2. EMPLOYMENT, VOLUNTEERS IN WORK AND CULTURE There are challenges in measuring how many people are employed in culture. Some people have only short-term jobs, while others have a cultural job that is not their main job. Nevertheless, there are several data sources that provide an indicationn of the number of people workingg in culture. The two mainn sources aree the 2006 Census of Population and Housing and the 2007 Survey of Work W in Selected Culture and Leisure Activities. Data are also presented from the Service Industry Surveys. PERSONSS EMPLOYED IN CULTURA AL OCCUPATIONS & INDUSTRIES Cultural employment can be defined using either occupation o data, that is, the t type of work people do; or industry data, that is, the main activity of thee business for whom people work. Consequently, data by industry will include peoplee who have a non-cultural occupation within a cultural industry ( such as clerks, receptionists and sales assistants) and will exclude people who have cultural occupations but do not workk in cultural industries (such as a librarian working in an educational institution). According to the t Census of Population and Housing, in 2006 there were 127,259 persons in Victoria who were employed in either a cultural occupation or a cultural industry. However, the Census dataa provide an incomplete picture of thee number of people who do cultural work because the Census records the person s main occupation. A person s main occupationn refers to the job in whichh the personn usually works the most hours. Some people in cultural jobs, such as musicians, may have the cultural job as their second job. The Census data also exclude people who did unpaid work in culturall jobs (e.g. volunteers working for the National Trust), as well ass those who were 'between jobs', as some types of cultural work (e.g. acting) aree periodic in nature. 1
2.1 Cultural Employment (main job), Victoria, 20062 Cultural industry Cultural occupation Non-cultural industry Non-cultural occupation Cultural industry All cultural employment 42,789 34,400 50,070 127,259 Persons employed in cultural occupations The 2006 Census showedd that 77,192 people in Victoria V had a cultural occupation as their main job in the weekk before the 2006 Census. This was 3% of all employed persons in Victoria. Table 2.1 displays data att a broad occupation level. Appendix 1 shows detailed occupation data and reveals that the most popularr cultural occupations (main job in the week before the t 2006 Census) included graphic designers (6,509 people), architects (3,726 people) and ministers of religion (3,448 people). 2
2.2 Persons employed in selected cultural occupation groups(a)(b), Victoria and Australia, 2006 Occupation Victoria Australia Percentage in Vic. (c) Heritage collections Built, collectable and environmental heritage workers 2 457 9 766 25% Library and archive workers 6 381 25 739 25% Other heritage workers 11 69 16% Total heritage workers 8 844 35 572 25% Arts Writers and print media workers 6 049 23 767 26% Performing artists and music composers 3 768 15 409 25% Performing arts support workers (other than equipment 3 742 14 746 25% operators) Visual arts and crafts professionals 3 627 14 152 26% Architects and urban planners 8 630 32 037 27% Design workers 17 669 59 335 30% Broadcasting, film and recorded media equipment operators 2 176 8 126 27% Printing workers 9 935 31 073 32% Other arts support workers 5 384 21 119 26% Other arts workers 1 141 4 271 27% Total arts workers 62 117 224 040 28% Other cultural workers 6 234 25 181 25% Total employed in cultural occupations 77 192 284 789 27% (a) As the main job in the week before the Census. (b) Cells in this table have been randomly adjusted to avoid the release of confidential data. (c) According to the 2006 Census of Population and Housing, 25% of Australia s population lived in Victoria in August 2006. Source: ABS data available on request, Census of Population and Housing, 2006. Persons employed in cultural industries The 2006 Census showed that in Victoria, 92,859 people had their main occupation in a cultural industry and 54% (50,070) of these did not have a cultural occupation. The cultural industries that employed the greatest number of people were the printing industry (12,183) and architectural services industry (8,474). 3
