Islamic Azad University Science and Research Campus Translation of Novels: A CDA Approach Thesis submitted to the school of graduate studies in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the master of art degree in Translation Studies (M.A) Advisor: Dr. Hossein Vossoughi Reader: Dr. Parviz Birjandi Researcher: Zahra Tajik Feb ٢٠١٠ II
Table of contents Title page......ii Acknowledgments......III Table of contents........iv Abstract..١ Chapter one: Introduction..... ٢ ١.١ General Preview..٣ ١.٢ Background of the Problem ٧ ١.٣ Statement of the Problem... ٨ ١.٤ Significance of the Study..٩ ١.٥ Purpose of the Study...٩ ١.٦ Research Questions...١٠ ١.٧ Research Hypotheses.١٠ ١.٨ Theoretical Framework......١١ ١.٩ Definition of the Key Terms......١٢ ١.١٠ Scope and Delimitation of the Study...١٣ Chapter two: Review of Related Literature...١٤ ٢.١ Overview.. ١٥ IV
٢.٢ Historical Background... ١٦ ٢.٣ Literary and Non-literary Translation...٢٠ ٢.٤ Vermeer and Reiss s Theory of Translation Criticism..٢١ ٢.٥ Translation and Culture. ٢٣ ٢.٦ Translator of Self/Other.....٢٥ ٢.٧ Translation and Ideology... ٢٩ ٢.٨ Critical Discourse Analysis... ٣٤ ٢.٨.١ Presence of Critical Discourse Analysis.. ٣٤ ٢.٨.٢ CDA Objectives...٣٥ ٢.٨.٣ Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis...٣٧ ٢.٩ Translators Consciousness or Unconsciousness..٤٠ ٢.١٠ Translation and Power.٤١ ٢.١١ Farahzad s Model of Translation Criticism.... ٤٤ Chapter three: Methodology. ٤٦ ٣.١ Introduction... ٤٧ ٣.٢ Research Design ٤٧ ٣.٣ Corpus...٤٨ V
٣.٤ Instrumentation.. ٤٩ ٣.٥ Procedure... ٥١ ٣.٦ Data Collection.. ٥٢ ٣.٧ Data Processing..٥٢ Chapter four: Result Analysis and Discussions..٥٤ ٤.١ Introduction...٥٥ ٤.٢ Data Analysis. ٥٦ ٤.٣ Results and Findings..٦٠ ٤.٣.١ Uncle Tom s Cabin.. ٦٢ ٤.٣.٢ Daddy-Long-Leg.٦٦ ٤.٣.٣ King Lear.٦٨ ٤.٤ Discussions on Findings..... ٧١ Chapter five: Conclusion and Suggestions..٧٨ ٥.١ Introduction...٧٩ ٥.٢ Conclusion ٨٢ ٥.٣ Implications...٨٤ ٥.٤ Suggestions for Further Readings....٨٤ VI
References...٨ ٦ Appendix...٩٠ Persian abstract....٩١ VII
Abstract The present study deals with a descriptive approach to Translation Studies. In this study, the notions of translation and power and politics of translation as the central issues in Translation Studies are discussed. This study is an attempt towards submitting a critical investigation in translation studies field. The procedures or strategies are proposed by Van Dijk (١٩٩٨) and go back to Fairclough (١٩٩٥). By power, Fairclough means a concept both in terms of asymmetries between participants in discourse events and in terms of unequal capacity to control how texts are produced, distributed and consumed (and hence the shapes of texts) in particular sociocultural context. This study was developed by Critical Discourse Analysis theory also. Besides focusing on these two translation criticism method, the researcher has applied Farahzad`s model of translation criticism (١٩٩٨) on the analysis of the translated texts. In this way, texts were analyzed at macro level as well as micro level. Uncle Tom`s Cabin, Daddy-long-leg and King Lear were the bestselling books in three decades of ١٣٥٧-١٣٦٧, ١٣٦٧-١٣٧٧ and ١٣٧٧-١٣٨٧. This comparative corpus-based study tries to answer these questions which novel translations have been best selling after the Islamic revolution of Iran and have they have been translated at macro and micro level and what problems have affected this. Confirming the assumptions or hypotheses, the findings of the study indicated that in the last three decades, translated books which have had more adaptation to the social conditions of their time, have been bestselling. Zahra Tajik ١
References - Abrams, M.H. (١٩٩٩) A glossary of literary terms, United States of America, HEINLE & HEINLE - Atkins, A. (٢٠٠٢) Critical Discourse Analysis - Baker, M. (٢٠٠٢) Narratives in and of Translation, mona@monabaker.com - Benjamins, W. (١٩٢٣) the task of the translator, in: Venuti, L. (٢٠٠٠) The Translation Studies Reader, London and New York, Routledge - Carey, J. (١٩٩٣) the concept of discourse in the analysis of complex communication events - De Beaugrande, R. (٢٠٠٦) studies in language and capitalism, http://languageandcapitalism.info - Dijk, V. (١٩٩٨) Critical discourse analysis, http://www.daneprairie.com - Even Zohar, I. (١٩٩٠) The Position of Translated Literature Within The ٨٦
