The basal plus strategy Denis Raccah, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine University Hospital Sainte Marguerite Marseille FRANCE
ADA/EASD guidelines recommend use of basal insulin as early as the second step in type 2 diabetes management Tier 1: Well-validated core therapies At diagnosis: Lifestyle + Metformin Lifestyle + Metformin plus Basal Insulin Lifestyle + Metformin plus Sulfonylurea a Lifestyle + Metformin plus Intensive Insulin Step 1 Step 2 Tier 2: Less well-validated therapies Lifestyle + Metformin plus Pioglitazone No hypoglycemia Oedema / CHF Bone Loss Lifestyle + Metformin plus Pioglitazone plus Sulfonylurea a Step 3 Check A1C every 3 months until <7%. Change treatment if A1C is? 7% Lifestyle + Metformin plus GLP-1 agonist b No hypoglycemia Weight loss Nausea / vomiting ADA/EASD Guidelines. Diabetes Care 2008;31(12):1 11 Lifestyle + Metformin plus Basal Insulin a Sulfonylureas other than glybenclamide or chlorpropamide. b Insufficient clinical safety data; CHF, congestive heart failure 7
The concept of basal insulin therapy
Postprandial hyperglycemia persists despite treatment of FBG using basal insulin Basal insulin therapy reduces the entire 24-hour blood glucose profile, but postprandial hyperglycaemia persists LANMET study data 16 Insulin glargine + metformin Blood glucose (mmol/l) 12 8 Baseline 4 Weeks 25-36 Before After breakfast breakfast Before lunch After lunch Before dinner After dinner 22:00 04:00 Yki-Järvinen H, et al. Diabetologia 2006;49:442-51.
Decline of β-cell function determines the progressive nature of T2DM β-cell function (% of normal by HOMA) 100 80 60 40 20? Pancreatic function = 50% of normal Time of diagnosis 0 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 Time (years) HOMA=homeostasis model assessment. UKPDS Group. Diabetes 1995;44:1249 58.
Insufficiency of basal insulin + OAD Definition FBG < 100mg/dl, with HbA1c > 7% and/or PPG > 140-160 mg/dl, Suggesting that OAD (insulin secretagogues) loose their capability to control PPG, and that prandial insulin supplementation must be considered.
Insufficiency of basal insulin + OAD different situations 30 to 50% of patients treated by basal insulin do not reach the HbA1c target, at initiation, and despite optimisation of the dose (basal insulin is not enough) Riddle M et al. Treat To Target. Diabetes Care 2005 Natural history of the pancreatic disease in type 2 diabetes (basal insulin is no longer enough with time) Hypoglycemic risk during the titration of basal insulin making difficult to reach the FBG target Very high dose of basal insulin without significant effect on FBG, and weight gain ( severe insulin resistance) Monnier et coll. Diab Metab 2006
What options are available when basal insulin therapy is no longer sufficient for glycemic control?
Insulin intensification 1- Premix insulin 2- Basal Bolus regimen 3- The Basal Plus strategy
Type 2 diabetes: matching treatment to disease progression using a stepwise approach Basal Plus: once-daily basal insulin plus once daily* rapid-acting insulin Basal Bolus Add prandial insulin before each meal Basal Plus Add prandial insulin at main meal Basal Add basal insulin and titrate Lifestyle changes plus metformin (± other agents) Progressive deterioration of β-cell function *As the disease progresses, a second daily injection of prandial insulin may be added Adapted from Raccah D, et al. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007; 23(4):257?64 23
Rationale for the «basal plus» strategy PPG is correlated to HbA1c The PPG is not the same according to the meals of the day, and vary from one patient to another, and from one country to another ( the highest being after breakfast in France, and after dinner in USA) The control of the highest PPG could influence the rest of the day.
