Wireless Video System Design

Wireless Video System Design A Comprehensive Reference for the System Integrator November 2009

Table of Contents About Verint Video Intelligence Solutions... 1 About Verint Systems... 1 About This Guide... 2 Fundamentals of Wireless Communication... 3 General Physics of Radio Signals: Frequency and Wavelength... 3 How RF Communication Systems Work... 4 Maintaining Signal Quality... 4 Signal Scatter... 4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)... 5 The 802.11 Wireless Standard... 6 802.11a... 6 802.11b... 6 802.11g... 6 802.11n... 6 Frequency Channels... 7 The 2.4 GHz Band (License Free)... 7 The 5 GHz Bands (License Free)... 10 The 4.9 GHz Public Safety Band (Licensed)... 11 Antennae and Transmission Lines... 12 Types of Antennae... 12 Directivity... 13 Gain... 13 Radiation Pattern... 13 Beam Width and the Half-Power Point... 15 Side Lobes... 15 Nulls... 15 Cables... 16 Connectors... 18 RF Line of Sight (LOS)... 20 The Fresnel Zone... 20 Foliage Attenuation... 21 The Effect of Weather on Microwave Systems... 21 Unauthorized use, duplication, or modification of this document in whole or in part without the written consent of Verint Systems Inc. is strictly prohibited. By providing this document, Verint Systems Inc. is not making any representations regarding the correctness or completeness of its contents and reserves the right to alter this document at any time without notice. Features listed in this document are subject to change. Please contact Verint for current product features and specifications. All marks referenced herein with the or TM symbol are registered trademarks or trademarks of Verint Systems Inc. or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. All other marks are trademarks of their respective owners. 2009 Verint Systems Inc. All rights reserved worldwide.

Since Verint products operate at 2.4, 5.3, 5.4, and 5.8 GHz, such environmental factors have an insignificant effect on their performance.... 22 Designing Wireless Video Systems... 22 Types of Systems... 22 Point-to-Point Wireless Systems... 22 Point-to-Multipoint Wireless Systems... 24 Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Wireless Systems with Repeaters... 25 Bridge Applications... 26 Bridge Applications with Repeaters... 27 RF Cell Considerations... 28 Non-Adjacent Channels... 28 Adjacent Channel Interference... 28 Antenna Separation Requirements... 29 Designing for Maximum Range... 30 Determining Range... 30 Simplifying the Creation of RF Systems with the Verint RF Margin Calculator... 31 Creating the Proper Design... 33 Getting Started: What You Need to Know... 33 Determining Beam Width... 35 Completing the Design Using the Verint RF Margin Calculator... 37 The Pre-Installation Site Survey... 40 Questions to Ask... 40 Site Survey Equipment... 41 An RF Site Survey Using the Nextiva S4300... 42 Interpreting the Site Survey Report... 44 Nextiva Wireless Edge Devices... 45 Nextiva S1970 Decoders... 46 Antennae... 47 Third-Party Switches and Power Supplies... 47 High-Gain Directional Antennae... 48 The Proprietary Nextiva SPCF and SDCF Protocol... 48 Sample Ranges with Nextiva Wireless Edge Devices... 48 Appendix D: Maximum S4200 Units per S4300 Bridge... 49 Appendix E: Using IP Cameras with the Nextiva S4200... 50 Unauthorized use, duplication, or modification of this document in whole or in part without the written consent of Verint Systems Inc. is strictly prohibited. By providing this document, Verint Systems Inc. is not making any representations regarding the correctness or completeness of its contents and reserves the right to alter this document at any time without notice. Features listed in this document are subject to change. Please contact Verint for current product features and specifications. All marks referenced herein with the or TM symbol are registered trademarks or trademarks of Verint Systems Inc. or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. All other marks are trademarks of their respective owners. 2009 Verint Systems Inc. All rights reserved worldwide.

Typical Scenarios for Planning Your Wireless System... 50 Scenario 1... 51 Scenario 2... 52 Other Valid Combinations... 53 Appendix F: The Verint RF Margin Calculator... 54 Advanced RF Calculator Parameter Descriptions and Settings... 55 Additional Parameters for the 4.9 GHz Band... 57 Appendix G: Video Quality and Default Bit Rates for Nextiva Encoders... 59 Video Quality Frame Rates for NTSC and PAL... 59 Unauthorized use, duplication, or modification of this document in whole or in part without the written consent of Verint Systems Inc. is strictly prohibited. By providing this document, Verint Systems Inc. is not making any representations regarding the correctness or completeness of its contents and reserves the right to alter this document at any time without notice. Features listed in this document are subject to change. Please contact Verint for current product features and specifications. All marks referenced herein with the or TM symbol are registered trademarks or trademarks of Verint Systems Inc. or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. All other marks are trademarks of their respective owners. 2009 Verint Systems Inc. All rights reserved worldwide.

About Verint Video Intelligence Solutions Verint Video Intelligence Solutions is the leading global provider of networked video solutions that enhance the security of people, property and assets. Verint s award-winning Nextiva portfolio includes video management software, integrated analytics, encoders and IP cameras, and intelligent DVRs for use in a variety of vertical market environments. Open, standards based and IT friendly, Verint solutions help organizations leverage their existing video investments and place IP video within the reach of virtually every organization. About Verint Systems Verint Systems Inc. is a leading provider of Actionable Intelligence solutions for an optimized enterprise and a safer world. More than 10,000 organizations in over 150 countries rely on Verint solutions to perform more effectively, build competitive advantage, and enhance the security of people, facilities, and infrastructure. 1

About This Guide When it comes to securing people, property, and essential services, organizations from municipalities and transit authorities to power plants, airports, and all manner of critical infrastructure increasingly recognize the value that wireless video provides. Wireless technology offers more than just the ability to protect hard-to-wire locations. It reduces reliance on telephone carriers and the expense of telephone charges for significant cost reductions. By decreasing the need to trench and lay cable, it also pares down infrastructure costs and speeds deployment, making it especially useful for temporary installations, as well as for long-term deployments. 1 Wireless video is an excellent choice for historical sites and other settings where cabling is not permitted. It can readily secure remote locations where landline services are not available. And it is appropriate for areas that are prone to downed lines from strong winds, construction, and other environmental hazards. However, the complexity of wireless video technology and the difficulty of keeping pace with emerging standards and new vendor solutions make system design challenging for both the system integrator and the customer. 2 This reference guide is designed to provide system integrators and those organizations that market video solutions with a more complete understanding of wireless video system design and deployment. The guide begins with a thorough exploration of the fundamentals of wireless communication, including an examination of how radio signals and RF communications work, a review of current and pending wireless standards, an in-depth look at available license-free and US public safety bands, and a detailed description of design factors. The next section of this guide takes a close look at system design, from the various types of wireless video systems and the circumstances in which each is most appropriately used, to essential design tools and the complexities of building systems that meet customer needs. Several appendices follow, offering detailed information about use of Verint Nextiva solutions in wireless video systems. 1 muniwireless.com, August 2007. Today, over 400 US municipalities and counties have either deployed wireless networks or are planning to do so. 1 Over the next three years, US municipalities are projected to spend over $3 billion to build and operate public wireless networks. And by the year 2009, the municipal wireless market will tally $1 billion in annual sales. 2 2 Crossing the Chasm, Mike Perkowski, MuniWireless, March 2007. 2

Finally, a glossary provides an extensive list of pertinent terms and their definitions, and an index helps readers quickly locate topics of interest. Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Before designing a wireless video system, it is important to understand the fundamental elements of system design, from such basic concepts as frequency and wavelength to the wireless standards, equipment, and operational considerations that must be part of every design plan. This section of Wireless Video System Design is devoted to examining these elements and helping the system integrator gain a more complete understanding of the fundamentals of wireless communication. For More Information See the Glossary at the end of this reference guide for a comprehensive list of pertinent terms and their meanings. General Physics of Radio Signals: Frequency and Wavelength RF (radio frequency) communications work by creating electromagnetic waves at a source and then receiving those electromagnetic waves at a particular destination. The electromagnetic waves travel through the air at almost the speed of light. The wavelength of an electromagnetic signal is inversely proportional to the frequency: that is, the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. Frequency is measured in hertz (cycles per second), and radio frequencies are measured in kilohertz (KHz or thousands of cycles per second), megahertz (MHz or millions of cycles per second) and gigahertz (GHz or billions of cycles per second). Since higher frequencies result in shorter wavelengths, the wavelength of a 900 MHz device is longer than that of a 2.4 GHz device. In general, signals with longer wavelengths travel a greater distance and go through and around objects better than signals with shorter wavelengths, as illustrated below. 3

How RF Communication Systems Work Imagine an RF transmitter wiggling an electron in one location. This wiggling electron causes a ripple effect, like dropping a pebble in a pond. The effect is an electromagneticc (EM) wave that travels from the initial location and results in electrons wiggling in remote locations. An RF receiver can detect this remote electron wiggling. The RF communicationn system utilizes this phenomenon by wiggling electrons in a specific pattern to represent information. The receiver can make this same information available at a remote location, communicating without wires. In designing most wireless systems, designers face two significant considerations. First, the system must operate over a certain distance (range) and transfer a certain amount of information within a given time frame (data rate). Second, the cost of the system must be within budget, the system must be compliant with government agency regulations, and all approvals and licensing must be attained. Maintaining Signal Quality Signal Scatter A significant problem with 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz wireless systems is that radio signals do not go through solid objects very well. In order to get around objects and through doors, these signals must reflect off of the walls and ceilings. This is called scattering. The better a signal scatters, the stronger the reception. Signal scattering reduces signal quality because of multi-path fading and intersymbol interference (ISI). Multi-path fading can be compared to an echo created when someone yells in a cavern or a valley. The original sound comes back from different directions at different sound levels. Since the echoes take different paths to return to the same location, they arrive at different times. If the waves arrive such that their peaks and valleys are out of sync (out of phase), they cancel each other out. When multipath fading occurs, signals arrive out of phase and cancel each other out. 4