2.3 Persons employed in selected cultural industries(a)(b), Victoria, 2006 Industry Cultural occupations Other occupations(c) Heritage Libraries and archives 1 610 447 2 057 Museum operation 695 1 057 1 752 Zoological and botanic gardens operation 125 478 603 Nature reserves and conservation parks operation 493 1 151 1 644 Total heritage industries 2 923 3 133 6 056 Arts Printing 5 599 6 584 12 183 Newspaper publishing 3 028 3 080 6 108 Magazine and other periodical publishing 586 902 1 488 Internet publishing and broadcasting 74 147 221 Book publishing 1 029 1 772 2 801 Music publishing 3 59 62 Reproduction of recorded media 93 732 825 Music and other sound recording activities 179 68 247 Book and magazine wholesaling 80 1 013 1 093 Entertainment media retailing 59 1 242 1 301 Newspaper and book retailing 55 6 318 6 373 Architectural services 5 849 2 625 8 474 Advertising services 2 481 5 569 8 050 Other specialised design services 3 983 1 870 5 853 Motion picture and video production 1 487 522 2 009 Post-production services and other motion picture and 157 91 248 video activities Motion picture and video distribution 28 193 221 Motion picture exhibition 594 2 118 2 712 Radio broadcasting 544 535 1 079 Free-to-air television broadcasting 1 588 889 2 477 Cable and other subscription broadcasting 52 622 674 Performing arts operation 859 440 1 299 Creative artists, musicians, writers and performers 3 205 714 3 919 Performing arts venue operation 196 488 684 Video and other electronic media rental 39 2 238 2 277 Professional photographic services 1 398 450 1 848 Arts education 2 848 1 144 3 992 Total arts industries 36 093 42 425 78 518 Other culture Religious services 3 014 3 868 6 882 Funeral, crematorium and cemetery services 759 644 1 403 Total other culture industries 3 773 4 512 8 285 Total cultural industries 42 789 50 070 92 859 (a) Cells in this table have been randomly adjusted to avoid the release of confidential data. (b) As the main job in the week before the Census. (c) Includes respondents who did not state their occupation group. Source: ABS data available on request, Census of Population and Housing, 2006. Total 4
Persons employed in cultural occupations and industries by regions of Victoria The majority of cultural occupations and industries operated within the Melbourne region. However, outside of Melbourne, the Barwon Statistical Division employed the most people working within cultural industries (3,715) and people with cultural occupations (3,107). 2.4 Persons employed in cultural occupations and industries(a)(b), Victoria, by statistical division, 2006 Statistical Division Cultural occupations Other occupations(c) Total Melbourne Inner Melbourne 12 640 13 550 147 054 Western Melbourne 5 861 6 718 183 187 Melton-Wyndham 1 857 2 461 90 619 Moreland City 3 024 3 093 59 735 Northern Middle Melbourne 4 953 5 262 112 044 Hume City 1 193 1 514 61 386 Northern Outer Melbourne 2 321 2 716 87 657 Boroondara City 3 800 4 489 77 013 Eastern Middle Melbourne 7 181 8 682 196 002 Eastern Outer Melbourne 3 847 5 305 124 865 Yarra Ranges Shire Part A 2 224 2 772 69 494 Southern Melbourne 8 147 10 086 189 112 Greater Dandenong City 1 280 1 602 47 963 South Eastern Outer Melbourne 2 888 3 904 127 874 Frankston City 1 466 2 188 54 168 Mornington Peninsula Shire 1 630 2 169 57 804 Melbourne total 64 320 76 516 1 685 962 Balance of Victoria Barwon 3 107 3 715 114 488 Western District 751 979 45 570 Central Highlands 1 614 2 147 62 228 Wimmera 333 493 21 721 Mallee 600 771 38 500 Loddon 2 032 2 618 73 278 Goulburn 1 480 1 899 86 605 Ovens-Murray 952 1 112 43 774 East Gippsland 604 744 32 900 Gippsland 1 303 1 749 66 885 Balance of Victoria total 12 772 16 230 585 961 Total(c) 77 192 92 861 2 274 447 (a) Cells in this table have been randomly adjusted to avoid the release of confidential data. (b) As the main job in the week before the Census. (c) Includes Vic. Off Shore Areas, Migratory and No Usual Address. Source: ABS data available on request, Census of Population and Housing, 2006. For further detail about Statistical Divisions, see ABS publication Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC), Jul 2009 (cat. no. 1216.0). 5
