Loss Control (Salvage and Overhaul)
Objectives (1 of 3) Describe the safety precautions that need to be considered when performing salvage. List the tools that are used for salvage. Describe how fire fighters can limit losses from smoke and heat. Describe the steps needed to protect building contents using a salvage cover.
Objectives (2 of 3) Describe some general steps that can be taken to limit water damage. Describe the steps needed to stop the flow of water from activated sprinkler heads. Describe overhaul. List the safety concerns that must be addressed to ensure safety for fire fighters performing overhaul.
Objectives (3 of 3) Describe how to preserve structural integrity during overhaul. List the tools that are used for overhaul. Describe the importance of adequate lighting at the fire scene and in the fire building.
Introduction (1 of 2) Fire fighter priorities are: Saving lives Controlling the fire Protecting property Salvage and overhaul help to protect property.
Introduction (2 of 2) Salvage Efforts to limit smoke, water, and physical damage to contents Overhaul Efforts to identify and extinguish hidden pockets of fire and smoldering embers to prevent further progression or rekindles
Salvage Defined Those methods and operating procedures allied with fire fighting that aid in reducing primary and secondary damage during fire fighting operations.
Purpose of Salvage To reduce damage from fire, smoke, water, heat, cold, or weather during and after a fire.
Salvage (1 of 3) Conducted to save property and reduce damage Aimed at limiting secondary losses from smoke and water damage
Salvage (2 of 3) Salvage operations include: Expelling smoke Removing heat Controlling water runoff Removing water from the building Securing a building after a fire Covering broken windows and doors Patching ventilation openings
Salvage (3 of 3) Protecting property is a responsibility of fire fighters. Property can be irreplaceable and/or of high sentimental value (e.g. photos). Contents may be more valuable than structure (e.g., artwork, computers, important files).
Safety Considerations: Salvage Safety is a primary concern. Full PPE required, including SCBA During firefighting Until Safety Officer determines air in structure is safe to breathe Beware of possible structural collapse due to: Lightweight trusses Heavy objects Extra water weight
Salvage Tools (1 of 2) Equipment used in salvage operations includes: Salvage covers Box cutters Floor runners Wet/dry vacuums Squeegees
Salvage Tools (2 of 2) Submersible pumps and hose Sprinkler wedges and stops Ventilation fans Small hand tools
Limiting Smoke and Heat Damage Keep smoke and heat out of uninvolved areas. Close doors after a room is searched. Perform rapid ventilation. Use salvage covers to protect contents. Use floor runners to protect carpets and hardwood floors.
Salvage Covers Begin on floor below the fire. Move contents to center of room. Place pictures and small objects in drawers. Cover with salvage cover. Shoulder toss Balloon toss
Preventing Water Damage Limit water application. Turn off nozzles when not in use. Deactivate sprinklers. When IC declares fire under control Using sprinkler wedges or stops Using sprinkler control valves
Replacing Sprinkler Heads Replacements are usually stored near main control valve. Replacement heads must be of same design, size, and temperature rating. System should be placed in service by a qualified professional.
Closing the Sprinkler Control Valve Situations in which sprinkler control valve may need to be closed: Recessed sprinkler heads Too many heads activated for number of wedges or stops Sprinkler heads cannot be plugged using wedges or stops.
Valve Closure Process Use bolt cutters to remove control valve lock if key is unavailable. Cut close to padlock so chain can be reused. Close zone valve if possible; otherwise close main sprinkler control valve. Open drain valve if one is present.
Removing Water (1 of 2) Channel to a drain or outside of building. Use pumps, wet/dry vacuums, or squeegees. Pumps and vacuums can remove large amounts of water, but need power sources. Gas-powered equipment must be located outside. Remove toilet to create a large drain. Create a scupper. A floor-level hole in a wall to allow water to drain to the outside
Removing Water (2 of 2) Water Chute Channels water to a drain or outside the structure Water Catch-All A temporary pond that catches dripping water and holds it in place
Other Salvage Operations Move contents to safe location within structure. Move contents outside structure. Place valuable items in the care of a law enforcement officer. Fire investigators may need to be consulted.
Overhaul Defined The practice of searching a fire scene to detect hidden fires or sparks which may rekindle and to detect and safeguard signs of arson. To place the building and contents in a safe condition as possible, and to determine the cause of the fire.
Overhaul Process of searching for and extinguishing hidden fire and embers Requires physically examining every potential void space A single pocket of embers can cause a rekindle. Fire not fully extinguished until overhaul is complete
Safety Considerations: Overhaul Overhaul is strenuous work. Fire fighters may be fatigued and may overlook hazards. IC should consider using a fresh crew for overhaul. Structural integrity may be compromised by fire. Limited visibility
Safety Considerations: Overhaul Wet or icy surfaces Smoldering areas can burst into flames. Air may not be safe to breathe. Dangerous equipment used in close quarters Fire fighters should wear full PPE. Safety Officer should be present.