Glycemic profile according to the country 1] Monnier J et coll. Diabetes Care 2002;25:737-41 [2]Rosenstock J et coll. Chapter 9. In:CADRE Handbook of diabetes management.new York:Medical information press;2004:pp145-68
«Basal Plus» Basal insulin + prandial insulin at the main meal Raccah D et al. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007
Basal Plus: general considerations for treatment with once-daily basal insulin plus once daily rapid prandial insulin Fix fasting first Titrate basal insulin to control fasting BG For some patient candidates, basal will not be enough Intensify treatment Add prandial insulin to control postprandial BG for efficacy and safety in patient candidates with: HbA1c >7% to <9% despite optimal titration of basal insulin 1 And FBG control close to or at target 2 Raccah D, et al. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007;23:257 64
POC: comparing Basal Plus therapy with insulin glargine alone Patients: Previously received basal insulin for 3 months Previously received metformin, and continued to receive OHAs during the study Design: Mean baseline values: HbA1c (%): 8.5 BMI (kg/m 2 ): 33.1 Duration of diabetes (years): 11.5 Open-label, multinational trial Insulin glargine + OHAs (n=57) Patients with type 2 diabetes and HbA1c 7.5-9.5% receiving basal insulin and metformin for 3 months Insulin glargine 3 months Randomization (patients with HbA1c 7.0%) Insulin glargine + once-daily insulin glulisine + OHAs (n=49) 3 months
POC: adding glulisine to glargine increases efficacy and improves glycemic control HbA1c (%) 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 8.0 7.8 Glargine Randomisation Endpoint p=0.024 7.8 7.4 Glargine + glulisine Patients achieving HbA1c <7 (%) 40 30 20 10 0 p=0.025 24.4 7.8 Glargine Glargine + glulisine
POC: the Basal Plus approach is safe and associated with only minor weight gain and hypoglycemic risk Insulin glargine (n=57) Insulin glargine + insulin glulisine (n=49) BW change from baseline (kg) +0.2 ± 1.8 +0.5 ± 2.5 Symptomatic hypoglycemia (event/pt.yr) Severe symptomatic hypoglycemia (event/pt.yr) 7.68 ± 14.00 8.19 ± 14.60 0.20 ± 0.10 0
OPAL study: assessment of Basal Plus efficacy comparing glulisine added at breakfast or main meal Subjects: 316 insulin treated with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA 1c >6.5 9.0%) Previously received basal insulin glargine for 3 months (OHAs continued during the study) Mean baseline values: HbA 1c (%): 7.3 BMI (kg/m 2 ): 31.3 Diabetes duration (years): 10.5 Insulin glulisine once daily at breakfast + basal insulin glargine (n=162) Randomization 24 weeks Lankisch M, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10:1178 85
2.2 OPAL study OPAL study: glargine + glulisine improves glycemic control irrespective of whether glulisine is given with breakfast or the main meal % achieving HbA 1c <7.0 60 40 20 0 36.5 Breakfast group p=0.028 52.2 Main meal group HbA 1c (%) 9 8 7 6 Baseline Endpoint 7.35 p<0.0001 7.03 Breakfast group p=ns p<0.0001 7.29 6.94 Main meal group The main meal group also included subjects whose main meal was breakfast Lankisch M, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10:1178 85
2.2 OPAL study OPAL study: the timing of glulisine addition to glargine does not affect safety or weight gain 1.2 p=ns 4 p=ns 0.05 p=ns Mean body weight change from baseline (kg) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0 Breakfast group 0.9 Main meal Confirmed hypo (event/patient-year) 3 2 1 0 2.72 Breakfast group 3.69 Main meal Severe hypo (event/patient-year) 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 Breakfast group 0.04 Main meal Lankisch M, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10:1178 85
Results: 8-point blood glucose profile injection at breakfast 11.1 Blood glucose (mg/dl) 180 160 140 120 100 time of injection * Baseline Endpoint * 10.0 8.9 7.8 6.7 5.6 Blood glucose (mmol/l) 3:00 a.m. Fasting 2h-post Pre-lunch 2h-post Pre-dinner 2h-post Bedtime breakfast lunch dinner Calculated for the per-protocol analysis set (N=316); data are mean; *p<0.05; p<0.0001
Results: 8-point blood glucose profile injection at lunch 11.1 Blood glucose (mg/dl) 180 160 140 120 100 * time of injection * Baseline Endpoint 10.0 8.9 7.8 6.7 5.6 Blood glucose (mmol/l) 3:00 a.m. Fasting 2h-post Pre-lunch 2h-post Pre-dinner 2h-post Bedtime breakfast lunch dinner Calculated for the per-protocol analysis set (N=316); data are mean; *p<0.05; p<0.0001
Results: 8-point blood glucose profile injection at dinner 11.1 Blood glucose (mg/dl) 180 160 140 120 100 * time of injection * Baseline Endpoint 10.0 8.9 7.8 6.7 5.6 Blood glucose (mmol/l) 3:00 a.m. Fasting 2h-post Pre-lunch 2h-post Pre-dinner 2h-post Bedtime breakfast lunch dinner Calculated for the per-protocol analysis set (N=316); data are mean; *p<0.05; p<0.0001