The same can be said for a radio signal that is scattered by objects it encounters on the way to the receiver. The RF reflections received by the radio from multiple, indirect paths, though attenuated from the main path, are delayed in time. The distribution of echoes (reflections) over time (delay spread) can also create ISI, a condition in which the delayed energy from one transmission begins to corrupt the symbol arriving next along the (more) direct path. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation has been growing in usage because of its ability to overcome the problems associated with signal scattering and is especially useful outdoors. OFDM is meant to create a wide-band signal composed of a number of independent (orthogonal) sub-carriers, each carrying a low bit rate data stream. Intersymbol interference occurs when the information in the signal cannot be properly read because of signal pulses that overlap when they arrive at the receiver. In 802.11a 5 GHz systems, there are a total of 9 non-overlapping, 20 MHz wide channels, each with 52 sub-carriers that are themselves each approximately 300 KHz wide. The 2.4 GHz 802.11b/g systems have only 3 non-overlapping channels. The sub-carriers are sent in parallel, meaning they are sent and received simultaneously. The receiver processes these individual signals, each one representing a fraction of the total data being sent. With so many sub-carriers combined in each channel, an enormous amount of data can be transmitted at the same time. The low bit rate data stream allows for a sizeable guard band at the beginning of each symbol, effectively isolating the symbols from each other and neutralizing the effect of delay spread. In addition, sub-channelized operation in conjunction with the proper error correction system proves to be very tolerant of narrowband multi-path fades. The error correction used by OFDM is called Forward Error Correction (FEC). FEC sends two copies of the data to the receiver. If part of the primary data is lost, algorithms are used to recover the data from the secondary set of data, thus eliminating the need to resend the data again. In most cases, only a limited number of sub-carriers may be affected by a fade, causing the loss of symbols. With the remainder of the wideband signal unaffected, the error correction system takes over and is able to reconstruct the small percentage of missing data bytes. 5

The 802.11 Wireless Standard Originally released in 1997, the IEEE 802.11 standard today comprises three released standards and one draft standard. 802.11a This standard uses the 5 GHz band and provides a physical data rate of 54 Mbps and actual data throughput up to approximately 24 Mbps. Using standard equipment with omni-directional antennae, the range is up to 30m/100 feet in outdoor environments at the maximum physical data rate. Greater distance can be reached by scaling the data rate down from 54 to 36, 24, 18, 12, 9, or 6 Mbps. 802.11b This standard uses the 2.4 GHz band and provides a physical data rate of 11 Mbps and actual data throughput up to approximately 6 Mbps. Using standard equipment with omni-directional antennae, the range is up to 100m/300 feet in outdoor environments at the maximum physical data rate. Greater distance can be reached by scaling down the data rate from 11 to 5.5, 2, or 1 Mbps. 802.11g This is the most commonly used standard and provides better performance than the 802.11b standard. This standard uses the 2.4 GHz band and provides a physical data rate of 54 Mbps and actual data throughput up to approximately 24 Mbps. Using standard equipment with omni-directional antennae, the range is up to 100m/300 feet in outdoor environments at the maximum physical data rate. Greater distance can be reached by scaling down the data rate from 54 to 36, 24, 18, 12, 9, or 6 Mbps. 802.11g is backwards compliant with 802.11b. 802.11n This is the next generation of the 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN) standard currently being defined by the IEEE. This standard is expected to be ratified in 2008. 802.11n will operate in the same frequency band as 802.11b/g, but promises to offer significant bandwidth increases, with a potential physical data rate of 540 Mbps and a potential IP payload data rate of 200 Mbps. Note that the measured IP payload data rate on pre-802.11n products is currently 80 Mbps. For More Information See Appendix B: Range and Nextiva Wireless Edge Devices. 802.11n builds upon previous 802.11 standards by adding Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology. MIMO uses multiple transmitter and receiver antennae to allow for increased data throughput via spatial multiplexing and increased range by exploiting spatial diversity. 802.11n promises greater range than 802.11b/g. 6

Frequency Channels The 2.4 GHz Band (License Free) The 2.4 GHz band has 14 frequency channels, but only 11 are permitted for unlicensed use by the FCC in the US. Each channel extends 11 MHz on each side of the center frequency. Most importantly, the channels overlap. See the table below and the diagram on the following page. Available Frequency Channels 2.4 GHz Band Channel Frequency (MHz) Location 1 2412 US, Europe, Japan 2 2417 US, Europe, Japan 3 2422 US, Europe, Japan 4 2427 US, Europe, Japan 5 2432 US, Europe, Japan 6 2437 US, Europe, Japan 7 2442 US, Europe, Japan 8 2447 US, Europe, Japan 9 2452 US, Europe, Japan 10 2457 US, Europe, Japan 11 2462 US, Europe, Japan 12 2467 Europe, Japan 13 2472 Europe, Japan 14 2484 Japan Only 7

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To the extent that channels overlap, they interfere with each other and reduce available bandwidth. For installations that require multiple access points, three access points using channels 1, 6, and 11 have no overlap. Larger installations must be properly deployed to minimize interference, or a frequency band with more available channels must be used. Consider This The 2.4 GHz frequency band is limited by the number of non-interfering channels available, and most wireless office telephones and networking equipment use the same frequency band. This increases the risk of potential interference and can reduce available throughput for transmitting video. Consequently, 2.4 GHz equipment should be used only when there is little risk of interference from other 2.4 GHz equipment being used in the area. 9

The 5 GHz Bands (License Free) The 5 GHz band is actually four frequency bands: 5.1 GHz, 5.3 GHz, 5.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. The 5 GHz band has a total of 24 channels with 20 MHz bandwidth available. Five of these can be used outdoors without requiring DFS and TPC. Unlike the 2.4 GHz band, the five channels are non-overlapping, so all five channels have the potential to be used in a single wireless system. Available Frequency Bands 5 GHz Channel Frequency (GHz) Location 36 5.180 Indoor Only 40 5.200 Indoor Only 44 5.220 Indoor Only 48 5.240 Indoor Only 52 5.260 DFS required 56 5.280 DFS required 60 5.300 DFS required 64 5.320 DFS required 100 5.500 DFS required 104 5.520 DFS required 108 5.540 DFS required 112 5.560 DFS required 116 5.580 DFS required 120 5.600 DFS required 124 5.620 DFS required 128 5.640 DFS required 132 5.660 DFS required 136 5.680 DFS required 140 5.700 DFS required 149 5.745 North America 153 5.765 North America 157 5.785 North America 161 5.805 North America 165 5.825 North America This illustration shows the channel allotment and center frequencies for channels in the 5 GHz frequency band. The two- and three-digit numbers are the channels, and the four-digit numbers are the center frequencies for the channels above them. 10

The 4.9 GHz Public Safety Band (Licensed) The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allotment of 50 MHz of spectrum in the 4.9 GHz band permits public safety agencies to implement on-scene wireless networks for streaming video, rapid Internet, database access, and the transfer of large files, such as maps, building layouts, medical files, and missing person images. It also allows public safety agencies to establish temporary fixed links to support surveillance operations. This allocation gives every jurisdiction in the country access to the spectrum for interoperable broadband communications. Specific FCC rules are covered in Subpart Y in 47CFR part 90 of the FCC regulations. A 4.9 GHz band license gives the licensee authority to operate on an authorized channel in this band within the applicant s jurisdiction (city, county, state). A license allows use of base stations and mobile devices, such as laptops and PDAs. The 4.9 GHz band must be shared by all licensees in an area, with coordinated usage and channel arrangements. Generally, this is not an issue since few 4.9 GHz transmitters exist and few transmit continuously. Licenses are granted for a period of 10 years. Increasing the Number of Channels with Channel Fragmentation Since the 4.9 GHz band is limited to 50 MHz, only 2 standard, independent channels of 20 MHz are available in this band. Channel fragmentation in the 4.9 GHz band has been added to allow more than two systems to operate in the same area. With channel fragmentation, a licensee can select a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz (standard channel bandwidth currently supported), 10 4.9 GHz Band License Eligibility Who is eligible to apply for a 4.9 GHz license? All US state and local government entities, private companies sponsored by a government entity (such as private ambulance services), and any organization with critical infrastructure (power companies, pipelines, etc.) that provides public safety services for the protection of life, health, or property. They may apply on the FCC website under the ULS section and must pay a $50 filing fee. Those organizations that do not meet the eligibility requirements, but support public safety, may negotiate with the license holder for sharing agreements. For More Information See Appendix C: Nextiva Support for 802.11. MHz, or 5 MHz. The 10 MHz channel bandwidth allows for four independent channels, and 5 MHz allows 10 independent channels. The 5 and 10 MHz channel bandwidths are available only in the 4.9 GHz band. 11

Changing the channel bandwidth has an impact on available bit rate. If a 10 MHz channel bandwidth is used, the channel data rate is divided in half; if a 5 MHz channel bandwidth is used, the channel data rate is divided by four. The table to the right shows the available bit rate with respect to the channel bandwidth used. Antennae and Transmission Lines Types of Antennae There are two broad classifications for antennae, depending on their directivity: Omni-directional radiates in all directions (360 degrees) 20 MHz 10 MHz 5 MHz 6 3 1.5 9 4.5 2.25 12 6 3 18 9 4.5 24 12 6 36 18 9 48 24 12 54 27 13.5 Channel Bandwidth (MHz) vs. Channel Data Rate (Mbps) Uni-directional radiates best in a particular direction An omni-directional antenna radiates in all directions with approximately the same power and is nondirectional, so its gain tends to be quite low. Omnis are normally deployed when a number of transmitters surround a particular area near the receiver. The following four figures show that as directionality increases, beam width decreases and gain increases. 12

Directivity Directivity is the ability of an antenna to focus energy in a particular direction when transmitting or to receive energy from a particular direction when receiving. If a wireless link uses fixed locations for both ends, it is possible to use antenna directivity to concentrate the radio beam in the direction required. In mobile applications where the transceiver is not fixed, it may be impossible to predict where the transceiver will be, so the antenna should ideally radiate as well as possible in all directions. In addition, when transmitters surround the receiver and multiple receivers are not a viable option, the ability to receive from all directions is required. An omni-directional antenna is used in these applications. Gain Gain is a dimensionless ratio, rather than a quantity that can be defined in terms of a physical quantity, such as watt (power) or ohm (resistance). Gain is referenced with regard to standard antennae, the two most common of which are isotropic antennae and resonant half-wave dipole antennae. This section focuses on isotropic antennae. Isotropic antennae radiate equally well in all directions. Real isotropic antennae do not exist, but they provide useful and simple theoretical antenna patterns with which to compare actual antennae. An actual antenna radiates more energy in some directions than in others. Since antennae cannot create energy, the total power radiated is the same as an isotropic antenna. Any additional energy radiated in the directions it favors is offset by equally less energy radiated in all other directions. The gain of an antenna in a given direction is the amount of energy radiated in that direction compared to the energy an isotropic antenna would radiate in the same direction when driven with the same input power. Usually we are interested only in maximum gain, which is the gain in the direction in which the antenna radiates the most power. Antenna gain of 3 db compared to an isotropic antenna would be written as 3 dbi. Radiation Pattern The radiation pattern (or antenna pattern) describes the relative strength of the radiated field in various directions from the antenna at a constant distance. The radiation pattern is a reception pattern, as well, since it also describes the receiving properties of the antenna. The radiation pattern is three dimensional, but the measured radiation patterns are usually a twodimensional slice of the three-dimensional pattern in the horizontal or vertical planes. These pattern measurements are presented in either rectangular or polar format. This is a rectangular plot presentation of an 18 dbi antenna typically deployed in projects where a moderate gain antenna is required. 13

