalybeatus Sack 1913 and M. clunipes Sack 1913. Merodon italicus Rondani 1845 rev. stat. is reinstated as a valid species. Following a detailed study of the type material in different entomological collections, the status of 10 taxa is revised and fi ve new synonymies are proposed: M. albonigrum Vuji Radenkovi & Šimi 1996 n. syn. (= junior synonym of M. chalybeatus Sack 1913); M. alexeji Paramonov 1925 n. syn. (= junior synonym of M. serrulatus Wiedemann in Meigen 1822); M. aureotibia Hurkmans 1993 n. syn. (= junior synonym of M. vandergooti Hurkmans 1993); M. kaloceros Hurkmans 1993 n. syn. (= junior synonym of M. erivanicus Paramonov 1925); M. longicornis Sack 1913 n. syn. (= junior synonym of M. italicus Rondani 1845). Résumé. Nouvelles données pour la faune de Merodon Meigen 1803 (Diptera : Syrphidae) de la Turquie, description d une nouvelle espèce et changements du status nomenclatural de quelques taxons. Le genre de Syrphidae du Vieux Monde Merodon Meigen 1803 est très diversifi é avec un grand nombre d espèces endémiques dans la région Méditerranéenne. La présente étude traite des changements taxonomiques qui résultent de l examen de spécimens collectés dans 15 provinces turques durant la période 1992-2002 ainsi que de nouvelles données faunistiques. Une nouvelle espèce est décrite : Merodon ilgazense sp. n. Quatre espèces sont nouvelles pour la Turquie : M. armipes Rondani 1843, M. auronites Hurkmans 1993, M. bessarabicus Paramonov 1924 et M. chalybeatus Sack 1913. Les lectotypes sont désignés pour deux taxons : M. chalybeatus Sack 1913 et M. clunipes Sack 1913. M. italicus Rondani 1845 rev. stat. est réinstallée comme espèce valide. Sur la base de d une étude détaillée du matériel typique de plusieurs collections entomologiques, le status de 10 taxons est révisé et cinq nouvelles synonymies sont proposées : M. albonigrum Vuji Radenkovi & Šimi 1996 n. syn. (= M. chalybeatus Sack 1913); M. alexeji Paramonov 1925 n. syn. (= M. serrulatus Wiedemann in Meigen 1822); M. aureotibia Hurkmans 1993 n. syn. (= M. vandergooti Hurkmans 1993); M. kaloceros Hurkmans 1993 n. syn. (= M. erivanicus Paramonov 1925); M. longicornis Sack 1913 n. syn. (= M. italicus Rondani 1845). Keywords: Hoverflies, new species, first records, new synonyms, lectotypes. The Mediterranean Basin is one of the 25 world biodiversity hotspots, partially defined by the ratio of endemic plant species occurring in the hotspot area to world plant species (Myers et al. 2000). In the Mediterranean Basin, 13000 of about 25000 plant species are endemic (Myers et al. 2000). The high number of endemic plants suggests interesting perspectives for studies on phytophagous insects, mainly those whose life cycles depends closely on specific groups of plants. E-mail: ante.vujic@dbe.uns.ac.rs, arcos@ua.es, ricarte24@gmail.com, suleyman4606@gmail.com Accepté le 31 mai 2010 Hoverflies of the genus Merodon Meigen 1803, commonly known as Narcissus bulb flies, are distributed throughout the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions. Merodon is the second largest genus of European Syrphidae (105 species) and is one of the most widespread in the Mediterranean Basin (Speight 2008). A high percentage of the species occurs on the steppes of Eastern Europe and beyond (Speight 2008). Within the Palaearctic region, Turkey is a geographical link between three continents and has the highest number of Merodon species and endemicity level in the Mediterranean Basin. Turkey and the Iberian Peninsula are the main centres of Merodon biodiversity (Marcos- García et al. 2007). 78

Merodon hoverfl ies of Turkey Figures 1 2 Maps showing the sampling sites where Merodon specimens were collected in 15 Turkish provinces from 1992 to 2002. 1, boundaries of the sampled provinces, the sampling site coded as 55 in VN and geographic context of Turkey. 2, enlarged portion of the fig. 1, showing the rest of sampling sites (see appendix). Abbreviations - AN: Ankara, AT: Antalya, BL: Bolu, BR: Burdur, CA: Çankırı, IS: Isparta, KM: Kahramanmaraş, KA: Karabük, KS: Kastamonu, KY: Kayseri, KN: Konya, MG: Muğla, VN: Van, YZ: Yozgat, ZN: Zonguldak. 79