2.3 ELEONOR study ELEONOR: evaluating glycemic control with Basal Plus using two dose adjustment methods Subjects: 200 insulin naïve with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes Receiving 1 OHA (metformin continued, other OHAs stopped) Mean baseline values: HbA 1c (%): 8.9 BMI (kg/m 2 ): 29.9 Diabetes duration (years): 10.9 Insulin glargine Glargine + once-daily glulisine Standard-monitoring of BG (n=109) Run in Telecare program (n=91) Randomization to self-monitoring of BG or Telecare program 8 16 weeks 24 weeks Del Prato S, et al. Diabetologia 2008;51 Suppl. 1:S452
2.3 ELEONOR study ELEONOR: efficacy of Basal Plus approach is unaffected by the method of dose adjustment used % achieving HbA 1c <7.0 100 80 60 40 20 0 51 p=ns 55 HbA 1c (%) 11 10 9 8 7 6 8.9 8.8 Basal Basal plus Telecare SMBG 7.1 7.0 Telecare SMBG Baseline Start glulisine Endpoint SMBG = self monitoring of blood glucose Del Prato S, et al. Diabetologia 2008;51 Suppl. 1:S452
2.3 ELEONOR study ELEONOR: the Basal Plus approach is associated with only minor weight gain and few hypoglycemic events Mean body weight change from baseline (kg) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.4 Telecare p=ns 0.1 SMBG Rates of severe hypo events per patient-year 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.05 Telecare p=ns 0.03 SMBG SMBG = self monitoring of blood glucose Del Prato S, et al. Diabetologia 2008;51 Suppl. 1:S452
2.4 1.2.3 study 1.2.3 study: insulin glargine with addition of one, two or three daily doses of glulisine Subjects: Insulin naïve (785 entered study, 343 randomized) with type 2 diabetes (HbA 1c 8.0%) Receiving 2 or 3 OHAs for 3 months (OHAs continued except sulfonylurea) Mean study entry values: HbA 1c (%): 10.1 BMI (kg/m 2 ): 35.0 Insulin glargine (n=785) Additional insulin glulisine once daily (n=115) Additional insulin glulisine twice daily (n=113) 14 weeks Randomization (subjects with HbA 1c >7.0%, n=343) Additional insulin glulisine three times daily (n=115) 24 weeks Sanofi-aventis data on file (1.2.3 study)
2.4 1.2.3 study 1.2.3 study: intensification of Basal insulin with mealtime glulisine injections improves glycemic control % achieving HbA 1c <7.0 Responders in the whole population (n=785) 80 60 40 20 0 All subjects (n=785) 23% 37% Additional subjects who achieved HbA 1c <7.0% with glulisine added to glargine Subjects who achieved HbA 1c <7.0% with glargine during run in HbA 1c (%) 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 10.19 10.19 10.16 Evolution of HbA1c in the randomized population (n=343) Glargine (alone) Glargine plus glulisine (patients with HbA 1c >7%) Glulisine 1x Glulisine 2x Glulisine 3x Run in Randomization Wk 8 Wk 16 Wk 24 7.44 7.40 7.29 Sanofi-aventis data on file (1.2.3 study)
2.4 1.2.3 study 1.2.3 study: The Basal Plus strategy is associated with a reduced level of hypoglycaemia p=ns for all other pairwise comparisons Mean body weight change from baseline (kg) 5 4 3 2 1 0 3.7 3.8 3.9 x1 x2 x3 Confirmed symptomatic hypo (event/patient-year) 20 15 10 5 0 17.1 12.9 12.2 x1 x2 x3 Severe or serious hypo (event/patient-year) 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 p=0.043 0.30 0.26 0.10 x1 x2 x3 Glulisine Glulisine Glulisine Sanofi-aventis data on file (1.2.3 study)
2. La stratégie "basale plus" : résumé «Basal Plus» in clinical practice Initiation 6 point glycemic profile during 3 consecutive days Identification of the main meal ( highest PPG, greatest glycemic delta) Add one injection of rapid-acting insulin analog at this main meal: initial dose:0,05 U / Kg Titration Mean value of PPG at this meal for the two previous days Mean PPG> 140 mg/dl Mean PPG between 100 and 140 mg/dl Mean PPG < 100 mg/dl Increase 2 U No change Decrease 2 U What s about the OAD? Some patients may stop or decrease the insulin-secretagogues (based on glycemic profile) Continuation of metformin What s about the basal insulin dose? No change 1 Del Prato S et coll. Diabetologia 2008 ; 51 Suppl. 1 : S452, et Sanofi-aventis, données internes ; 2 Nathan DM et coll. Diabetes Care 2008 ; 31 : 1 11 ; 3 Raccah D et coll. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007 ; 23 : 257 64 ; 4 Halbron M et coll. Diabetes Metab 2007 ; 33 : 316 20
Basal Plus Conclusion 1 Basal Plus is once-daily basal insulin plus once-daily rapid-acting insulin (before the main meal) Adding once-daily rapid insulin to basal insulin gives a significant improvement in HbA1c Further reductions in HbA1c concentrations Additional patients able to achieve HbA1c <7.0% goal (between 30 and 50 % according to the studies) When added to once-daily basal insulin, giving prandial insulin before breakfast is as effective as giving it before the main meal Basal Plus is the first intensification step to consider after optimization of the basal insulin dose Basal plus strategy is safe in terms of hypoglycemic risk
Basal Plus Conclusion 2 When basal insulin is no longer enough Basal Plus will be compared to premix insulin ( ALL TO TARGET study) Stepwise addition of rapid acting insulin will be compared to full basal-bolus regimen (OSIRIS study)
The basal plus strategy Denis Raccah, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine University Hospital Sainte Marguerite Marseille FRANCE