Insulin switch & Algorithms Rotorua GP CME June Kingsley Nirmalaraj FRACP Endocrinologist BOPDHB
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1 Insulin switch & Algorithms Rotorua GP CME June 2011 Kingsley Nirmalaraj FRACP Endocrinologist BOPDHB
2 Goal of workshop Insulin switching make the necessary move Ensure participants are confident with Recognising when insulin should be changed Understanding switching algorithms Use of Rapid acting Insulins
3 Jackie
4 Medical history 56-year-old teacher History of hypertension Diagnosed with diabetes 5 years ago Commenced premixed insulin 8 months ago Has come to see you as she is concerned about her weight: put on 9 kg since she started on insulin She is also having morning hypos
5 Medications Premixed insulin (30:70): 25 units twice daily Increased from 12 units twice daily over past 8 months No oral hypoglycaemics Inhibace: 5 mg daily Hydrochlorothiazide: 12.5 mg daily Simvastatin: 40 mg daily
6 Examination/investigations BP: 145/90 mmhg Was well controlled with ACE inhibitor until this visit BMI 30 kg/m 2 (Height 158 cm; weight 75 kg) Total cholesterol: 6.1 mmol/l Triglycerides increased from 1.5 to 3.2 mmol/l since last measured 2 months ago HbA1c: 7.9% egfr: 55 ml/min No other obvious causes of weight gain (e.g. hypothyroidism)
7 How does insulin contribute to weight gain?
8
9 Weight gain in T2D Lifestyle, nutrition Prandial insulin Improved glycaemic control Weight gain Premixed insulin Short-acting component Oral hypoglycaemic agents Incorrect or over-use of insulin 1. Phillips P. KISS Part 2. Medicine Today 2007; 8(4):
10 Which of these oral hypoglycaemic agents is associated with the least weight gain? A. Pioglitazone B. Glipizide C. DPP-4 inhibitors D. Metformin E. All about the same in terms of weight gain
11 * How would you adjust Jackie s medication to address her weight? A. Introduce metformin * to the twice daily premixed insulin schedule B. Switch from twice daily premixed to basal/bolus C. Switch from twice daily premixed to twice-daily long-acting basal insulin D. Switch from twice daily premixed to once-daily long-acting basal insulin and re-introduce metformin * E. None of the above
12 Switching insulins Switch from premixed insulin (30:70) BD to oncedaily long-acting basal insulin (at bedtime) and introduce metformin Calculate the dose of long-acting basal insulin to be given at bedtime 1. Phillips P. KISS Part 4. Medicine Today 2007; 8(6): Consider a further 10% dose decrease if severe hypoglycaemia has occurred in the past 1
13 Premixed BD to long-acting basal 25 units premixed insulin twice daily (50U) (30: 70) 30% of 50 units is rapid-acting insulin 15 units 70% of 50 units is basal insulin 35 units Reduce dose by 20% 0.8 x 35 units = 28 units/day longacting basal
14 Converting from premixed to longacting basal insulin Premixed once daily Use 100% of total basal dose once daily* Premixed twice daily Use 70-80% of total basal dose once daily* *Fix the fasting BG then review the need for prandial insulin Davies M et al. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:
15 Managing other likely contributors to Jackie s weight gain Monitor her eating, activity and insulin schedules closely and amend them to compensate for decreased glycosuria Encourage her to eat less and walk more Arrange a dietician review for Jackie
16 What would you consider now to manage her triglyceride levels? 1. Optimise glycaemic control 2. Increase physical activity 3. Consider omega-3 fatty acid supplementation 4. Increase her statin dose 5. All of the above?
17 Hypertriglyceridaemia Priority is to optimise glycaemic control 1 Dietary advice will help lipid profile and weight Lower total fat intake 1 Increase intake of omega 3 fats 1 with diet or supplementation (5 mg/day) Increase dietary fibre 1 Ask about alcohol intake Modify/add pharmacological agents only if required 1 Could increase dose of statin Add fenofibrate or gemfibrozil if hypertriglyceridaemia plus hypercholesterolaemia persists (care with myopathy) 1. NHMRC T2D guidelines, lipid control, 2004.
18 How does alcohol affect glycaemic control? 1. Can cause delayed hypoglycaemia 2. Can cause hyperglycaemia 3. Causes immediate weight loss 4. Can increase weight gain 5. 1, 2 and 4 above?
19 Effects of alcohol In addition to its potential to affect glycaemic control, alcohol: Is associated with increased HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides 1 Can cause significant weight gain as high in calories 2 and may promote fat deposition 3,4 1. NHMRC T2D guidelines, lipid control, Healthy eating and diabetes. Alcohol and diabetes. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Diabetes Centre, Australian guidelines. To reduce health risks from drinking alcohol. NHMRC, GrogWatch newsletter, 34 th issue, October 2007.Community Alcohol Action Network, an initiative of the Australian Drug Foundation.