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- Nida, E. (١٩٦٤) Principles of Correspondence in: L. Venuti (٢٠٠٠) The Translation Studies Reader, London and New York, Routledge - Nord, C. (٢٠٠٥) Text Analysis in Translation, Amsterdam-New York, Rodopi B.V. - Reiss, K. (٢٠٠٠) Translation Criticism- The potentials and limitations, Manchester, UK, St. Jerome Publishing - Robinson, D. (١٩٩١) The Translator`s Turn, Baltimore and London, The Johns Hopkins University press - Robinson, D. (٢٠٠١) who translates?:translator subjectivities beyond reason, State University of New York, State University of New York Press - Schaffner, C. Third Ways and New Centres Ideological Unity or Difference? In: Perez, M.C. (٢oo٣) A propose of ideology: Translation studies on ideology, ideologies in translation studies, UK, St Jerome publishing - Schaffner, C. (٢٠٠٤) Political Discourse Analysis from the point of view of translation studies, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing CO. - Seruya, T. (٢٠٠٨) translation and censorship in different times and landscapes, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle - Shields, M. (٢٠٠٠) In other words in: Newmark, P. (٢٠٠٤) non-literary in the light of literary translation the jurnal of specialised translation, peter@peternewmark.freeserve.co.uk - Simon, S. () in: Perez, M.C. (٢oo٣) A propose of ideology: Translation studies on ideology, ideologies in translation studies, UK, St Jerome publishing - Simon, S. (٢٠٠٢) Germaine de Stael and Gayatria Spivak: Culturs ٨٨
Brokers in: Tymoczko, M. and Gentzler, E. (٢٠٠٢) Translation and Power, Amherst and Boston, University of Massachusetts Press - Spivak, G.C. ( ١٩٩٢) the Politics of Translation, In: L. Venuti (٢٠٠٠) The Translation Studies Reader, London and New York, Routledge - Stockinger, P. (٢٠٠٣) semiotics of cultures: translation and inter cultural communication, http://www.semionet.com - Torop, P. (٢٠٠٢) Translation as translating as culture, torop@ut.ee - Toury, G. (١٩٩٥) Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing CO. - Toury, G. (١٩٩٥) the Nature and Role of Norms in Translation, in: Venuti, L. (١٩٩٢) Rethinking Translation: discourse, subjectivity, ideology, London and New York, Routledge - Toury, G. (٢٠٠٥) Toury and Translation Criticism, file://a:\toury%٢٠and%٢٠translation%٢٠criticism.htm - Venuti, L. (٢٠٠٠) The Translation Studies Reader, London and New York, Routledge - Venuti, L. (١٩٩٨) translation and minority, Manchester, UK, ST Jerome Publishing - Venuti, L. (١٩٩٢) Rethinking Translation: discourse, subjectivity, ideology, London and New York, Routledge - Vermeer, H.J. (١٩٩٦) A Skopos Theory of Translation: some arguments for and against, Heidelberg - Vinay, J.P. & Darbelnet, J. (١٩٩٥) a Methodology for Translation, in: Venuti, L. (٢٠٠٠) The Translation Studies Reader, London and New York, Routledge - Wodak, R. (٢٠٠٢) Aspects of Critical Discourse Analysis, Ruth.Wodak@oeaw.ac.at ٨٩
- Xianbin, H. (٢٠٠٧) Translation norms and the translator s agency Available on web page<http://www.skase.sk/volumes/jti٠٢/pdf_doc/٣.pdf> Appendix ٩٠
چكيده اين تحقيق رويكردي است توصيفي نسبت به مطالعات ترجمه. در اين تحقيق مفاهيمي چون "ترجمه و قدرت"و "سياست ترجمه" به عنوان مفاهيم اصلي در مطالعات ترجمه مورد بحث و بررسي قرار مي گيرند. اين كوششي است در جهت اراي ه تحقيقي انتقادي در زمينه مطالعات ترجمه. روش و استراتژي هاي تحقيق برگرفته از مدل ون دايك (1998) و فركلاو (1995) است. فركلاو درباره "قدرت" از دو نظر بحث مي كند. از لحاظ عدم تقارن و هماهنگي بين شركت كنندگان در گفتگو و از لحاظ ظرفيت هاي نابرابر جهت توليد تعميم و مصرف متون در شرايط فرهنگي-اجتماعي خاص. اين تحقيق تي وري CDA را نيز پيش گرفت. علاوه بر دو مدل ياد شده محقق در اين تحقيق همچنين از مدل دكتر فرحزاد (1998) براي تجزيه و تحليل داده هاي خود بهره برده است. به اين ترتيب متن در دو سطح خرد و كلان مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. "كلبه عمو تم" "بابالنگ دراز" و "شاه لير" پرفروش ترين كتاب هاي دهه هاي 1357-1367 1367-1377 و -1377 1387 بوده اند. اين تحقيق مقايسه اي پيكره اي مي كوشد كه به اين سوال پاسخ دهد كه چرا اين كتاب ها پرفروش ترين كتاب هاي پس از انقلاب بوده اند و اينكه در دو سطح خرد و كلان چگونه ترجمه شده اند و ٩١
اين موضوع نتيجه چه چيز است و به چه مساي لي منجر مي شود. داده ها فرضيه هاي تحقيق را اثبات كرد و نشان داد كتاب هايي پرفروش ترين كتاب هاي دهه خود بوده اند كه بيشترين تطابق را با شرايط اجتماعي فرهنگي زمان خود داشته اند. زهرا تاجيك ٩٢