A. Vujić, Mª Á. Marcos-García, S. Sarıbıyık & A. Ricarte Adults of Merodon feed on pollen and nectar and visit the flowers of a wide range of plant species (Marcos-García et al. 2007), especially those with easily accessible pollen. Merodon larvae are also phytophagous and feed exclusively on bulbs or rhizomes of monocotyledonous geophytes (Hurkmans 1993). Geophytes are well represented in the Mediterranean Basin, especially in Turkey, where they comprise 15% of the total flora (Çelik et al. 2004). Relationships between some Merodon species and their host plants can be highly specific (Ricarte et al. 2008). Further studies on insect-plant relationships are needed to gain a better understanding of the evolutionary processes involving both Merodon hoverflies and geophytes, and may also help to explain their current geographical distributions. But such bio-ecological studies require the taxonomy of the insects involved to be stable. At present, the taxonomic status and distinguishing features of many Merodon species require clarification, especially within the highly diverse Turkish fauna. There are only two extensive reviews of Merodon species: Hurkmans (1993) which covers certain groups of Palaearctic species, and Marcos-García et al. (2007) which revises the Merodon fauna of the Iberian Peninsula. Integrated taxonomic studies of Merodon in the eastern Mediterranean region of Europe are limited to those of Vujić et al. (2007) and Ståhls et al. (2009) dealing with the fauna and molecular taxonomy, respectively, of the Merodon species from the Greek island of Lesvos. Further studies such these would solve nomenclatural problems in Merodon species and clarify their taxonomic status. Studies on the syrphid fauna of Turkey began more than a century ago (Bischof 1902). Since then, 303 species of Syrphidae from 73 genera have been recorded from Turkey (Sarıbıyık in lit.). Merodon is the largest genus within the Turkish hoverfly fauna. In Turkey nearly 60 species of Merodon have been recorded by the following authors: Aktaş & Sarıbıyık (1996), Bischof (1902), Claussen & Lucas (1988), Hurkmans (1987, 1988, 1993), Hurkmans & Hayat (1997), Hurkmans et al. (1997), Özgür (1986), Peck (1988), Sack (1928-1932), Reemer & Smit (2007), Sarıbıyık (1999, 2001, 2003a, b, c, d, 2009), Sarıbıyık & Hasbenli (2006), Séguy (1961), Speight (2008), Tuatay et al. (1967) and Tuatay et al. (1972). The main aims of this study are to provide new data about Merodon diversity in this poorly known region and to solve taxonomic problems partially derived from the high number of existing synonymies. Material and methods Insects were collected over an 11 year period by one of the authors (Süleyman Sarıbıyık) from 64 sites (see annex) in the following 14 provinces of Central Turkey (fig. 1 2): Ankara, Antalya, Bolu, Burdur, Çankırı, Isparta, Kahramanmaraş, Karabük, Kastamonu, Konya, Kayseri, Muğla, Yozgat, Zonguldak, and one province in Eastern Turkey, Van, close to the western border of Iran (fig. 1). Random surveying took place during the period 1992 2002. The specimens were collected by hand net at various dates from spring to autumn. Sampling sites covered a wide altitudinal range (100 2100 m) (see annex) and habitats where Merodon adults often occur, such as valleys and riverbanks, were selected for survey. Fieldwork was more intensive in mountain areas (only eight sampling sites were located under 500 m; see annex), where the number of species and incidence of endemism are higher (Marcos-García et al. 2007). Habitat and flowers visited were recorded, when possible. The world distribution for each species is based on Speight (2008), Ricarte & Marcos-García (2008) and on the data recorded during this study. To study the male terminalia, specimens were first relaxed and their terminalia then extracted by means of a hook-tipped, entomological pin. Terminalia were stored in glycerol, in microvials attached to the same pin as the adult specimen. The terms used in the descriptions and drawings follow Thompson (1999), except those related to male terminalia, which follow Hurkmans (1993) and Doczkal (1996). Drawings were made with an FSA 25 PE drawing tube attached to a binocular microscope. Measurements were made using a micrometer. The following abbreviations are used for the museums and entomological collections containing examined material: CEUA = Colección Entomológica Universidad de Alicante, Spain; ECSS = Entomological Collection Süleyman Sarıbıyık, Turkey; MZNH = Museum of Zoology and Natural History La Specola, Florence, Italy (Rondani Collection); NHMW = The Natural History Museum Vienna, Austria; NS = University of Novi Sad, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia; PC = Paramonov collection at Institute of Zoology of the NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv); PMB = Natural History Museum Belgrade, Serbia; ZMHB = Berlin Museum of Natural History, Germany; ZMUA = Faculty of Science Zoological Museum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. To avoid unnecessary repetitions, the repository of specimens is only mentioned when the material examined does not belong to the ECSS. For each species, the codes of the sampling sites (see annex) are specified between brackets after Turkey in order of appearance in material examined, with the purpose of making easier the correlation among material examined, maps (figs. 1 2) and appendix. Results Merodon aberrans Egger 1860 Material examined. Turkey (13): 2 and 1, Bolu, Yedigöller, Köknarlı yayla, 1400 m, 20.VII.1995 (1 CEUA, 1 and 1 NS). Flowers visited. White-flowered Umbelliferae. Range. Southern Europe including Mediterranean islands, North Africa (Morocco). 80