20 12 weeks later... Jackie returns for a follow-up appointment: Glycaemic control remains reasonable (A1c 7.4%) Lost 2 kg during the first 6 weeks but weight has plateaued since then
21 What could be behind Jackie s weight loss plateauing?
22 On questioning Jackie... You find that she: Hasn t been exercising Intends to but never finds the time Is worried about hypoglycaemia with insulin Has been eating more carbohydrate in the day Was told by a friend on insulin to have regular carbohydrate snacks as well as her three meals Feels better and may have been eating more because of this
23 What would you suggest now?
24 Next steps for Jackie Suggest Jackie: 1 Adjusts hypoglycaemic medication to suit lifestyle not vice versa Increase physical activity As her GP, be content with an A1c of 7.4% at least until weight is controlled 1 Jackie needs support to establish confidence in her new insulin regimen and re-learn how to adjust her dietary carbohydrate intake and insulin dosing 1. Phillips P. KISS Part 2. Medicine Today 2007; 8(4):
25 Remember... Increased physical activity and weight loss will also improve Jackie s hypertension: 1 Intervention Blood pressure reduction (mmhg) Weight loss* 15/8 Aerobic exercise 4/3 *9 kg in 6 months. This, in turn, will help improve the microvascular 2 and cardiovascular outcomes 1 of her diabetes 1. NHMRC T2D guidelines, BP control, UKPDS 33. Lancet 1998; 352:
26 What are your key learnings in managing potential weight gain at insulin commencement?
27 Practice points 1. Rapid-acting insulin rarely needed at insulin commencement common reason for: Increased appetite Weight gain Hypoglycaemia 2. Don t stop metformin at insulin commencement Increases insulin sensitivity
28 Practice points 3. Encourage eat less, walk more 4. Don t adjust patient s lifestyle to match the insulin Adjust the hypoglycaemic treatment to match patient s lifestyle (and preferably work on optimising that) 5. Educate on alcohol
29 Practice points 6. Metabolic control in type 2 diabetes always addresses: Blood glucose Blood pressure Blood lipids Absolute cardiovascular risk assessment tool from NZ Heart Foundation, NZGG, Predict etc
30 Steve
31 Medical history 63-year-old engineer, lives with wife Diagnosed with diabetes 8 years ago Commenced on NPH insulin nocte 6 months ago Currently on 24 units nocte in addition to Metformin and Gliclazide. Glycaemia improved from 8.9% to 7.6% since starting him on insulin Eats mainly breakfast and dinner due to his work. Steve presents to you for review.
32 Steve s BG readings Fasting Post-breakfast Pre-dinner Post-dinner Wednesday Thursday Friday 5.9 Saturday Sunday Monday 6.2 Tuesday Wednesday
33
34 Suitable insulin regimens Twice daily Premix insulins 1/3 rd of current NPH insulin dose as mane (8) and current NPH insulin dose as evening (24)Premix insulin (HumalogMix 25 or Penmix 30) NPH insulin plus prandial insulin Rapid acting analogue 4-6 units with meals and aim for post-prandial BGs around 6-8 Continue current OHAs If hypos, consider reducing/stopping Sulphonyl urea (Gliclazide).
35
36 Insulin Switch- NPH to Long acting analogues (Glargine or Detemir) From once daily NPH 1 unit of NPH= 1 unit of Long acting analogue From twice daily NPH 80 % of total daily (NPH) dose= Units of Long acting analogue
37 Insulin Switch- NPH to Twice daily premix insulins eg;penmix 30/70, HumalogMix 25/75 If already on twice daily NPH dose, initiate same dose of Premix insulin dose twice daily If on once a day NPH insulin, you may consider splitting the dose twice daily. Either 2/3 rd in the morning and 1/3 rd in the evening with meals eg; Patient is on 60 units of NPH insulin, therefore you can split the dose as 40 units of premix insulin mane and 20 units of premix insulin in the evening.
38 Insulin Switch- Twice daily PreMix insulins to Basal bolus regimen Calculate Basal Insulin dose (eg; Glargine/Detemir) 1. Determine Total daily dose of NPH eg: Patient on Penmix 30 insulin 50 units twice daily ( NPH 35 units and Regular insulin 15 units twice daily) Lantus/Levemir dose would be =80% of 70 Units of NPH=56 units Calculate bolus insulin dose (eg; Apidra, Novorapid or Humalog) Above patient will need = total daily dose of regular insulin 3, 30/3= 10 units
39 Insulin Switch- Basal insulin to Twice daily PreMix insulins eg; Penmix 30 or HumalogMix 25 Calculate the total daily basal insulin dose 2 options; give 2/3rd in the morning with breakfast and 1/3rd with dinner meal or give ½ with breakfast and ½ with dinner meal eg: Patient takes 46 units of NPH at night and 34units of NPH at breakfast Therefore, either 40 units twice daily or 54 units mane and 26units evening of Premix insulin
40 Rapid acting insulins Novorapid/Humalog/Apidra All are essentially similar efficacy Similar action profiles Needs to be taken with meals
41
42 Start Protaphane/Humulin N 10 units (0.2U/kg bedtime) or long acting basal insulin analogue 10 units at bedtime or mane Increase dose 2 units every 3-4 days until mean fasting BG < 6mmol/L Make sure there is no rebound hyperglycaemia in the mane No HbA1C >7 % after 3/12 Yes If hypo, decrease dose by 4 units or 10% of the dose if >60 units Continue regimen and monitor A1C 3/12ly Fasting O.K. then check pre meals and add second injection, 6-8 units mane, adjust every 3-4 days until pre meals <6 mmol/l A1C > 7%, check post meal blood glucoses and add rapid acting analogues 4-6 units with meals or change to Penmix/Humalogmix/Novomix twice daily, 0.2 units/kg mane and 0.1u/kg evening Monitor A1C every 3/12
43 Thank you.
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Insulin Algorithm for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adults Stock # 45-11647 Revised 10/28/10 Glycemic Goals 1,2 Individualize goal based on patient risk factors A1c 6%