Polar coordinate systems are used almost universally. In a polar coordinate graph, points are located by projection along a rotating axis (radius) to an intersection with one of several concentric circles. Polar coordinate systems may be divided generally in two classes: linear and logarithmic. Linear Polar Coordinate Systems In a linear coordinate system, concentric circles are equally spaced and graduated. Such a grid may be used to prepare a linear plot of the power contained in a signal. For ease of comparison, the equally spaced concentric circles may be replaced with appropriately placed circles representing the decibel response, referenced to 0 db at the outer edge of the plot. In this kind of plot, the minor lobes are suppressed. This grid enhances plots in which the antenna has high directivity and small minor lobes. A linear polar plot of a 16 dbi, 27 degree beam width antenna shown just below the plot Logarithmic Polar Coordinate Systems In a logarithmic polar coordinate system, concentric grid lines are spaced periodically according to the logarithm of the voltage in the signal. Different values may be used for the logarithmic constant of periodicity; this choice affects the appearance of the plotted patterns. Generally the 0 db reference for the outer edge of the chart is used. The spacing between points at 0 db and -3 db is greater than the spacing between -20 db and -23 db, which is greater than the spacing between -50 db and -53 db. The spacing thus corresponds to the relative significance of such changes in antenna performance. A Directional Antenna 14

Beam Width and the Half-Power Point An antenna's beam width is usually understood to mean the half-power beam width. Peak radiation intensity is found, and then the points on either side of the peak, which represent half the power of the peak intensity, are located. The angular distance between the half power points is defined as the beam width. Half the power expressed in decibels is -3 db, so the half power beam width is sometimes referred to as the 3 db beam width. Both horizontal and vertical beam -3 db widths are usually considered. Assuming that most of the radiated power is not divided into side lobes, the directive gain is inversely proportional to the beam width: As the beam width decreases, the directive gain increases. Side Lobes No antenna is able to radiate all energy in one preferred direction. Some energy is inevitably radiated in other directions. These smaller peaks are referred to as side lobes, commonly specified in db down from the main lobe. Nulls In an antenna radiation pattern, a null is a zone in which the effective radiated power is at a minimum. A null often has a narrow directivity angle compared to that of the main beam. Thus, the null is useful for several purposes, such as suppressing interfering signals in a given direction. For More Information See the Glossary at the end of this reference guide for a comprehensive list of pertinent terms and their meanings. 15

Cables RF cables are almost exclusively coaxial cables, or coax for short, derived from the phrase of common axis. Coax cables have a core conductor wire surrounded by a non-conductive material called dielectric or insulation. The dielectric is encompassed by a shielding, which is often made of braided wires. The dielectric prevents an electrical connection between the core and the shielding. The coax is protected by an outer casing, which is generally made from a PVC material. The inner conductor carries the RF signal, and the outer shield prevents the RF signal from radiating to the atmosphere and prevents outside signals from interfering with the signal carried by the core. Another interesting fact: the electrical signal always travels along the outer layer of the central conductor, and the larger the central conductor, the better the signal flows. The is the result of the skin effect, a phenomenon that sees the RF signal energy flowing more at the outer surface of the wire than through the middle. The higher the frequency, the more the skin effect and the greater the resistance. Even though the coaxial construction is good at containing the signal on the core wire, there is some resistance to the electrical flow: as the signal travels down the core, it fades away. This fading is known as attenuation, and for transmission lines, it is measured in decibels per meter (db/m). The rate of attenuation is a function of the signal frequency and the physical construction of the cable itself. As the signal frequency increases, so does its attenuation. Cable attenuation should be minimized as much as possible by keeping the cable very short and using high-quality cables. 16

Selecting Cables for Use with Microwave Devices The shorter the better. The first rule when you install a piece of cable is to try to keep it as short as possible. Power loss is not linear, so doubling the cable length means that you are going to lose much more than twice the power. In the same way, reducing the cable length by half gives you more than twice the power at the antenna. The best solution is to place the transmitter as close as possible to the antenna, even when this means placing it on a tower. You get what you pay for. Any money you invest in buying good quality cable is a bargain. Cheap cables are intended to be used at low frequencies, such as VHF. Microwaves require the highest-quality cables available, and all other choices produce inferior results. Avoid RG-58. It is intended for thin Ethernet networking or CB or VHF radio and not for microwave. Avoid RG-213. It is intended for CB and HF radio. In this case, cable diameter does not imply a high quality or low attenuation. Whenever possible, use Heliax (foam) cables for connecting the transmitter to the antenna. Heliax cables have a solid or tubular center conductor with a corrugated solid outer conductor to enable them to flex. Heliax can be built in two ways, using either air or foam as a dielectric. Air dielectric Heliax is the most expensive and guarantees the minimum loss, but is very difficult to handle. Foam dielectric Heliax is slightly more prone to loss, but is less expensive and easier to install. A special procedure is required when soldering connectors in order to keep the foam dielectric dry and uncorrupted. When Heliax is unavailable, use the bestrated LMR cable you can find. LMR is a brand of coax cable available in various diameters that works well at microwave frequencies. LMR-400 and LMR-600 are a commonly used alternative to Heliax. Whenever possible, use cables that are pre-crimped and tested in a proper lab. Installing connectors to cable is tricky business difficult to do properly even with the proper tools. Unless you have access to equipment that can verify a cable you make yourself (such as a spectrum analyzer and signal generator or time domain reflectometer), troubleshooting a network that uses homemade cable can be difficult. Do not abuse your transmission line. Never step on a cable, bend it too much, or try to unplug a connector by pulling the cable directly. All these behaviors may change the mechanical characteristic of the cable and its impedance, short out the inner conductor to the shield, or even break the line. These problems are difficult to track and recognize and can lead to unpredictable behavior on the radio link. 17

Connectors Connectors allow a cable to be connected to another cable or to a component of the RF chain. There is a wide variety of fittings and connectors designed to go with various coaxial lines. A few of the more popular connectors are described below. Connector Introduced Characteristics Ideal Use BNC Late 1940s Features two bayonet lugs on the female connector. Mating is achieved with only a quarter turn of the coupling nut. Type N World War II Both the plug/cable and plug/socket joints are waterproof, providing an effective cable clamp. For cable termination for miniature to subminiature coaxial cable (RG- 58 to RG-179, RG-316, etc.). These have acceptable performance up to a few GHz and are most commonly found on test equipment and 10Base2 coaxial Ethernet cables. Usable up to 18 GHz and very commonly used for microwave applications; available for almost all types of cable. SMA 1960s High performance and compact in size, with outstanding mechanical durability. Precision, subminiature units that provide excellent electrical performance up to 18 GHz. 18

Selecting Connectors Check gender. Virtually all connectors have a well-defined gender, consisting of either a pin (the male end) or a socket (the female end). Usually cables have male connectors on both ends, while RF devices (such as transmitters and antennae) have female connectors. Devices such as directional couplers and line-through measuring devices may have both male and female connectors. Be sure that every male connector in your system is matched to a female connector. Less is best. Try to minimize the number of connectors and adapters in the RF chain. Each connector introduces some additional loss (up to a few db for each connection, depending on the connector). Buy. Do not build. As mentioned earlier, buy cables that are already terminated with the connectors you need, whenever possible. Soldering connectors is not easy, and to do this job properly is almost impossible for small connectors, such as U.FL and MMCX. Even terminating foam cables can be difficult. Do not use BNC for 2.4GHz or higher. Use SMA type connectors (or N, SMB, TNC, etc.) Microwave connectors are precision-made parts and can be easily damaged by mistreatment. As a general rule, you should rotate the outer sleeve to tighten the connector, leaving the rest of the connector (and cable) stationary. If other parts of the connector are twisted while tightening or loosening, damage can occur. Never step on connectors or drop connectors on the floor when disconnecting cables. This happens more often than you may think, especially when working on a mast over a roof. Never use tools such as pliers to tighten connectors. Always use your hands. When working outside, remember that metals expand at high temperatures and contract at low temperatures. A highly tightened connector in the summer can bind or even break in winter. 19

RF Line of Sight (LOS) The least understood of all topics in long-distance, wireless transmission may be RF Line of Sight (LOS). Most people believe that if you are able to see the other end of the intended link, there is clear RF LOS. This is not true at times because of the way that radio signals behave. All radio signals will generate a conical transmission pattern, with the widest point being the midpoint of the signal path. This pattern is known as the Fresnel Zone and needs to be clear of obstacles to ensure maximum power transfer from the transmitter to the receiver. As the distance of the wireless link increases, the Fresnel Zone becomes a larger fraction to consider; since RF signals travel in straight lines, the curvature of the earth can actually cause the signals to be attenuated. The Fresnel Zone The Fresnel Zone is the area around the visual Line of Sight into which radio waves spread after they leave the antenna. Typically, 20% Fresnel Zone blockage introduces little signal loss to the link. Beyond 40% blockage, signal loss becomes significant. This calculation is based on a flat earth and does not take the curvature of the earth into consideration. For long links, have a microwave path analysis performed taking this and the topography of the terrain into account. 20

Foliage Attenuation Foliage Attenuation is the reduction in signal strength or quality as the result of signal absorption by trees or foliage obstructions in the signal's LOS path. Trees account for 10 to 20 db of loss per tree in the direct path. Loss depends upon the size and type of tree; large trees with dense foliage create greater loss. It is safe to assume that if light cannot penetrate a stand of trees, microwave losses will be unacceptable. Frequency (MHz) Approximate Attenuation (db/meter) 432 0.10-0.30 1296 0.15-0.40 2304 0.25-0.50 3300 0.40-0.60 5600 0.50-1.50 10000 1.00-2.00 The Effect of Weather on Microwave Systems Rain, fog, and snow have negligible impact on system performance for wireless systems operating below 11 GHz. 3 Conversely, systems functioning above 11 GHz need to take weather into consideration. One example is satellite TV systems. The size of the RF signal carrying direct-to-home television is about the size of the average raindrop. When the weather is clear, the RF signal can reach the satellite TV dish with a minimum of degradation. However, when it starts to rain, some of the signal gets absorbed by rain, so less of it reaches the dish on the roof. In fact, very heavy rain can entirely eliminate the signal. The effects of weather begin to be felt above 4 GHz, so 2.4 GHz would not be affected by the weather at all. However, the 2.4 GHz band is quite busy, and the effect of weather conditions on the 5 GHz band is negligible in comparison to effect on the 2.4 GHz band over a halfmile link. The number of cameras and the amount of RF cells needed for the system (and not the weather) are the determining factors when selecting equipment and frequency band. Consider This To illustrate the different impact of weather on signal, assume that rain is falling at 30mm (just over one inch) per hour. The resulting attenuation at 5 GHz is just 0.07 db/km, but nearly 7 db/km at 30 GHz. For More Information For information about Nextiva wireless edge devices, decoders, and antennae, plus thirdparty switches and power supplies, see Appendix A: An Overview of Verint Nextiva Wireless Systems. 21