PERSONS EMPLOYED IN SELECTED CULTURAL INDUSTRIES (SERVICE INDUSTRIES SURVEYS) Information on employment in cultural industries is also available from the ABS Service Industries Surveys. These surveys count people who worked in an industry, regardless of whether it was their main job or not. Most of these surveys included only employing businesses (unlike data for the Australian National Accounts) and therefore do not reflect the activities of the whole industry. However, even though there are numerous businesses in Australia without employees, their overall contribution to economic activity is relatively small. The surveys showed that museums in Victoria employed 2,070 people at the end of June 2008 and this was 26% of the people employed in museums within Australia. At the end of June 2007, 2,384 people were employed in the film and video production industry and at the end of June 2004, local government libraries in Victoria employed 2,488 people. 2.5 Persons employed in selected cultural industries(a)(b), Victoria and Australia Industry At end of June Vic. Australia Percentage in Vic Museums 2008 2 070 7 856 26.3% Film and video production 2007 ^2 384 10 873 21.9% Film and video post-production 2007 ^580 2 971 19.5% Television services(b) 2007 1 431 6 980 20.5% Local government libraries 2004 2 488 10 606 23.5% Performing arts operation 2007 1 754 6 569 26.7% Performing arts venues 2007 1 592 5 876 27.1% ^ estimate has a relative standard error of 10% to less than 25% and should be used with caution. (a) According to the 2006 Census of Population and Housing, 25% of Australia s population lived in Victoria in August 2006. (b) Commercial free to air broadcasters (excludes pay TV). Source: Museums, Australia, 2007 08 (cat. no. 8560.0); Television, Film and Video Production and Post Production Services, Australia, 2006 07 (cat. no. 8679.0); Performing Arts, Australia, 2006 07 (cat. no. 8697.0); Public Libraries, Australia, 2003 04 (cat. no. 8561.0). 6
WORK IN CULTURE ACTIVITIES (PAID AND UNPAID) The 2007 Survey of Work in Selected Culture and Leisure Activities (ABS, 2007) collected information on people who had a work involvement in culture and leisure activities in the 12-months before the interview. The survey included those people whose involvement was in a main or second job, was casual or whose work was unpaid. In Victoria, 21% of the population aged 15 years and over (or 877,300 persons) had involvement in selected culture and leisure activities in the 12-months ending April 2007. The majority of these people (67%) received no payment for their involvement in the cultural activity. 2.6 Persons involved in selected culture and leisure activities(a)(b), by payment status, Victoria and Australia, 2007 Victoria Australia Number Percentage of total population Number Percentage of total population Some paid involvement(c) 278.8 6.8% 1 062.1 6.5% Unpaid involvement only 587.1 14.3% 2 428.6 14.9% Total persons involved 877.3 21.4% 3 531.0 21.7% (a) In the 12 months before interview. (b) Persons aged 15 years and over. (c) Includes persons who only received goods or services as payment. (d) Includes people whose payment status was not known. Source: ABS data available on request, Work in Selected Culture and Leisure Activities, Australia, April 2007. In Victoria, the more common cultural work activities included writing (154,300), photography (148,300) and creating artwork with a computer (138,600). 7
2.7 Persons involved in selected culture and leisure activities(a)(b), Victoria and Australia, 2007 Type of activity Victoria ( 000) Australia ( 000) % in Vic (c) Heritage Museum 8.7 57.9 15.0% Public art gallery 16.9 49.2 34.3% Library or archive 20.3 108.5 18.7% Heritage organisation 21.8 96.0 22.7% Botanic gardens *9.8 28.2 *34.8% National park or reserve 30.7 94.9 32.3% Zoo or aquarium **2.4 13.1 **18.3% Total heritage(d) 91.3 371.0 24.6% Arts Visual art activities Drawing 125.2 558.0 22.4% Painting 95.1 463.0 20.5% Sculpture 23.2 94.1 24.7% Photography 148.3 638.6 23.2% Print making *14.2 96.7 *14.8% Creating artwork with a computer 138.6 552.5 25.1% Other visual art activities *8.8 46.7 *19.2% Total visual art activities(d) 325.3 1 411.7 23.0% Craft activities Pottery or ceramics 21.8 81.5 26.8% Textiles 81.9 282.4 29.0% Jewellery making 38.3 192.9 19.9% Furniture making or wood crafts 68.4 316.8 21.6% Glass crafts *4.6 34.1 *13.5% Other craft activities 66.4 260.4 25.5% Total craft activities(d) 237.1 960.8 24.7% Writing 154.3 606.5 25.5% Publishing 51.4 208.4 24.6% Performing arts Involved in performing arts but not as a performer 56.7 223.3 25.4% Involved in performing arts as a performer 64.1 283.0 22.6% Total performing arts 120.8 506.3 23.9% Music Had involvement in music as a live performer 79.5 252.5 31.5% Did not have involvement in music as a live performer 25.5 82.6 30.9% Total music 105.0 335.1 31.3% Radio 26.3 105.9 24.8% Television 15.4 77.4 19.9% Film production 31.5 101.0 31.2% Cinema or video distribution *10.9 32.5 *33.5% Designing websites 60.0 254.3 23.6% Designing computer games, or other interactive software *13.2 75.4 *17.5% Design 124.4 459.2 27.1% Teaching 64.2 256.7 25.0% Festival 114.1 409.8 27.8% Art or craft show 47.2 200.0 23.6% Government arts department or agency *6.9 41.1 *16.8% Total art(d) 840.8 3 386.7 24.8% Total(d) 877.3 3 531.0 24.8% 8