Coordinating Overhaul with Fire Investigators Ensure evidence is not lost or destroyed. Investigator should examine area before overhaul commences. Note burn patterns. Note whether appliances are plugged in or turned on. If anything suspicious is found, delay overhaul until investigator examines the scene.
Where to Overhaul (1 of 6) Look for avenues for fire to spread. Utility shafts Pipe chases Doors or dampers that do not close tightly Wiring or piping (for electrical fires) Ventilation systems Look for voids created by remodeling. False ceilings False doors
Where to Overhaul (2 of 6) Wood-frame Construction Many void spaces exist. Open and check every wall, ceiling, and void space.
Where to Overhaul (3 of 6) Balloon-frame Construction Fire can spread from basement to attic without showing on other floors. Careful overhaul of every floor is required.
Where to Overhaul (4 of 6) Using Your Senses Look Smoke Embers Burnt areas Discolorations Peeling paint or cracked plaster
Where to Overhaul (5 of 6) Listen Crackling sounds Hissing sounds Feel Heat (use back of hand)
Where to Overhaul (6 of 6) Thermal Imager Displays minute differences in temperature Can quickly identify areas that need to be opened
Overhaul Techniques Charged hose line should be available to douse sudden flare-ups. Extinguish any fire or embers. Drop smoldering objects into bathtub or bucket of water. Remove smoldering contents to outside. Far enough away to prevent damage Do not block entrances or exits. Adjust techniques to meet situation.
Overhaul Tools (1 of 2) Pike poles Ceiling hooks Crowbars Halligan tools Axes Power tools Pitchforks Shovels Rubbish hooks Rakes Small hand lines
Overhaul Tools (2 of 2) Buckets, tubs, wheelbarrows, and carryalls are used to remove debris from a building.
Opening Walls and Ceilings A six-foot pike pole is sufficient for most residential fires. Power saws and handsaw can be used to make cuts in walls and ceilings. Pull wall section away by hand after cutting.
Lighting Many incidents occur at night. Most incidents require power to be shut off. Lighting required for safe and efficient operations Types of fire service lights Spotlights: narrow concentrated beam of light Floodlights: diffuse light over a wide area
Battery-Powered Lights Used to illuminate immediate work area Every crew member should have a highpowered hand light. Personal flashlight should be kept with fire fighters PPE.
Electrical Generators Inverters usually not sufficient to power lights, tools, or ventilation fans Gas- or diesel-powered generators provide ample power. Portable: up to 6 kw Vehicle-mounted: can be > 20kW
Safety Principles and Practices Lights and equipment use household current (110-volt AC). All equipment must be properly grounded. Use a grounding rod, if provided. Generators should be equipped with ground fault interrupters (GFIs).
Safety Principles and Practices (2 of 2) Do not use equipment that is poorly insulated, worn, or undersized for load. Avoid areas of standing or flowing water.
Lighting Equipment (1 of 3) Portable lights Used to illuminate the interior of the building or the fire scene
Lighting Equipment (2 of 3) Junction boxes Serve as mobile power outlets Are protected by waterproof covers Are often equipped with small lights to make them easy to locate Connectors and plugs Use a special connector that attaches with a slight clockwise twist. Prevents accidental unplugging or use in standard household outlets
Lighting Equipment (3 of 3) Apparatus-mounted lights Body-mounted flood and spotlights Light towers
Lighting Methods (1 of 2) Light early, often, and safely. Exterior lighting Fire fighters can see what they are doing, recognize hazards, and locate victims. Makes scene visible to drivers Provides some light inside structure
Lighting Methods (2 of 2) Interior lighting Set up portable light at entry point to serve as a beacon for disoriented fire fighters. Illuminate interior areas as needed. Provide ample illumination to facilitate operations and increase safety.
Electrical Equipment Cleaning and Maintenance Clean and maintain to ensure critical equipment works when needed. Test and run generators weekly or monthly. Examine equipment for cracked or broken covers or outlets. Examine power cords for fraying, heat or mechanical damage, etc. Refill generator fuel tanks.
Summary (1 of 3) Protection of property is a responsibility of the fire fighter. Salvage is the process used to protect property from the effects of smoke and water damage. This includes expelling smoke, removing heat, and preventing water damage. Salvage can begin while fire is being fought.
Summary (2 of 3) Overhaul is the process of checking for and extinguishing hidden pockets of fire and smoldering embers. This requires a methodical and thorough examination of any place where fire or embers may be hidden. Walls, ceilings, and void spaces must be opened and visually checked.
18 Summary (3 of 3) Salvage and overhaul are activities that still present dangers to the fire fighter. Wear PPE and SCBA to prevent injuries. Providing lighting is important to ensure fire fighters can work efficiently and safely.