3 Since Verint products operate at 2.4, 5.3, 5.4, and 5.8 GHz, such environmental factors have an insignificant effect on their performance. Designing Wireless Video Systems Now that we have explored the basics of wireless video, we will proceed with more detailed design considerations, using Nextiva intelligent edge devices to illustrate design constructs. Types of Systems Point-to-Point Wireless Systems Point-to-point is the most straightforward wireless system, usually consisting of a single Nextiva S4100 transmitter/receiver pair, as shown below. 22

When to Use Point-to-Point The point-to-point system is used when a single, remotely-located camera must be connected to equipment that requires a coaxial cable input, such as a DVR, matrix, or analog monitor. Point-to-point can also be used when two or three remote cameras require wireless transmission, but the cameras are physically too far apart to allow for point-to-multipoint implementation. There are instances when a point-to-point system will incorporate an S4200 and an S4300 access point. This is when the recording and viewing are performed using Nextiva Enterprise or Verint ndvr. Considerations and Limitations No embedded video analytics No Nextiva or Verint ndvr support MAC modes available: SPCF and SDCF (Default MAC mode is SDCF) No standard 802.11 support Security: 128-bit AES OCB encryption with key rotation For configuration, we recommend using SConfigurator 23

Point-to-Multipoint Wireless Systems Point-to-multipoint systems incorporate two or more Nextiva S4200 transmitters and one or more Nextiva S4300 access points, as illustrated below. When to Use Point-to-Multipoint Point-to-multipoint systems allow several S4200 transmitters to share the same RF channel, enabling multiple cameras feeds to be received by a single S4300 access point, accommodating locations where there are several remote cameras that require wireless connections to the receiving end. Since point-to-multipoint systems support channel sharing, many more cameras can be deployed in point-to-multipoint systems than in point-to-point systems, which have a finite number of channels available. For point-to-multipoint wireless video over 802.11: This infrastructure system is used integrate our wireless video encoder with an existing 802.11 WLAN. Data (such as video, audio, meta-data, etc.) can be sent to Nextiva, ndvr, a Web client, or a standalone video receiver. Considerations and Limitations MAC protocols available: SPCF and SDCF (Default MAC mode is SPCF) No standard 802.11 support Security: 128-bit AES OCB encryption with key rotation No frame bursting available MAC protocol available: 802.11 only Security: WPA1 & 2 PSK and enterprise No site survey available 24

Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Wireless Systems with Repeaters These systems are similar to the standard point-to-point and point-to-multipoint systems, respectively, with the addition of one or more Nextiva S4300-RP repeater units. When to Use Repeaters Considerations and Limitations Point-to-Point Point-to-Multipoint Repeater units are necessary when the transmission path of the receiver is blocked by obstacles or when the transmission distance is too great. Deploying repeaters will further delay data being sent through them. No embedded video analytics No Nextiva or Verint ndvr support and no SConfigurator support for the S1100 MAC modes available: SPCF and SDCF (Default MAC mode is SDCF) No standard 802.11 support Security: 128-bit AES OCB encryption with key rotation No frame bursting For configuration (S4100), we recommend using SConfigurator MAC protocols available: SPCF and SDCF (Default MAC mode is SPCF) No standard 802.11 support Security: 128-bit AES OCB encryption with key rotation No frame bursting 25

Bridge Applications The following is an illustration of a bridge application. When to Use a Bridge Application Bridge applications are normally deployed when data in one building is required in another. Two S4300 bridge units would be deployed in this case, with one on each building. At times, a bridge system is deployed when a project requires network equipment to be deployed in remote locations that must communicate with a network in another location. In some of thesee cases, S4300-RP units are converted into bridges since they may equire 24 VAC power. Considerations and Limitations MAC protocols available: SPCF and SDCF (Default MAC mode is SDCF) No standard 802.11 support Security: 128-bit AES OCB encryption with key rotation 26

Bridge Applications with Repeaters A bridge application with repeater functions in the same manner as the bridge application alone, with the same limitations. 27

RF Cell Considerations Non-Adjacent Channels All channels in the 5 GHz bands are non-overlapping, simplifying system design since there is a larger number of channels available for use in a single site. However, there can still be interference issues when using adjacent channels, such as channels 149 and 153 in the 5.8 GHz band. Using the Nextiva 5 GHz product line allows you to deploy three separate RF cells in one location without interference from RF signals from other Verint wireless devices installed in the same location. Using non-adjacent channels removes the cross-talk risk between RF cells, and the antennae do not need to be spaced any given distance apart. Adjacent Channel Interference Broadband adjacent channel interference generates considerable side band energy that falls into the pass band of the adjacent channel. Under these conditions, the amount of link margin, or the size of the Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR), has a significant effect on the data throughput of the RF channel affected. 28

Antenna Separation Requirements For larger sites where more than three RF cells are needed, adjacent channels must be used. This will not cause interference between channels if the antenna separation rules are correctly applied. For More Information See Appendix D: Maximum S4200 Units per S4300 Bridge and Appendix E: Using IP Cameras with the Nextiva S4200. Setup 5 GHz (13-dBi Antenna with 40º Beam Width) 2.4 GHz (6.5-dBI Antenna with 60º Beam Width) Side by side 43 feet (13m) 55.8 feet (17m) On top 13 feet (4m) 6.2 feet (1.9m) Back to back 7.9 feet (2.4m) 15.7 feet (4.8m) If antennae with narrower beam widths are used, distances may be reduced. The installation scenario below uses antenna separation that meets the requirements. This setup uses only 5 GHz units with the antennae located on the same side of a building. The units using adjacent channels 52 and 56 are separated by the prescribed 43 feet (13m). You can intersperse other units in between, as long as they do not use adjacent channels. In this way, you can increase the unit density without worrying about interference problems. For more information about antenna separation, see the Nextiva S4300 User Guide. 29

Designing for Maximum Range Determining Range In order to accurately calculate system range, it is important to first understand the terms below. db-decibels Decibels are logarithmic units often used to represent power, gain, and loss in an RF system. The Decibel db is actually a dimensionless value found by taking the log of the ratio of two like units, such as power in watts or milliwatts. For example, db = 10 log P2/P1, where P1 is the reference value, and P2 is the value to convert to decibels. There are two common units of measure that can be used when converting power to decibels: dbw (db watts) and dbm (db milliwatts). dbw is power in decibels relative to 1 watt, and dbm is power in decibels relative to 1 milliwatt. To convert from watts to dbw, use: Power in dbw = 10* (log x/1) where x is the power in watts. To convert from milliwatts to dbm, use: Power in dbm = 10* (log x/1) where x is the power in milliwatts. (Since the reference value is always 1, we do not normally include it in the calculations.) Both formulas are identical, except that they yield different results. For example, if 1 watt was used, the log of 1 is 0, and the log of 1000 (1 watt equals 1000 milliwatts) is 3; the value for dbw in this case would be 0, and the value for dbm would be 30. Just make certain the same formula is used for all power values, since using dbm for one power value and dbw for another in the same calculation will yield erroneous results. Remember: decibels are used in system calculations to allow for simple calculations of gain and loss, since you only need to add and subtract the db values from each other. If the power information available is in watts or milliwatts, simply apply one of the above formulas to convert the power to decibel form. Line of Sight (LOS) Line of Sight, when speaking of RF, means more than just being able to see the receiving antenna from the transmitting antenna. In order to have true RF LOS, no objects (including trees, houses, or the ground) can be in the Fresnel Zone. The Fresnel Zone is the area around the visual LOS into which radio waves spread out after they leave the antenna. This area must be clear, or else signal strength will weaken. For More Information See RF Line of Sight (LOS) earlier in this guide. Transmit Power Transmit power refers to the amount of RF power that comes out of the antenna port of the radio. Transmit power is usually measured in watts, milliwatts, or dbm. Receiver Sensitivity Receiver (or receive) sensitivity refers to the minimum level signal the radio can demodulate. In other words, the An Example S4200 TX power: 20 dbm S4300 RX sensitivity: -89 dbm Total link budget: 109 dbm 30

sensitivity is the lowest level signal from which the receiver can get coherent information. For example, with sound waves, transmit power is how loud someone is yelling and receiver sensitivity is how soft a voice someone can hear. Transmit power and receiver sensitivity together constitute what is known as link budget. The link budget is the total amount of signal attenuation you can have between the transmitter and receiver and still have communication occur. For LOS situations, a mathematical formula can be used to figure out the approximate range for a given link budget. For non-los applications, range calculations are more complex because of the various ways in which the signal can be attenuated. RF Communications and Data Rate Data rates are usually dictated by the system: that is, how much data must be transferred and how often does the transfer need to take place. Lower data rates allow the radio module to have better receive sensitivity and thus more range. Note that in a point-to-point Nextiva S4100 system using the integrated 12 dbi antennae (5 GHz), radio sensitivity at the maximum possible data rate of 54 Mbps is -72 dbm, whereas radio sensitivity at the lowest available data rate (6 Mbps) is -90 dbm. This translates to a maximum distance of 200 meters at 54 Mbps and 2.6 KM for 6 Mbps or about 13 times more distance in LOS conditions. Simplifying the Creation of RF Systems with the Verint RF Margin Calculator The Verint RF Margin Calculator, an MS Excel spreadsheet-based tool, is designed to simplify the creation of RF systems and can be used without in-depth knowledge of wireless systems. The Calculator allows you to select the necessary frequency band for the system, the type of system (i.e., point-to-point or point-to-multi-point), and several other parameters to accurately design a system that meets your project requirements. Use of the RF Margin Calculator when designing systems is covered later in this guide. Before calculating RF margin, it is important to become familiar with the terms that follow. For More Information See Appendix F: The Verint RF Margin Calculator. Term RF Margin System Gain Radio Transmission Power Antenna Gain Definition The amount of extra gain available in the wireless system when the path loss is subtracted from the total gain of the system. The addition of the power provided by the radio transmitter, the gain of the transmitter s antenna, the gain of the receiver s antenna, and the sensitivity of the radio receiver. The amount of energy the radio transmitter is able to produce. The amount of power produced by the radio is regulated depending on the frequency band being used. This helps ensure that everyone using the frequency band has equal opportunity to transmit their data across the air. The amount that the power from the transmitter is increased by the antenna. The higher the gain of the antenna, the farther the signal travels. The maximum gain used in a system is also regulated, so that the maximum amount of power produced by the transmitter does not 31