Merodon hoverfl ies of Turkey Merodon alagoezicus Paramonov 1925 Material examined. Turkey (47): 1 and 1, Kayseri, Tomarza, Çaybeli köyü, 1400 m, 8.VII.1997 (CEUA). Range. Armenia, Greece and Turkey. Merodon albifrons Meigen 1822 Material examined. Turkey (57, 6, 25, 29, 51): 1, Zonguldak, Çaycuma, Çiftlik köyü, 140 m, 23.V.1995 (CEUA); 1, Ankara, Şereflikoçhisar, 970 m, 3.IX.1997; 1, Isparta, Yalvaç, Sultan Dağları, 1560 m, 29.V.2001; 1, Isparta, Yenişarbademli, Çayır yaylası, 1925 m, 14.VII.1999; 1, Konya, Akşehir, 1700 m, 26.VIII.1992 (CEUA). and white-flowered Umbelliferae. Habitat. Grasslands. Range: Southern Europe including Mediterranean islands, North Africa, Crimea and Azerbaijan. Merodon armipes Rondani 1843 (fig. 4) First record for Turkey Material examined. Turkey (19, 21, 35, 45): 2, Çankırı, Çerkeş, Yumaklı köyü, 1200 m, 25.V.1995 (1 NS); 1, Çankırı, Ilgaz Dağları, Kırkpınar yaylası, 1800 m, 5.VII.1996 (CEUA); 2, Kastamonu, Ağlı, Ese köyü, 1500 m, 18.VI.1995; 2, Kastamonu, Yukarı İsmailli köyü, 1300 m, 11.VII.1999 (NS). Flowers visited. Ranunculus sp. and Euphorbia sp. Habitat. Damp grasslands. Range. Europe, North Africa, Iran and Israel. Merodon auronites Hurkmans 1993 First record for Turkey Material examined. Turkey (30): 4 and 1, Kahramanmaraş, Andırın, Beyoluğu köyü, 1400 m, 7.VI.2002 (1 CEUA, 1 and 1 NS). Habitat: Grassland in Pinus sp. forests. Range: Israel and Turkey. Merodon avidus Rossi 1790 Material examined. Turkey (48, 58, 32, 34): 1, Kayseri, Yahyalı, Burhaniye köyü, 1414 m, 13.VII.2002; 1, Zonguldak, Çaycuma, Saltukova kasabası, 120 m, 23.V.1995; 1, Kahramanmaraş, Andırın, Kurucaova mevkisi, 1250 m, 24.VII.1996; 1 and 1, Karabük, Safranbolu, Ahmetusta geçidi, 1150 m, 24.V.1995. Habitat. Grasslands. Range. Europe and North Africa. Merodon bessarabicus Paramonov 1924 First record for Turkey Material examined. Turkey (37, 40, 39): 1, Kastamonu, Ilgaz Dağları Milli Parkı, 1600 m, 18.IX.1999; 1, Kastamonu, Ilgaz Dağları, Tüfekçi köyü civarı, 1700 m, 23.IX.2001; 4, Kastamonu, Ilgaz Dağları Milli Parkı, Ilgaz geçidi, Doruk mevkisi, 1900 m, 25.IX.2001 (1 CEUA). Habitat. Grassland in Abies sp. forests. Range. Balkan Peninsula, Moldova and Turkey. Figures 3 4 Hind legs of 3, Merodon ilgazense n. sp. and 4, M. armipes (fig. 4). a, femoral process; b, trochanteral process; c, tibial spur. Scale line = 1 mm. 81

A. Vujić, Mª Á. Marcos-García, S. Sarıbıyık & A. Ricarte Merodon chalybeatus Sack 1913 First record for Turkey Merodon chalybeatus Sack 1913: 448. Merodon albonigrum Vujić Radenković & Šimić 1996: 72 n. syn. Merodon chalybeatus was described from two male specimens (Greece: Morea and Saloniki). Only one type specimen (syntype) was found in the Berlin Museum. Lectotype (designated here): 48149 Morea sept. [northern Peloponesos] Mount Chelmos 2000 m/ 15 viii 1901 leg. Holtz/Merodon chalybeatus Sack type det. Sack (ZMHB). Merodon albonigrum: holotype (original designation): Serbia, Dubasnica, gorge of the Lazareva reka Reka 700 m, EP-77, 13.viii.1994, lef. Vujić (PMB). Paratypes: 5 and 3 (Serbia, type locality; Croatia; FRY Macedonia) (Vujić et al. 1996). Identity: A junior synonym of M. chalybeatus Sack 1913. The characters of the type specimens of M. albonigrum lie within the range of morphological variation of the examined specimens of M. chalybeatus from the Balkan and Anatolian Peninsulas. Material examined. Turkey (27): 1, Isparta, Yalvaç, Sultan Dağları, 1670 m, 9.VIII.2001 (CEUA). Flowers visited. Ranunculus sp. and Euphorbia sp. Habitat. Grasslands in Abies sp. forests. Range. Anatolian and Balkan Peninsulas. Merodon clunipes Sack 1913 Merodon clunipes Sack 1913: 444 Merodon clunipes was described from an unspecified number of males and females (Sicilia, Greece and Asia Minor). Hurkmans (1993) mentions the existence of the holotype of this species in ZMHB but we have discovered that there are 26 type specimens (syntypes) distributed in both ZMHB and NHMW. Lectotype of M. clunipes (designated here): Turkey, Izmir Smyrna (ZMHB). Paralectotypes (designated