* estimate has a relative standard error of 25% to 50% and should be used with caution ** estimate has a relative standard error greater than 50% and is considered too unreliable for general use (a)in the 12 months before interview. (b Persons aged 15 years and over. (c) According to the 2006 Census of Population and Housing, 25% of Australia s population lived in Victoria in August 2006. (d) Components may not add to totals as some persons were involved in more than one activity. Source: Work in Selected Culture and Leisure Activities, Australia, April 2007 (cat. no. 6281.0). Work in culture activities (paid and unpaid) by regions of Victoria The following table shows involvement in selected culture and leisure activities by Statistical Region. 2.8 Persons involved in selected culture and leisure activities(a)(b), Victoria, by statistical region, 2007 Statistical Region Total persons involved in selected organised cultural activities ( 000) Percentage of population aged 15 years and over Melbourne Major Statistical Region Inner Melbourne 70.0 30.0% Southern Melbourne 73.6 21.6% Inner Eastern Melbourne 130.5 26.7% North Eastern Melbourne 82.7 22.7% North Western Melbourne 22.3 9.4% Outer Western Melbourne 101.4 19.7% Mornington Peninsula 44.7 21.5% Outer Eastern Melbourne 67.9 23.4% South Eastern Melbourne *19.6 *6.4% Total Melbourne 612.7 20.5% Balance of Victoria Major Barwon-Western District 66.6 21.1% Central Highlands-Wimmera *41.9 *26.2% Loddon-Mallee 56.0 24.6% Goulburn-Ovens-Murray 52.9 23.1% All Gippsland 47.1 25.7% Total balance of Victoria 264.5 23.7% Total Victoria 877.3 21.4% * estimate has a relative standard error of 25% to 50% and should be used with caution (a) In the 12 months before interview. (b) Persons aged 15 years and over. Source: ABS data available on request, Work in Selected Culture and Leisure Activities, Australia, April 2007. For further detail about Statistical Regions, see ABS publication Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC), Jul 2009 (cat. no. 1216.0). 9
CULTURAL HOBBIES The ABS 2007 Survey of Work in Selected Culture and Leisure Activities also collected data on people who had a hobby in art or craft, writing or music. The survey defined a hobby as an activity for the participants own use, or for the benefit of their family. It is important to note that some of those who are recorded as having a work involvement may also have had an involvement as a hobby. In Victoria, 548,500 people were involved in Art and craft as a hobby activity, compared with 85,700 in Writing and 67,800 in Music. 2.9 Persons with a work and hobby involvement in selected culture activities (a)(b), Victoria, 2007 Work (c) Hobby activity only Persons 000 % 000 % 000 % Art and craft Writing Music Victoria 482.9 46.8% 548.5 53.2% 1 031.4 100.0% Australia 2 008.5 48.4% 2 140.1 51.6% 4 148.6 100.0% Victoria 154.3 64.3% 85.7 35.7% 240.1 100.0% Australia 606.5 63.0% 356.9 37.0% 963.4 100.0% Victoria 105.0 60.8% 67.8 39.2% 172.8 100.0% Australia 335.1 55.8% 265.0 44.2% 600.1 100.0% (a) Persons aged 15 years and over. (b) In the 12 months before interview. (c) Work includes persons who only undertook paid or unpaid involvements and those who undertook work as well as a hobby activity. Source: ABS data available on request, Work in Selected Culture and Leisure Activities, April 2007. CULTURAL VOLUNTEERS The ABS conducted the 2010 Voluntary Work Survey to measure the extent of voluntary work in Australia and the types of organisations that volunteers assisted. This survey defined a volunteer as someone who willingly gave unpaid help in the form of time, services or skills, through an organisation or group. The survey found that 1.5 million people aged 18 years and over (36%) in Victoria undertook volunteer work in the 12-months prior to interview, with 113,800 people volunteering for an arts or heritage organisation. This was 8% of the volunteer population (3% of total adult population) in Victoria, compared with 7% of the volunteer population (2% of total adult population) nationally. 10