Term Definition exceed the level specified in regulations. Receiver Sensitivity Path Loss Free Space Loss (FSL) Refraction Reflections Connector and Cable Loss The minimum acceptable value of received power needed to achieve acceptable performance. In other words, the sensitivity value of the receiver is the lowest power level at which the receiver can extract the information from the signal being sent from the transmitter. May be the result of many factors, such as free space loss, refraction, reflection, connector loss, and cable loss. Path loss is usually expressed in db. The transmission loss between two ideal antennae, assumed to be in a vacuum. FSL is the propagation loss due solely to spreading of the wave front and assumes no blockage of line of sight or the first Fresnel Zone. The bending of an electromagnetic wave as it passes between materials of different density. An example of this is a wave going from humid air to drier air. Occur when a wave hits a surface it cannot penetrate. The wave deflects off the surface at an angle that is the same as the angle at which the original wave hit. Since many objects that may be in the path of the wave have irregular surfaces (i.e., are not smooth), the wave can reflect in all directions. Occurs because of the need to connect the antenna to the radio. Since the connection of these two components requires some type of cable, the cable and the connectors that hold them together cause a loss of signal strength prior to the signal being sent out into the air. This is why short cables and a minimum number of connectors should be used in a wireless system. 32

Creating the Proper Design At the outset, certain information and tools are essential to creating the proper design. At times, when some of this information is unavailable or unknown, you must make assumptions that the customer must qualify. It is important to avoid over-complicating the design during this process. Getting Started: What You Need to Know The Number of Cameras Without information about cameras within the system, there is no way to determine anything else about the system. You may not get all of this information, but the more you have, the easier it will be. The key information required is: How many cameras will there be, and what types (analog, IP, fixed, PTZ)? What are the distances from the head end? Do all cameras have RF Line of Sight (LOS) to the head end? (Will repeaters be required?) What video quality and frame rates are expected? Camera Locations Another important piece of information is the location of the cameras. Most customers will have a site layout that you can obtain. If this information is unavailable, a verbal description of the site should be requested. If this is not possible, only a generic system design can be created, with a disclaimer stating that no site information was available at the time of the system design and quote and that design and associated quote are thus for budgetary purposes only. Transmission Distances A further requirement for a quality design is the distances of the camera locations to the head end. If all distances are not available, the camera locations farthest away from the head end are sufficient. Head End Location Finally, the location of the head end (wired network point of presence) should be determined so that the system can be laid out. Basic Tools for Designing a Wireless System Site Layout. The site layout needs to have the camera locations, obstructions (if possible), and the head end clearly marked. A site layout with distances marked is desirable. Video Resolution and Frame Rates. This provides an estimate of the amount of bandwidth required per camera in the system. Head End Equipment. This is the video s final destination. Does the implementation require analog at the head end or will it use ndvr or Nextiva? RF Margin Calculator. This Verint calculator helps you easily determine the maximum length of RF links and video bandwidth limits and select antennae. Protractor and Ruler. These simple, but invaluable tools of the trade help you determine the minimum beam width required to capture multiple cameras. 33

The Preliminary Layout The example below offers the preliminary information needed to determine how this system can be set up. Although all distances to the head end are not listed, we know that the maximum distance is less than 1 km. From this information, we can create our basic system as shown below. All camera locations will require an S4200 unit, and the head end will require multiple S4300 access points. As you can see, there are three S4300 access points at the head end. The camera locations naturally divided the cameras into three distinct groups, which are referred to as RF cells. With this all in place, the system design can be finalized with the required antennae and a determination of expected throughput for the cameras in the different cells. 34

Determining Beam Width Once the RF cells have been determined and distances have been measured, the minimum beam width for the antennae required for each RF cell can be established. This requires a protractor and a ruler. To determine the minimum beam width: 1. Use the ruler to draw a line from the head end location to each of the outer camera positions for each RF cell. (Refer to the following figure.) 2. Using the protractor, determine the angle between the two lines previously drawn. a. Place the midpoint of the protractor on the point at the head end where the two previously drawn lines intersect. b. Line up the zero degree line with one of the lines so that the second line is under the protractor. c. Read the value on the protractor where the second line falls on the graduated dial. This will be the angle between the two lines that are used to determine the beam width required for the antenna. (See the figure on the following page.) 35

3. The example below shows an angle of 17 degrees. This means an antenna with a beam width greater than 17 degrees is required to ensure all cameras are in the antennae beam. Since there is an 18 degree beam width antenna available, one would assume this would be the logical choice based on the 17 degree angle of separation between the outer camera locations. However, the choice of antenna is based on more than just this criterion. 4. Repeat steps 1-3 for all RF cells in the project. 36

Completing the Design Using the Verint RF Margin Calculator Now that the camera location, distances, minimum beam width requirements, and RF cell creation are complete, the RF Margin Calculator should be used to bring everything together. There are two ways to go about completing the system design, depending on the information you have available. Determine the required antennae based on known frame rate and resolution requirements. This method may require reorganization of RF cells if the available bandwidth based on the distances involved does not meet the requirements for the project. Determine the maximum amount of bandwidth available per camera based on the throughput available for the distances, cameras, and antennae needed for a functional system. Adding System Information to the Calculator 1. From the Country drop-down box, select the country where the system is to be installed. If the country is not in the list, select Unregulated. 2. Select the Frequency Band to be used for the system, as agreed upon by the customer. If this has not been determined, select one of the 5 GHz bands available in the country selected. 3. Select the system type: point-to-point or point-to-multipoint. Select point-to-point for: o S4100 units o When S4300 units are used as a bridge o When using a repeater; the transmit side of the repeater to a single receiver (S4300 or S4100-Rx) Select point-to-multipoint for: o Multiple S4200 units transmitting to one S4300 o The transmit side of an S4300-RP repeater transmitting to multiple S4100-Rx units 37

4. Enter the longer link distance in the RF cell: For point-to-multipoint systems, this would be the camera location in the RF cell farthest from the receiving point. Select the Channel Data Rate that will provide the data throughput necessary for the RF link. 5. Select the Units (both Master and Slave) for the system. 6. Select the antenna model that satisfies the distance and beam width requirements for the RF link: If the selected antennae do not have the gain needed to satisfy the minimum margin for the length of the link, the box around the margin value will turn yellow and the margin value will turn red. Select an antenna that allows the margin to be at least 15 db. If an antenna is not available with the appropriate gain and bandwidth combination to have all the cameras within the beam width with sufficient margin, the Channel Data Rate must be reduced to allow for greater receiver sensitivity and, thus, longer range. If you are unable to find a combination of antenna and data throughput that satisfies the needs of the customer, either a repeater is required or the number of cameras in the RF cell must be reduced, or both. 7. Once the appropriate antennae have been selected, all parts for the system are identified, and a quote can be created. 38

Tower Height Calculations The RF Margin Calculator automatically calculates the height at which the antennae must be mounted to ensure that 60% of the first Fresnel Zone is clear of any obstructions. Additionally, the Advanced RF Margin Calculator interface calculates the required height of the antennae in both meters and feet. The RF Margin Calculator also provides a graphical view of the Fresnel Zone on a separate tab. Fresnel Zone Calculator Results For More Information See Appendix G: Video Quality and Default Bit Rates for Nextiva Encoders. 39

The Pre-Installation Site Survey This is a basic overview of what should be considered while doing a wireless site survey. A site survey is simply a map of the site at which your customer wants to install his/her wireless products. It is perhaps the most important step you must take before implementing any type of wireless devices. Questions to Ask What type of facility (site) is it? The answer to this simple question can have a significant impact and extend the time required to complete the survey. How big is the facility? The size will affect the power output required, as well as security considerations. Is it indoor or outdoor (or both)? Different types of construction affect radio transmissions differently. A hospital presents a good example of a site with indoor hazards. It has radiology equipment, fire doors, lead-lined walls in the x-ray department, elevators, and doctors with PDAs. Be aware of dead zones inside. If outdoors, does the area experience frequent tornados or hurricanes? Strong winds can disrupt a long-distance, wireless connection by moving one or both of the radio devices. Weatherproof enclosures may need to be added to your installation list. Are there any existing wireless or wired networks? Ask the facility s network administrator the following questions: How many users are on the current network? How many will there be two years from now? (This has an impact on bandwidth considerations.) Are there any firewalls or routers, and, if so, are any ports blocked? What protocols are allowed/blocked on the LAN? If there is a wireless network in place, what DSSS channels does it use? Where are the wired LAN connections located (wiring closets)? Is a tower required? If installing a system in a PTMP situation, a 20-foot tower may be needed to clear an obstacle. Do you have access to the roof? Is the roof structurally sound enough to support a tower? Do you need a permit to install a tower? Do you need an engineer? Consider This Look at the site from an RF perspective, as well as a wired perspective. The survey should be well documented and include the following: IP addressing (including all existing networks) Interference sources Equipment placement Power considerations Wiring requirements 40

Are facility blueprints available? Creating drawings from scratch can take time and are likely not to be accurate. Existing blueprints can provide you with dimensions, firewall locations, power outlets, network closets, and other pertinent details. Are there building facilities, such as cafeterias, that have microwave ovens (a major source of interference)? Site Survey Equipment In most cases you will need: At least one access point (S4300) and/or Spectrum Analyzer (see below) An Ethernet switch, cables, and connectors Plenty of paper; be prepared to walk, sketch, and record your signal strengths Site survey software is valuable for properly planning a wireless deployment. Many site survey software packages are commercially available. A Spectrum Analyzer is also invaluable during a site survey since it can easily provide you with the following data: Things to Record During a Survey Trees (Fresnel Zone interference) Buildings (diffraction) Lakes (reflection, major cause of multipath) Visual LOS Link distance (for distances greater than 7 miles, compensate for the curvature of the earth) Roof accessibility Weather hazards If during the winter, trees that will grow into the Fresnel Zone during the summer months Signal strength (in db) Noise floor (in dbm) Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) (in db) Additional equipment to consider when surveying an outdoor installation includes: Binoculars and two-way radios Camera for taking pictures Rain suit Battery packs DC to AC converters Measuring wheel 41