here): ZMBH: 2 same data as on lectotype ; Italy, Sicily, leg. Mann; Greece, Corfu, leg. Erber. NHMW: 7 Italy, Sicily; 7 Turkey, Bursa Brussa, Armenia, Amasia; 5 Asia Minor. Material examined. Turkey (28, 4, 5, 10): 1, Isparta, Yenişarbademli, 1180 m, 13.VII.2000 (CEUA); 1, Ankara, Kızılcahamam, 970 m, 1.VIII.1996 (CEUA); 3, Ankara, Kızılcahamam, Güvem köyü, 1000 m, 1.VIII.1996; 1, Bolu, Gerede, Aktaş mevkisi, 1400 m, 4.VIII.1996. Flowers visited. White-flowered Umbelliferae and Euphorbia spp. Habitat. Pinus sp. forests. Range. Southern Europe including the Mediterranean islands of Sicily and Cyprus and the Lebanon. Merodon distinctus Palma 1863 Material examined. Turkey (55): 1, Van, Gevaş, Artos Dağı, 1850 m, 17.VIII.1997 (CEUA). Range. Mediterranean Basin, from Spain to Turkey. Merodon erivanicus Paramonov 1925 Merodon erivanicus Paramonov 1925: 154 Merodon kaloceros Hurkmans 1993: 187 n. syn Merodon erivanicus was described from a single specimen. In the Paramonov collection there is one specimen with original name label and corresponding data. We accept this specimen as the holotype: Merodon / erivanicus / n. sp. Typus / Pa ra monov d. Armenien, Eriwan, 14.VI.1924 [in Cyrillic] (PC). Merodon kaloceros: holotype (original designation): Turkey, Antalya, H. Coene, J. Lucas & B. van Oorschor / Irmesan Gediği 12 km N of Akseki 1600 m, 24.vii.1981 (ZMUA). Paratypes: more than 50 specimens ( and ) from Turkey, Croatia, Greece and FRY Macedonia (ZMUA, NHMW) (Hurkmans 1993). Identity: A junior synonym of M. erivanicus Paramonov 1925. The holotype of M. erivanicus is conspecific with the holotype and most of the paratypes of M. kaloceros. Material examined. Turkey (11): 2, Bolu, Gerede, Örencik köyü, 1100 m, 2.VII.1995 (1 CEUA). Range. Armenia, Croatia, FRY Macedonia, Greece and Turkey. Merodon hamifer Sack 1913 Material examined. Turkey (52, 53, 28, 9, 24): 1, Konya, Akşehir, Ilıcak köyü, Sultan Dağları, 1136 m, 27.VI.2001; 1, Konya, Akşehir, Sultan Dağları, Cankurtaran köyü, 1516 m, 27.VI.2001 (CEUA); 1, Isparta, Yenişarbademli, 1880 m, 14.VII.1999; 1, Antalya, Kaş, Gömbe, Sinekçibeli geçidi, Sinekçi köyü, 1500 m, 28.V.2001; 1, Isparta, Yalvaç, Bağkonak, Sultan Dağları, 1735 m, 28.VI.2001. Flowers visited. White-flowered Umbelliferae. Habitat. Quercus sp. forests. Range. Greece and Turkey. Merodon hikmeti Hurkmans & Hayat 1997 Material examined. Turkey (16, 2, 23, 36): 1, Çankırı, Çerkeş, 1100 m, 21.VII.1997 (CEUA); 2, Ankara, Çubuk, Karagöl, 1450 m, 19.VII.1998; 1, Çankırı, Ilgaz, İndağı, 1000 m, 5.VII.1996 (CEUA); 1, Kastamonu, Biden yaylası, Kızılkese deresi, 1200 m, 21.VII.1995. Flowers visited. Rosaceae spp., Euphorbia sp. and whiteflowered Umbelliferae. Habitat. Quercus sp. forests. Range. Turkey. Merodon ilgazense n. sp. New taxon belonging to the Merodon ruficornis species group: a medium-sized species with mid coxa hairy posteriorly; anterior anepisternum with area below postpronotum devoid of hairs; only tergite II with clear reddish lateral spots; hind legs of male with projections or spikes on trochanter, tibia and ventral margin of femur; posterior lobe of surstylus curved and straight 82

Merodon hoverfl ies of Turkey along the dorsal line (ruficornis group, Radenković et al. 2002). This group of species has a predominantly eastern Mediterranean distribution without any representatives on the Iberian Peninsula (Marcos-García et al. 2007); the ruficornis group of species has the highest diversity in the Balkan and Anatolian Peninsulas (including the Caucasus), each with 7 species belonging to the ruficornis group (Vujić in lit.). One species from this group was recently described from the island of Lesvos (Vujić et al. 2007). Type material. Holotype: Turkey (44): 1, Kastamonu, Tosya, Ilgaz Dağları, Ilgaz geçidi, Yayla yeri, 41 07 N 34 03 E, 1650 m, 8.VI.1996 (CEUA). Description. Male. Head: face and frons black, pruinose and with yellow long hairs. Oral margin bare and shining black. Vertical triangle large, isosceles with yellowish hairs except for a tuft of black hairs on the surface of the ocellar triangle. Occiput with yellowish hairs. Eyes with white hairs. Distance between eyes approximately the same as that between the posterior ocelli. Antennae damaged. Thorax: mesonotum and scutellum dark, shining and covered with red erect hairs. Dorsal and posterior part of the anepisternum, anepimeron and dorso-posterior part of katepisternum with long yellow hairs. Wings greyish with dark veins. Dorsal calypter dark and ventral one pale-yellow with very long red marginal hairs. Halteres with dark pedicel, capitulum yellow with a black dorsal