An RF Site Survey Using the Nextiva S4300 A site survey is an evaluation of the observed traffic on all channels that can be used for an RF unit. This can help with RF planning for a site or troubleshooting installed deployments. A site survey can be triggered at any time by the user and is also done by the SPCF or SDCF master at startup when automatic channel selection is used. A site survey will cause loss of RF connectivity, as the RF unit must passively listen for 1 second on each channel. In particular, in 5 GHz channels in Europe, performing a site survey will force a new 60-second period of radar detection, as required by European legislation. Commands in the CLI Open a shell on your PC, and connect to the device (telnet <IP_address>: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx). Triggering a Site Survey A site survey can be done as a one-time scan of all channels. This is the recommended way of proceeding. To do so, select 1) and then ENTER, and enter 1 for the number of Site Survey Iterations. Use the s) Start/Stop Site Survey command in the menu: Advanced \ Communication Status and Statistics \ Wireless Status A site survey can also be done using up to 100 iterations by selecting 1) and entering the number of iterations required. Then simply use the s) Start/Stop Site Survey command to start the survey; it will automatically stop after the number of requested iterations has been completed. *********************************************************** * Verint Video Solutions S4300-172.16.13.16 * *********************************************************** Advanced \ Communication Status and Statistics \ Wireless Status ----------------------------------------------------------- Parameters: NIC Name : AT5001 WIS CM6 A,B,G 2.4-5.8 GHz NIC MAC Address : 00-0B-6B-30-2A-5B Current Channel : 165 (5825 MHz) Current TX Rate : Auto rate control Current RX Rate : Auto rate control Average Signal Level : -55 dbm Current SCF Connection Status: Auto channel selection in progress RF Communication Quality : 34 dbm RF Margin : 36 dbm Indoor/Outdoor RF Regulation : Indoor/Outdoor FCCA FCC1 1) Site survey iteration : 5 Commands: l) Display link(s) Info s) Start/Stop Site Survey v) Visualize Last Site Survey Report r) Reset Site Survey data base p) Previous Menu *********************************************************** Command: 42

While the site survey is performed, the following apply: There is no RF connectivity possible. Current SCF Connection Status in CLI will display: Remaining site survey iteration x (where x could be a value between 1 and 100). The LED flashes as if it were performing auto-channel selection. Viewing the Site Survey The last site survey report can be visualized from the CLI: Advanced \ Communication Status and Statistics \ Wireless Status, command v) Channel(52) Cost: 1 Channel(56) Cost: 75 Age Interf. Source MAC Master MAC/ Rx Unit Name/ (s) Type 802.11 BSSID (dbm) 802.11 SSID ----- --------- ----------------- ----------------- ----- ----------- 8 SPCF MSTR 00-0B-6B-30-FA-42 00-0B-6B-30-FA-42-76 Michel's VBrid 8 CRC ERR XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX -77 UNKNOWN Channel(60) Cost: 19 Age Interf. Source MAC Master MAC/ Rx Unit Name/ (s) Type 802.11 BSSID (dbm) 802.11 SSID ----- --------- ----------------- ----------------- ----- ----------- 8 CRC ERR XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX -79 UNKNOWN Channel(64) Cost: 32 Age Interf. Source MAC Master MAC/ Rx Unit Name/ (s) Type 802.11 BSSID (dbm) 802.11 SSID ----- --------- ----------------- ----------------- ----- ----------- 6.11 IBSS 00-01-24-70-0D-71 9A-59-24-70-61-6D -82 boeing 7.11 IBSS 00-01-24-70-0D-6E 9A-59-24-70-61-6D -93 boeing 6 CRC ERR XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX -83 UNKNOWN Channel(149) Cost: 72 Age Interf. Source MAC Master MAC/ Rx Unit Name/ (s) Type 802.11 BSSID (dbm) 802.11 SSID ----- --------- ----------------- ----------------- ----- ----------- 5 SPCF MSTR 00-01-24-70-0E-CA 00-01-24-70-0E-CA -79 Michel's VBrid 5 CRC ERR XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX -80 UNKNOWN Channel(153) Cost: 67 Age Interf. Source MAC Master MAC/ Rx Unit Name/ (s) Type 802.11 BSSID (dbm) 802.11 SSID ----- --------- ----------------- ----------------- ----- ----------- 4 CRC ERR XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX -88 UNKNOWN 4 SPCF MSTR 00-01-24-70-29-37 00-01-24-70-29-37 -84 UNKNOWN Channel(157) Cost: 0 Channel(161) Cost: 26 Age Interf. Source MAC Master MAC/ Rx Unit Name/ (s) Type 802.11 BSSID (dbm) 802.11 SSID ----- --------- ----------------- ----------------- ----- ----------- 2.11 IBSS 00-01-24-70-28-B5 EA-59-24-70-44-B6-82 AAA Channel(165) Cost: 29 Age Interf. Source MAC Master MAC/ Rx Unit Name/ (s) Type 802.11 BSSID (dbm) 802.11 SSID 43

----- --------- ----------------- ----------------- ----- ----------- 1 SPCF MSTR 00-0B-6B-30-2A-5B 00-0B-6B-30-2A-5B -69 HUGOJ VB6 11 CRC ERR XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX -69 UNKNOWN ******* Cost Spectrum Image ******* Channel: 52 Cost-> 1 Channel: 56 Cost-> 75 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Channel: 60 Cost-> 19 >>> Channel: 64 Cost-> 32 >>>>>> Channel: 149 Cost-> 72 >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Channel: 153 Cost-> 67 >>>>>>>>>>>>> Channel: 157 Cost-> 0 Channel: 161 Cost-> 26 >>>>> Channel: 165 Cost-> 29 >>>>> ******* Cost Spectrum Image ******* Interpreting the Site Survey Report The cost of a channel is a number that represents how much interference is present in that channel. The higher the metric, the worse the channel is. Automatic Channel Selection is performed based on this metric. Interferer Types Type DCRPT ERR CRC ERR SPCF MSTR SPCF SLAV SPCF CLNT SDCF MSTR SDCF SLAV SDCF CLNT Description Decryption error: unknown type of traffic CRC error: unknown type of traffic SPCF Master SPCF Slave SPCF Client SDCF Master SDCF Slave SDCF Client.11 IBSS 802.11 IBSS system (Ad hoc).11 BSS 802.11 BSS system (with AP) Age is the number of seconds elapsed between the last observation of this interferer and the end of the survey. Source MAC is the MAC address of the interferer. Master MAC/802.11 BSSID is the MAC address of the SPCF/SDCF master of the interferer or the 802.11 BSSID of the 802.11 service set of the interferer. Rx (dbm) is the received signal level in dbm. Unit Name/802.11 SSID can be unknown for old/unknown interferers, the VSIP unit name for Nextiva interferers (release 3.20 and higher), or the 802.11 SSID of 802.11 systems. 44

The cost spectrum image is a graphical representation of the cost on the various channels. Appendix A: An Overview of Verint Nextiva Wireless Systems Nextiva Wireless Edge Devices Built for real-world security applications, Nextiva wireless edge devices are designed to transmit images from anywhere with a combination of features virtually unmatched in the industry. Nextiva wireless edge devices support video transmission over license-free 2.4 and 5 GHz wireless bands and the 4.9 GHz US public safety band. Designed for outdoor use, they feature compact, weatherproof enclosures, SSL-based authentication, AES encryption with rotating 128-bit key, and a unique protocol to overcome standard wireless limitations. By combining a multi-band radio, encoder, and antenna in a single compact enclosure, these devices also speed deployment and reduce power and space requirements. Nextiva Device Description Video encoder/transmitter and receiver (two units) S4100 S4200 For point-to-point wireless applications MPEG-4 based video up to 4CIF, 30 fps Ethernet port for configuration or connection of an IP camera or Ethernet-based sensor hardware Dual camera input/output option to provide video and PTZ control for two analog cameras Video encoder/transmitter (one unit) For point-to-point or point-to-multipoint wireless applications Works in conjunction with Nextiva S4300 access points to allow for multiple camera locations to be transmitted back to a single receiver, significantly increasing the number of camera feeds that can be accessed wirelessly in a single location 802.11a/g and WPA2 support Web-based configuration Camera tampering detection (with Nextiva Enterprise V5.1 and above) Dual-stream, MPEG-4 based video up to 4CIF, 30 fps Optional on-board analytics Dual camera input/output option to provide video and PTZ control for two analog cameras 45

Nextiva Wireless Edge Devices (continued) Nextiva Device S4300 S4300-RP S4300-BR Description Wireless access point for aggregating traffic from multiple S4200 devices in point-to-multipoint applications Powered using Power over Ethernet (PoE), using the Ethernet cable to supply both data and power to the unit Includes 25-meter Ethernet cable Wireless repeater for retransmitting signals from Nextiva wireless devices to a wired LAN in pointto-point or point-to-multipoint applications Consists of two S4300 units: one to receive wireless data from the camera site(s) and the other to transmit to the head end or next repeater site Units are connected using a crossover Ethernet cable supplied with the units Powered using a 24 VAC power supply (not supplied with the kit) A wireless bridge for transmitting analog or IP camera images between two LANs in point-to-point or point-to-multipoint applications Consists of two S4300 units: one to transmit wireless data from a remote building location or IP camera site and the other to receive the wireless data at the head end or local network site Units are connected to their local network or IP camera using a 25-meter Ethernet cable supplied with the units Option to power by either 24 VAC power supply or PoE Nextiva S1970 Decoders Verint digital video decoders are designed for use when video received from camera locations must be converted to analog format for display on analog monitors or recorded using a traditional DVR. The Nextiva S1970e-R is a highly compact, single-output decoder that lets users view video from a single camera or view up to four video streams in quad display or guard tour sequence. The S1970e-R provides an RS422/485 serial interface to connect to a PTZ (Pan, Tilt, Zoom) camera control keyboard or any other serial device that supports the 422/485 protocols. 46

Antennae Several antennae are available for use with Verint wireless solutions to address a wide range of wireless applications. Nextiva S4100, S4200, and S4300 units are equipped with integrated antennae that provide 8.5 dbi (2.4 GHz) or 12 dbi (5.x GHz) of gain. Public safety models also offer a 12 dbi of gain in the 4.9 GHz band. Antennae differ depending on three parameters; gain, directionality and frequency. Be sure to use only antennae certified by Verint to make sure that the combined transmissionn power of the device and antenna does not exceed the maximum value established by your jurisdiction s regulations. Third-Party Switches and Power Supplies Switches When point-to-multipoint systems are required, Nextiva wireless systems need an Ethernet switch to allow the components to forward their data to the appropriate destination. A switch is a device that receives data from a host on the network; in this case, a Nextiva S4300 or other Nextiva encoder and decoder. The data the switch receives must go to a certain device also attached to the switch. The switch sends the data to the specific port to which the receiving device is connected. This is different from a hub. A hub receives data on a port and sends it to all ports on the hub. This uses a lot more of the available dataa bandwidth, is less efficient, and is the reason that switches are preferred over hubs. For small systems, a small switch is usually required. Switches are readily available at consumer electronics stores. Power Supplies Unless otherwise specified, Verint products are shipped without power supplies. Single input devices, such as the Nextiva S1950e and S1970e, come with a power supply. Nextiva S4300 units are provided with a PoE injector and the outdoor cable to connect the PoE injector to the S4300 unit. Multi-input individually or as a complete system in a devices do not come with a power supply since they can be deployed rack. If many units are deployed in the same location, it is more practical to employ a larger central power supply to power many units, than to use many supplies to power each device individually. Both unit power supplies (S1260) and central power supplies (PS1280) are available for purchase from Verint. Nextiva S4100 and S4200 wireless transmitters may be shipped with a power supply (24 VAC). However, these supplies are for configuration purposes only. Power supply units provided by Verint are not rated for outdoor use. The integrator is responsible for providing the power supplies for remotee camera locations. Many camera vendors can provide the appropriate power supply that is rated for outdoor use with sufficient power for both the camera and the S4100 transmitter. 47

Appendix B: Range and Nextiva Wireless Edge Devices Nextiva wireless edge devices are based on 802.11a and 802.11g Ethernet standards and offer greater ranges than standard 802.11 equipment for two primary reasons: Use of high-gain directional antennae The proprietary Nextiva SPCF and SDCF protocols High-Gain Directional Antennae Directional antennae focus energy in a particular direction when transmitting or receiving energy from a particular direction. Directivity coupled with a high-gain allows Nextiva wireless edge devices to achieve greater ranges. For more information, see Antennae and Transmission Lines earlier in this guide. The Proprietary Nextiva SPCF and SDCF Protocol Nextiva wireless video products use software protocol enhancements to eliminate common Wi-Fi problems and enable greater range. Nextiva wireless products use standard 802.11 PHY and a modified 802.11 MAC, which was optimized for transmitting video surveillance data over greater distances. Sample Ranges with Nextiva Wireless Edge Devices Device Type Frequency Antenna Type Range 2.4 GHz 8.5 dbi integrated antenna Up to 2.1 miles (3.4km) S4300 2.4 GHz 16 dbi directional antenna Up to 5.8 miles (9.3 km) 5.725-5.825 GHz 12 dbi integrated antenna Up to 2.1 miles (3.3 km) 5.725-5.825 GHz 19 dbi directional antenna Up to 6.2 miles (10.0 km) 5.725-5.825 GHz 12 dbi integrated antenna Up to 2.1 miles (3.3 km) S4200 5.725-5.825 GHz 19 dbi directional antenna Up to 6.2 miles (10.0 km) 5.725-5.825 GHz 24 dbi directional antenna Up to 11.1 miles (17.8 km) 2.4 GHz 8.5 dbi directional antenna Up to 2.1 miles (3.4 km) S4100 2.4 GHz 16 dbi directional antenna Up to 5.8 miles (9.3 km) 5.725-5.825 GHz 12 dbi integrated antenna Up to 2.1 miles (3.3 km) 5.725-5.825 GHz 19 dbi directional antenna Up to 8.8 miles (14.2 km) 48

Appendix C: Nextiva Support for 802.11 Nextiva S4200 devices can be used with commercial 802.11-compliant access points. The S4200 in 802.11 mode supports the following security mechanisms: WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) in personal mode (PSK pre-shared key) WPA2 (also known as 802.11i) in personal mode (PSK) WPA and WPA2 in Enterprise mode, with an 802.1X authentication server WPA and WPA2 are not available with the proprietary SPCF MAC protocol. The MAC protocol to use is specified in the MAC Mode parameter. The wireless parameters associated with 802.11 differ from those of the SPCF MAC mode. The 802.11 MAC mode is available in all frequency bands (2.4 GHz, 4.9 GHz, and 5 GHz). There are some limitations when using S4200 devices in an 802.11 environment: The S4200 will not be able to connect to an S4300. Inherent problems with 802.11 wireless network products, such as hidden node and quality of service issues, will be present. Furthermore, equipment range will be lower than with the SPCF protocol. Appendix D: Maximum S4200 Units per S4300 Bridge The maximum number of Nextiva S4200 units that can be associated with a single Nextiva S4300 bridge depends on several factors. The main factor is the bandwidth required to transmit video at a specific resolution and bit rate. The higher the resolution and bit rate of the video, the higher the bandwidth requirement. Overall available bandwidth must be addressed based on the size of the video to be transmitted. Since site requirements differ, the maximum number of S4200 units to be associated with each S4300 also differs. Contact Verint Sales Support for systems that require more than six S4200 units per S4300, so that we can help you properly calculate RF cell bandwidth and design the system for optimum performance. 49

Appendix E: Using IP Cameras with the Nextiva S4200 With the introduction of an Ethernet port on the Nextiva S4200 and the optional two-camera models, many new configurations are possible. Video data from more than a single camera can be transmitted from one S4200 transmitter, but several factors must be considered: the total throughput available from the S4200, the available bandwidth for the RF cell, and the total amount of bandwidth used by each link in the RF cell. When using a single S4200 for multiple camera transmissions, it is important to remember that the onboard processor has a finite amount of available processing power. With a single camera connected to an S4200 transmitter, it is possible to achieve 4CIF resolution at 30 fps. However, if an IP camera is connected to the Ethernet port of the S4200, some processing power will be required to transport the IP data stream from the Ethernet port of the IP camera to the radio for transmission to the S4300 receiver. The S4200 s processor has the ability to forward an Ethernet stream equal to the maximum available bandwidth on the wireless link. Obviously, using the maximum available bandwidth for just the Ethernet port leaves no bandwidth for the video streams from the encoders. Also, to attain good encoding performance for analog cameras connected to the S4200, the maximum amount of Ethernet traffic from the Ethernet port cannot exceed 2 Mbps. Exceeding this value can seriously affect encoder performance. If maximum encoder performance is required (4CIF 30 fps), the total amount of Ethernet traffic being sent from the S4200 should not exceed 4 Mbps. For example, consider a wireless cell with four cameras using two S4200 transmitters. If this system is designed such that the distances dictate a channel data rate of 12 Mbps, the total available video bandwidth for the entire wireless cell will be 5.6 Mbps at distances of less than 3.1 miles (5 km). The SPCF MAC protocol divides this video bandwidth equally between the two transmitters, providing 2.8 Mbps for each pair of cameras in the wireless cell. This equates to a total of 1.4 Mbps per camera, which can accommodate the following resolution and frame rate (NTSC/PAL) combinations, with either two analog cameras or the combination of one analog and one IP camera using MPEG-4 encoding: 4CIF at 10/8 fps 2CIF at 15/12 fps CIF at 30/25 fps As the number of multi-camera links increases, the video bandwidth available for each camera decreases. With the previous example, this time using four transmitters instead of two, the bandwidth available for each camera becomes 700 Kbps (5.6 Mbps divided by four transmitters divided by two cameras per transmitter). If an IP camera is used with MJPEG compression, make sure that the combination of frame rates and resolutions from both the IP and analog cameras do not exceed the maximum video bandwidth available. As link distances increase, total available video bandwidth decreases because of free space loss and other factors. If this is not taken into account in the design phase, problems can surface that have a detrimental effect on total system performance. Typical Scenarios for Planning Your Wireless System To help you plan your system, some typical scenarios are provided in the pages that follow. In each scenario, the maximum number of analog cameras is connected on the device (one for the S4200 and 50

two for the S4200-2V); the compression mode is MPEG-4 or SM4; there is a single stream per camera; and there is clear RF Line of Sight with an RF margin of 15 db or better to maintain the data rate specified. The video performances supplied include a video resolution, a frame rate expressed in frames per second (fps), and a bit rate expressed in kilobits per second (kbps). Scenario 1 In this scenario, channel data rate is 6 Mbps, and maximum available video bandwidth is 3.5 Mbps. Analog Cameras IP Camera on S4200 IP Camera on S4200-2V 1 camera at 4CIF, 30/25 fps, 3 Mbps 1 IP camera at CIF, 10 fps, 256 Kbps N/A 2 cameras at 4CIF, 30/25 fps, 6 Mbps 1 camera at 4CIF, 15/12 fps, 2 Mbps 2 cameras at 4CIF, 15/12 fps, 4 Mbps 1 camera at 2CIFH, 30/25 fps, 2 Mbps 2 cameras at 2CIFH, 30/25 fps, 4 Mbps 1 camera at CIF, 30/25 fps, 1 Mbps 2 cameras at CIF, 30/25 fps, 2 Mbps None N/A 1 IP camera at CIF, 30/25 fps, 1 Mbps N/A 1 IP camera at CIF, 30/25 fps, 1 Mbps N/A 1 IP camera at 4CIF, 15/12 fps, 2 Mbps N/A 1 IP camera at 4CIF, 30/25 fps, 4 Mbps Available bandwidth is exceeded N/A Available bandwidth is exceeded N/A Available bandwidth is exceeded N/A 1 IP camera at CIF, 30/25 fps, 1 Mbps N/A 51

Scenario 2 This scenario proposes a channel data rate of 54 Mbps and maximum available video bandwidth of 10.1 Mbps. There are two transmitters in the wireless cell with exactly the same combination of analog and IP cameras. Analog Cameras IP Camera on S4200 IP Camera on S4200-2V 1 camera at 4CIF, 30/25 fps, 3 Mbps 1 IP camera at CIF, 15 fps, 512 Kbps N/A 2 cameras at 4CIF, 30/25 fps, 6 Mbps 1 camera at 4CIF, 15/12 fps, 2 Mbps 2 cameras at 4CIF, 15/12 fps, 4 Mbps 1 camera at 2CIFH, 30/25 fps, 2 Mbps 1 camera at CIF, 30/25 fps, 1 Mbps 2 cameras at CIF, 30/25 fps, 2 Mbps None N/A 1 IP camera at 4CIF, 15/12 fps, 2 Mbps N/A 1 IP camera at 4CIF, 15/12 fps, 2 Mbps 1 IP camera at 4CIF, 30/25 fps, 4 Mbps N/A 1 IP camera at 4CIF, 30/25 fps, 4 Mbps Available bandwidth is exceeded N/A Not enough processing power N/A N/A 1 IP camera at 4CIF, 15/12 fps, 2 Mbps N/A 52