spot. Femora dark except for a pale apical area. Fore and mid femora covered with short adpressed black hairs dorsally and long pale hairs ventrally. Hind femora with long pale hairs except for some black ones on its inner face. Hind femur strongly curved ventrally, with a very long, ventral, digitate process in the middle, which is of approximately the same length as the trochanteral process (fig. 3). Hind trochanter with very long, sharp processes covered with pale hairs anteriorly (fig. 3). Tibiae black with a long spur along the apical third. Tarsi with the three basal tarsomeres pale (first and second with a ventral black spot) and the two apical ones black. Abdomen: dark, oval, and longer than mesonotum. Tergite II with red antero-lateral margin covered with long red hairs. Tergites III and IV black with narrow, white, pruinose, transverse bands interrupted in the middle; posterior margin of tergites pale. Tergites covered with black hairs medially, except for the transverse pruinose bands bearing pale hairs. Sternites dark with long pale hairs. Male terminalia. Similar to that of other species of the ruficornis group (see fig. 1 4 in Radenković et al. 2002: 53). Length: body 10.00 mm; wings 08.00 mm (n = 1). Female: unknown. Diagnosis. M. ilgazense sp. n. is similar to M. armipes and M. crymensis Paramonov 1925, but males can easily be distinguished by the following characters: M. ilgazense n. sp. has the dark areas of the tergites II- IV covered with short adpressed black hairs. In the other two species the abdominal hairs are longer, erect, and completely pale. M. ilgazense n. sp. has a very long and acute process on the hind trochanter, a very long and rounded process on the middle of the ventral surface of hind femur and a wide, backwardly-directed apical spur on the hind tibia, which touches the femoral process when the legs are folded (fig. 3). M. armipes has a long, acute process on the hind trochanter which, when the legs are folded, touches the forwardly-directed apical prolongation of the hind tibia, and has a shorter process on the middle of the ventral surface of the hind femur (fig. 4). Males of M. crymensis have a shorter process on the hind trochanter and the apical prolongation of the hind tibia is directed forward; the process on the middle of the ventral surface of hind femur is shorter (see fig. 5 in Milankov et al. 2002: 322). Etymology. Merodon ilgazense n. sp. is derived from Ilgaz, the name of the Turkish Mountains of Kastamonu province in the Black Sea region, to the north of the country, where the type specimen was collected. Flowers visited. Ranunculus sp. Range. Turkey. Merodon italicus Rondani 1845 stat. rev. Merodon italicus Rondani 1845: 257 Merodon longicornis Sack 1913: 447 n. syn Merodon italicus was described from an unspecified number of males and females. Hurkmans (1993) designated a lectotype from a syntype: 67b in Rondani collection (MZNH). Paralectotypes (designated here): 3 67 in Rondani collection (MZNH). Hurkmans (1993) incorrectly synonymised M. italicus with M. avidus Rossi 1790. These two taxa have different morphological features and we here reinstate M. italicus as a valid species. Merodon longicornis was described from an unspecified number of males and females. Hurkmans (1993) designated a lectotype: longicornis det. Sack/Merodon longicornis Sack Type Turkmestan/longicornis det. Hermann from the Vienna Museum (NHMW). Identity: Comparison between the types of M. italicus and the lectotype of M. longicornis shows that they are conspecific. M. longicornis is a junior synonym of M. italicus. Material examined. Turkey (49, 12, 33, 41): 1, Kayseri, Yahyalı, Suçatı, 1700 m, 28.VII.1993 (NS); 1 and 1, Bolu, Gerede, Yeniçağa, 1100 m, 2.VII.1995 (CEUA); 1, Karabük, Cumayanı köyü, 300 m, 1.VII.1995 (NS); 1, Kastamonu, Seydiler, Sabuncular köyü, 1600 m, 10.VII.1995 (CEUA). Habitat. On stony riverbanks. Range. Mediterranean Europe, southern Russia, North Africa and Lebanon. Merodon loewi Van der Goot 1964 Material examined. Turkey (11, 17, 20, 19, 18, 59): 1, Bolu, Gerede, Örencik köyü, 1100 m, 2.VII.1995; 1 and 1, Çankırı, Çerkeş, Halkaoğlu köyü, 1100 m, 25.V.1995 (1 NS); 1, 1, Çankırı, Eskipazar, İsmetpaşa köyü, 1000 m, 25.V.1995 (1 NS); 1, Çankırı, Çerkeş, Yumaklı köyü, 1200 m, 25.V.1995 (CEUA); 1, Çankırı, Çerkeş, Işık Dağı geçidi, 1610 m, 25.V.1995; 1, Zonguldak, Ereğli, Deliler köyü, 100 m, 21.V. 1995 (only genitalia). and Ranunculus spp. Habitat. Damp grassland. Range. Armenia, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Moldova, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine. 83

A. Vujić, Mª Á. Marcos-García, S. Sarıbıyık & A. Ricarte Merodon nanus Sack 1931 Material examined. Turkey (42): 1, Kastamonu, Tosya, 1400 m, 8.VI.1996 (CEUA). and Malus sp. Habitat. Grasslands. Range. Bulgaria (?), Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia), Iran, Iraq and Turkey. Merodon nigritarsis Rondani 1845 Material examined. Turkey (19, 56, 41, 11, 10): 1, Çankırı, Çerkeş, Yumaklı köyü, 1500 m, 22.VII.1997 (CEUA); 1, Yozgat, Çamlık mevkisi, 1400 m, 23.VII.1998; 1 and 1, Kastamonu, Seydiler, Sabuncular köyü, 1600 m, 10.VII.1995; 1, Bolu, Gerede, Örencik köyü, 1100 m, 2.VII.1995; 1, Bolu, Gerede, Aktaş mevkisi, 1300 m, 17.VII.1995. Range. Southern Europe. Merodon ottomanus Hurkmans 1993 Material examined. Turkey (7): 1, Antalya, Akseki, Göktepe yaylası, 2100 m, 13.VII.1999 (CEUA). Flowers visited. White-flowered Umbelliferae. Range. Spain and Turkey. Merodon planiceps Loew 1862 Material examined. Turkey (22, 38, 43): 1 (damaged, only thorax and genitalia), Çankırı, Ilgaz, Dağları Milli Parkı, Derbent mevkisi, 1700 m, 12.VII.1997 (CEUA); 1, Kastamonu, Ilgaz Dağları Milli Parkı, Ilgaz geçidi, Doruk mevkisi, 1875 m, 12.VII.1997; 1, Kastamonu, Tosya, Bürnük köyü, 1190 m, 6.VII.1996. Habitat. Damp grasslands. Range. Greece and Turkey. Merodon pruni Rossi 1790 Material examined. Turkey (42, 11): 1, Kastamonu, Tosya, 1400 m, 8.VI.1996 (NS); 3 and 2, Bolu, Gerede, Örencik köyü, 1100 m, 2.VII.1995 (1 and 1 CEUA). Habitat. Grasslands. Range. Arabia and Mediterranean Basin. Merodon serrulatus Wiedemann in Meigen 1822 Merodon serrulatus Wiedemann in Meigen 1822: 360 Merodon alexeji Paramonov 1925: 155 n. syn Merodon serrulatus: Marcos-García et al. (2007) reinstated M. serrulatus as a valid species based on the holotype: serrulatus / Portugal / Hoffmannsegg S. / 915 Type [red label] (Portugal) (ZMHB). Speight & Sarthou (2008) mention that comparison between Spanish material of M. serrulatus and specimens identified as M. alexeji by Hurkmans showed that M. alexeji sensu Hurkmans (1993) is M. serrulatus. However, the synonymising of M. serrulatus and M. alexeji was beyond of the scope of the study in Speight & Sarthou (2008). Merodon alexeji was described from two type specimens (syntypes), both of which we found in the Paramonov collection. Lectotype (designated here): Merodon/alexeji n. sp./typus/ Pa ra monov d. Kohanovka/Baltsk. u./odes. g. [in Cyrillic] 1.VI.24. Ucraina (PC). Paralectotype (designated here): same data as lectotype (PC). Identity: A junior synonym of M. serrulatus Wiedemann in Meigen, 1822. Despite the distance separating the Iberian Peninsula and Ukraine, the characters of the type specimens of M. alexeji lie within the morphological range of variation of the Iberian specimens of M. serrulatus, hence the main reason for establishing this synonymy. Material examined. Turkey (30, 31): 4 and 1, Kahramanmaraş, Andırın, Beyoluğu köyü, 1400 m, 7.VI.2002; 6 and 2, Kahramanmaraş, Andırın, Çiğşar köyü, 1400 m, 7.VI.2002. Habitat. Grasslands in Pinus sp. forests. Range. France, Portugal, Spain, Turkey and Ukraine. Merodon spinitarsis Paramonov 1929 Material examined. Turkey (1, 19, 15, 30, 46, 50, 54): 1, Ankara, 1250 m, 20.V.1997; 1, Çankırı, Çerkeş, Yumaklı köyü, 1500 m, 22.VII.1997; 1, Burdur, Antalya-Isparta yolu, Bucak yol ayrımı, 325 m, 22.IV.2001; 4, Kahramanmaraş, Andırın, Beyoluğu köyü, 1400 m, 7.VI.2002 (1 CEUA); 1, Kayseri, Hisarcık, 1600 m, 13.VI.1993 (CEUA); 1, Kayseri, Yahyalı-Mansurlu yolu 15 km, 1450 m, 28.VI.1993; 2 and 1, Muğla, Ula, Karaböğürtlen köyü, 250 m, 26.IV.2002 (CEUA)., Anthemis sp. and whiteflowered Umbelliferae. Habitat. Grassland in Pinus sp. forests. Range. Turkey. Merodon telmateia Hurkmans 1987 Material examined. Turkey (19, 2): 1, Çankırı, Çerkeş, Yumaklı köyü, 1500 m, 22.VII.1997 (CEUA); 1, Ankara, Çubuk, Karagöl, 1300 m, 25.V.1996 (CEUA). Range. Turkey. Merodon vandergooti Hurkmans 1993 Merodon vandergooti Hurkmans 1993: 188 Merodon aureotibia Hurkmans 1993: 203 n. syn Merodon vandergooti: holotype (original designation): Turkey, Hakkari, Süvarihalil geçidi, 1250 m W side near Halub Deresi, 13.VI.1984 leg. J. A. W. Lucas (ZMUA). Paratypes: more than 42 specimens (only ) from Turkey (Hakkari, Ankara) (ZMUA) (Hurkmans 1993). Merodon aureotibia: holotype (original designation): Turkey, Adıyaman, Nemrut Dağı, 1.vi.1983, leg. M. Kuhbandner (ZMUA). Paratypes: 3 Tk [Turkey] 5-6-1988 10 km S. Ankara leg. Warncke (ZMUA) (Hurkmans 1993). 84

Merodon hoverfl ies of Turkey Table 1. Updated checklist of the Merodon Meigen 1803 species (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Turkey (adapted from Sarıbıyık in lit.). The checklist includes 55 valid species [in bold, new contributions of this study]. Valid name Synonyms M. aberrans Egger 1860 M. aureus Fabricius 1805 M. aeneus Megerle in Meigen 1822 M. alagoezicus Paramonov 1925 M. albifrons Meigen 1822 M. armipes Rondani 1843 M. auronites Hurkmans 1993 M. avidus (Rossi 1790) M. spinipes (Fabricius 1794) M. bessarabicus Paramonov 1924 M. biarcuatus Curran 1939 M. caucasicus Portschinsky 1877 M. caudatus Sack 1913 M. chalybeatus Sack 1913 M. albonigrum Vujić Radenković & Šimić 1996 M. cinereus (Fabricius 1794) M. clavipes (Fabricius 1781) M. clunipes Sack 1913 M. crassifemoris Paramonov 1925 M. cupreus Hurkmans 1993 M. distinctus Palma 1863 M. dimorphus (Szilady 1940) M. eques (Fabricius 1805) M. equestris (Fabricius 1794) M. erivanicus Paramonov 1925 M. kaloceros Hurkmans 1993 M. femoratoides Paramonov 1925 M. fulcratus (Becker 1913) M. funestus (Fabricius 1794) M. geniculatus Strobl in Czerny & Strobl 1909 M. fractipes Paramonov 1936 M. hamifer Sack 1913 M. hayati Hurkmans in Hurkmans & Hayat 1997 M. hikmeti Hurkmans in Hurkmans & Hayat 1997 M. hypochrysos Hurkmans 1993 M. ilgazense n. sp. M. italicus Rondani 1845 M. affi nis Gil Collado 1930; M. longicornis Sack 1913 M. loewi van der Goot 1964 M. lucasi Hurkmans 1993 M. minutus Strobl 1893 M. murinus Sack 1913 M. nanus (Sack 1931) M. nigritarsis Rondani 1845 M. nitidifrons Hurkmans 1993 M. oidipous Hurkmans 1993 M. ottomanus Hurkmans 1993 M. planiceps Loew 1862 M. pruni (Rossi 1790) M. quadrinotatus (Sack 1931) M. satdagensis Hurkmans 1993 M. schachti Hurkmans 1993 M. serrulatus Wiedemann in Meigen 1822 M. alexeji Paramonov 1925; M. altinosus Hurkmans 1993; M. hirsutus Sack 1913; M. lusitanicus Hurkmans 1993 M. spinitarsis Paramonov 1929 M. taniniensis Hurkmans 1993 M. telmateia Hurkmans1988 M. testaceus Sack 1913 M. trebevicensis Strobl 1900 M. crymensis Paromonov 1925 M. tricinctus Sack 1913 M. vandergooti Hurkmans 1993 M. aureotibia Hurkmans 1993 M. velox Loew 1869 M. warnckei Hurkmans 1993 85

A. Vujić, Mª Á. Marcos-García, S. Sarıbıyık & A. Ricarte Identity: Merodon vandergooti and M. aureotibia were described in the same publication: M. vandergooti from a large number of males and M. aureotibia based only on females. The type material of the two taxa belongs to the same species. We retain M. vandergooti as the valid name for this taxon and designate M. aureotibia as synonym. Material examined. Turkey (26): 1, Isparta, Yalvaç, Sultan Dağları, 1660 m, 29.V.2001 (CEUA). Flowers visited. White-flowered Umbelliferae. Range. Turkey Merodon velox Loew 1869 Material examined. Turkey (3, 8, 12, 14): 1 and 1, Ankara, Çubuk, Ovacık köyü, 1100 m, 25.V.1996 (1 NS); 1 and 1, Antalya, Alanya, Şeyh köyü, 570 m, 21.IV.2001 (1 NS); 1, Bolu, Gerede, Yeniçağa, 1020 m, 18.VIII.1995 (CEUA); 1, Bolu, Yedigöller-Devrek yolu 15 km, 10.VII.1996. Flowers visited. White-flowered Umbelliferae. Habitat. Abies sp. forests. Range. Anatolian and Balkan Peninsulas. Discussion As result of this study, 26 Merodon species were identified including a species new to science, Merodon ilgazense n. sp., and four species new to the Turkish hoverfly fauna, M. armipes, M. auronites, M. bessarabicus and M. chalybeatus. Also lectotypes were designated for M. chalybeatus and M. clunipes. Following this study, the checklist of Merodon for Turkey comprises 55 species (tab. 1) which, according to Speight et al. (2008), represents about 52 % of the total number of Merodon species found in Europe. Geographic regions such as the Iberian Peninsula and France - with a well-known hoverfly faunas and a combined land area 1.5 times the land area of Turkey - have a combined total of 50 species of Merodon [35 species in the Iberian Peninsula (Marcos-García et al. 2007; Ricarte & Marcos-García 2008) and 34 in France (Speight & Sarthou 2008), with 19 species common to both regions]. These different faunas located at opposite ends of the Mediterranean Basin are not only remarkable because of their species richness but also because of the number of shared species; Turkey and the Iberian Peninsula only share 21.8% of Merodon species of a whole list of 66 species (Marcos-García et al. 2007; Ricarte & Marcos-García 2008; tab. 1). Within the eastern Mediterranean Basin, Greece also has a large number of Merodon species (Vujić et al. 2007). The high biodiversity of Merodon in this area is possibly connected to the diversity of geophytes occurring in this region of the Mediterranean Basin (Çelik et al. 2004). The diversity of the eastern Mediterranean Basin is complemented by the occurrence of a high number of endemic species, as occurs in Turkey (nearly 30 % of the Turkish Merodon species are endemic). There are evolutionary inter-relationships between geophytes and insects similar to that between Merodon and geophytes appearing in other insect groups. Micó et al. (2009) studied the Anisopliina beetles (Scarabaeidae) mainly distributed in the circum-mediterranean region in relation to Poaceae, concluding that the biogeographic history of these beetles is clearly connected with the diversification processes of Poaceae. In Micó et al. (2009), relationships between the number of endemic species, the species richness of beetles and the species richness of the host plants have been assessed, in the same way as could be done for Merodon and geophytes. Our results suggest that the eastern Mediterranean Basin, geologically more recent than the western region (Sanmartín 2003), was the main centre of diversification of Merodon. Thus, the number of endemic species in this region is probably related to the intense orogenic activity favouring isolation and allopatric speciation among populations. More faunistic, biogeographic and phylogenetic studies throughout the Mediterranean Basin are necessary in order to ascertain the Merodongeophyte relationships. 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A. Vujić, Mª Á. Marcos-García, S. Sarıbıyık & A. Ricarte Appendix. List of the 64 alphabetically-ordered sampling sites where Merodon specimens were collected in 15 Turkish provinces from 1992 to 2002. Code is the number used for indicating a sampling site or a pair of sampling sites coincident on the map, because some sampling sites have the same data except for the altitude (for example, sampling sites indicated with the code 2). Sampling site Code Province (abbreviation in maps), place name Altitude (m) Coordinate (N-E) Ankara (AN) 1 Ankara 1250 39 56-32 50 2 Çubuk, Karagöl 1300, 1450 40 22-32 54 3 Çubuk, Ovacık köyü 1100 40 20-32 55 4 Kızılcahamam 970 40 26-32 36 5 Kızılcahamam, Güvem köyü 1000 40 43-32 31 6 Şereflikoçhisar 970 38 58-33 30 Antalya (AT) 7 Akseki, Göktepe yaylası 2100 37 03-31 44 8 Alanya, Şeyh köyü 570 36 37-32 00 9 Kaş, Gömbe, Sinekçibeli geçidi, Sinekçi köyü 1500 36 25-29 36 Bolu (BL) 10 Gerede, Aktaş mevkisi 1300, 1400 40 40-32 19 11 Gerede, Örencik köyü 1100 40 49-32 23 12 Gerede, Yeniçağa 1020, 1100 40 46-32 02 13 Yedigöller, Köknarlı yayla 1400 40 54-31 41 14 Yedigöller-Devrek yolu, 15 km - 40 57-31 44 Burdur (BR) 15 Antalya-Isparta yolu, Bucak yol ayrımı 325 37 28-30 33 Çankırı (CA) 16 Çerkeş 1100 40 48-32 52 17 Çerkes, Halkaoğlu köyü 1100 40 43-32 46 18 Çerkes, Işık Dağı geçidi 1610 40 41-32 44 19 Çerkes, Yumaklı köyü 1200, 1500 40 42-32 45 20 Eskipazar, İsmetpaşa köyü 1000 40 52-32 36 21 Ilgaz Dağları, Kırkpınar yaylası 1800 40 59-33 34 22 Ilgaz, Ilgaz Dağları Milli Parkı, Derbent mevkisi 1700 41 04-33 44 23 Ilgaz, İndağı 1000 40 52-33 38 Isparta (IS) 24 Yalvaç, Bağkonak, Sultan Dağları 1735 38 11-31 14 25 Yalvaç, Sultan Dağları 1560 38 16-31 14 26 Yalvaç, Sultan Dağları 1660 38 17-31 16 27 Yalvaç, Sultan Dağları 1670 38 17-31 14 28 Yenişarbademli 1180, 1880 37 42-31 23 29 Yenişarbademli, Çayır yaylası 1925 37 41-31 21 Kahramanmaraş (KM) 30 Andırın, Beyoluğu köyü 1400 37 45-36 17 31 Andırın, Çiğşar köyü 1400 37 45-36 18 32 Andırın, Kurucaova mevkisi 1250 37 36-36 21 Karabük (KA) 33 Cumayanı köyü 300 41 10-32 35 34 Safranbolu, Ahmetusta geçidi 1150 41 21-32 41 Kastamonu (KS) 35 Ağlı, Ese köyü 1500 41 37-33 36 36 Biden yaylası, Kızılkese deresi 1200 41 10-33 49 37 Ilgaz Dağları Milli Parkı 1600 41 05-33 46 38 Ilgaz Dağları Milli Parkı, Ilgaz geçidi, Doruk mevkisi 1875 41 04-33 45 39 Ilgaz Dağları Milli Parkı, Ilgaz geçidi, Doruk mevkisi 1900 41 04-33 46 40 Ilgaz Dağları, Tüfekçi köyü civarı 1700 41 04-33 43 41 Seydiler, Sabuncular köyü 1600 41 37-33 37 42 Tosya 1400 41 02-34 03 43 Tosya, Bürnük köyü 1190 41 14-34 00 44 Tosya, Ilgaz Dağları, Ilgaz geçidi, Yayla yeri 1650 41 07-34 03 45 Yukarı İsmailli köyü 1300 41 14-33 51 Kayseri (KY) 46 Hisarcık 1600 38 37-35 31 47 Tomarza, Çaybeli köyü 1400 38 24-35 44 48 Yahyalı, Burhaniye köyü 1414 37 47-35 33 49 Yahyalı, Suçatı 1700 37 58-35 27 50 Yahyalı-Mansurlu yolu 15 km 1450 38 02-35 24 Konya (KN) 51 Akşehir 1700 38 21-31 22 52 Akşehir, Ilıcak köyü, Sultan Dağları 1136 38 18-31 23 53 Akşehir, Sultan Dağları, Cankurtaran köyü 1516 38 15-31 20 54 Muğla (MG), Ula, Karaböğürtlen köyü 250 37 02-28 30 55 Van (VN), Gevaş, Artos Dağı 1850 38 18-43 07 56 Yozgat (YZ), Çamlık mevkisi 1400 39 50-34 46 Zonguldak (ZN) 57 Çaycuma, Çiftlik köyü 140 41 22-32 06 58 Çaycuma, Saltukova kasabası 120 41 31-32 04 59 Ereğli, Deliler köyü 100 41 17-31 31 88