Other Valid Combinations The following tables display additional frame rate and resolution combinations when using IP cameras in conjunction with analog cameras using the S4200 and S4200-AS. Note that the following values are valid only if the application has enough wireless bandwidth available for the total amount of data to be transmitted. S4200 IP Camera or Ethernet Data Stream CIF 30 fps 1000 Kbps 4CIF 15 fps 2000 Kbps 4CIF 30 fps 6000 Kbps Analog Camera CIF 30 fps 1000 Kbps 4CIF 15 fps 2000 Kbps 4CIF 15 fps 3000 Kbps S4200-AS IP Camera or Ethernet Data Stream Analog Camera 1 Analog Camera 2 CIF 30 fps 1000 Kbps CIF 30 fps 2CIFH 30 fps 1000 Kbps 2000 Kbps 4CIF 15 fps 2000 Kbps 4CIF 30 fps 6000 Kbps CIF 30 fps 1000 Kbps CIF 30 fps 1000 Kbps 2CIFH 15 fps 1500 Kbps CIF 30 fps 1000 Kbps 53

Appendix F: The Verint RF Margin Calculator The Verint RF Margin Calculator, an MS Excel spreadsheet-based tool, is designed to simplify the creation of RF systems and can be used without in-depth knowledge of wireless systems. The Calculator allows you to select the necessary frequency band for the system, the type of system (point-to-point or point-to-multi-point), and several other parameters to help you design a system that meets your project requirements. The RF Margin Calculator is available in basic and advanced versions, which can be used independently of each other, if required. The functionality of both calculators is similar, and only the basic version is addressed here. To quickly determine the settings and equipment required, the RF Margin Calculator takes all of the following parameters into account. 54

Advanced RF Calculator Parameter Descriptions and Settings Parameter Description Available Settings Country Country in which the system is to be installed All countries in which Verint sells products and which have RF regulations in place Frequency Band Frequency band to be used for the system 2.4 GHz 5.1 GHz 5.3 GHz 5.4 GHz 5.8 GHz 4.9 GHz System Type The type of system to be deployed Point-to-point Point-to-multipoint Distance Length of the wireless link; in point-tomultipoint systems, this is based on the camera location that is farthest from the receiving point User modified value Channel Data Rate Data rate for the channel; this setting affects the receiver sensitivity, as well as the available guaranteed video bandwidth for the channel 6 Mbps 9 Mbps 12 Mbps 18 Mbps 24 Mbps 36 Mbps 48 Mbps 54 Mbps Nb of Connectors Total Antenna Cable Length Unit (Slave) Total number of connectors in the system between the unit and the antenna; the default value of connector loss in the Calculator is 1 db per connector; realistic values are.4 db to.6 db per connector, but 1 db is used to add additional margin to the link budget Total length of the cable used to connect the antenna to the unit; default length is 1 meter based on what is provided from the factory with the antenna; custom length can be used by checking the Use Custom Length checkbox and entering the cable length in the box provided Default cable loss is 1 db; the LRM240 cable that Verint provides with the antenna has a loss of 0.67 db per meter; 1 db adds extra margin to the link budget Unit that is remote to the head end User modified value User modified value S4200 S4100-Tx S4300/S4300-RP 55

Parameter Description Available Settings With a 5 GHz frequency selected: 12 dbi/40 degree integrated 19 dbi/18 degree 24 dbi/9 degree 16 dbi/90 degree Antenna (Slave) Unit (Master) Antenna to be used on the remote unit Unit located at the head end side of the link With 2.4 GHz frequency selected: 8.5 dbi/65 degree integrated 16 dbi/27 degree With 4.9 GHz frequency selected: 12 dbi 18 dbi 25 dbi S4100-Rx S4300/S4300-RP Antenna (Master) Antenna to be used on the remote unit See Antenna (Slave) above Data Throughput Output Power (Slave) Output Power (Master) Radio Sensitivity (Slave & Master) EIRP (Slave) Maximum amount of available bandwidth for video data Output power of the radio based on the settings applied in the Calculator Output power of the radio based on the settings applied in the Calculator The radio sensitivity based on the parameters entered in the Calculator Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) represents total effective transmit power of the radio, including gains that the antenna provides and losses from the antenna cable Calculated in Mbps (Mega Bits Per Second) Calculated: varies, maximum 20 dbm Calculated: varies, maximum 20 dbm Calculated: varies, minimum 72 dbm, maximum 90 dbm Calculated based on the parameters entered in the Calculator. Maximum values shown on the right hand side EIRP (Master) See above See above System Gain (Slave to Master) System Gain (Master to Slave) Path Loss Margin (Slave to Master) Margin (Master to Slave) Total gain of the system from the transmitter to the receiver; derived by adding output power, antenna gain, and radio sensitivity Total gain of the system from the receiver to the transmitter; derived by adding output power, antenna gain, and radio sensitivity A calculated value of the expected loss of signal strength from the transmitter to the receiver The amount of extra system gain available after the path loss has been subtracted; 15 db is the minimum for a good RF link See above Calculated based on parameters selected in the Calculator Calculated based on parameters selected in the Calculator Calculated value based on the physics of RF communications Calculated value based on parameters selected in the Calculator See above 56

Parameter Description Available Settings Expected Rx Signal Level (Master) Expected Rx Signal Level (Slave) Fresnel Zone Clearance The expected level of RF energy in the Master unit The expected level of RF energy in the Slave unit The height the antennae need to be above the highest obstacle in the RF path Calculated based on parameters selected in the Calculator Calculated based on parameters selected in the Calculator Calculated based on frequency and path length Note concerning Expected Rx Signals: If obstacle clearances are based on keeping 60% of the first Fresnel Zone clear, the following average loss must be added to the expected Rx signal values calculated by the RF Margin Calculator: 1. Flat surface adds 2 db attenuation to free space attenuation 2. Small houses of similar height / forest adds about 3 db loss 3. Urban area adds estimated loss of about 5 db Additional Parameters for the 4.9 GHz Band When the 4.9 GHz band is selected in the Verint RF Margin Calculator, several additional parameters become available. With the ability to fragment the channels in the 4.9 GHz band, the calculator provides a combination box for selecting channel bandwidth. The calculator provides data throughput values for the channel bandwidth selected. Please note that the Advanced Calculator must be used for channel bandwidths other than 20 MHz. 57

Standard RF Calculator Display Standard RF Calculator Display a Advanced RF Calculator Display 58

Appendix G: Video Quality and Default Bit Rates for Nextiva Encoders The following tables contain the default bit rates in Kbps to be expected from Verint Nextiva encoders with moderate motion in the video. These values can be used as guidelines to determine the amount of video bandwidth required for the RF links of a wireless system based on frames per second and resolution required. Since all camera feeds and locations are different, customers should always be made aware that these are guidelines only and that the practical application of wireless products may require adjustments based on actual site performance once the system has been installed. Video Quality Frame Rates for NTSC and PAL NTSC Frames Per Second Resolution 1 2 4 5-7 6-8 10 15 30 QCIF (176x128) 25 50 64 128 200 256 512 1024 CIF (352x240) 25 50 64 128 200 256 512 1024 2CIFH (704x240) 50 100 128 256 400 512 1024 2048 All lines (352x480) 50 100 128 256 400 512 1024 2048 VGA (640x480) 100 200 256 512 800 1024 2048 4096 4CIF (704x480) 100 200 256 512 800 1024 2048 4096 PAL Frames Per Second Resolution 1 2 4 5-7 6-8 10 15 25 QCIF (176x144) 25 50 64 128 200 256 512 1024 CIF (352x288) 25 50 64 128 200 256 512 1024 2CIFH (704x288) 50 100 128 256 400 512 1024 2048 All lines (352x480) 50 100 128 256 400 512 1024 2048 VGA (640x576) 100 200 256 512 800 1024 2048 4096 4CIF (704x576) 100 200 256 512 800 1024 2048 4096 59

Glossary 1000Base T See Gigabit Ethernet. 100Base-T Often referenced in the past as Fast Ethernet. This is the standard Ethernet technology currently in widespread use with a maximum throughput of 100 Mbps. It is usually deployed in a star topology with segment lengths of up to 100 meters. 10Base-2 Commonly known as ThinNet. This is a very old Ethernet standard that uses thin coaxial cable. This standard is rarely used today because of the bus topology it requires and the limited bandwidth it provides. The maximum length of each segment is greater than 100Base-T up to 185 meters, but the available throughput is only 10 Mbps. 10Base-5 Also known as ThickNet. This Ethernet standard uses thick coaxial cables that could have a maximum segment length of 500 meters. Similar to ThinNet, it uses a bus network topology with a maximum throughput of 10 Mbps. This standard is also rare today. 10Base-T The most common Ethernet standard until a few years ago, when 100Base-T took its place. 10Base-T uses unshielded twisted-pair wiring running at 10 Mbps. Like 100Base-T, it is deployed using the star network topology and has a maximum segment length of 100 meters. 802.11 The base standard for wireless network specifications. See 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g. 802.11a One of the more recent standards. 802.11a uses the 5 GHz band and runs at 54 Mbps. It is becoming more popular because of the availability of five non-overlapping channels. 802.11b The first prominent wireless networking specification. It is slowly being replaced by 802.11g in the 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum. It runs at 11 Mbps and has 12 available channels, of which only three do not overlap. 802.11e The standard that defines Quality of Service enhancements for 802.11 Wi-Fi for delay-sensitive applications, such as Voice over Wireless IP and streaming multimedia. This new protocol improves the 802.11 Media Access Control (MAC) layer. 802.11g The most commonly deployed of the three wireless protocols currently available. 802.11g uses the 2.4 GHz band and is backward compatible with 802.11b. However, it provides 54 Mbps performance but is still limited to only three nonoverlapping channels. Most wireless equipment installed today uses 802.11g. 802.11h An ancillary standard to 802.11 that adds the transmission power control and dynamic frequency selection required by European regulations. 60

802.11i An additional standard for increasing wireless Wi-Fi security for 802.11a and 802.11b/g wireless networks. 802.11i provides new data encryption protocols, including the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). 802.11n Currently a draft standard that would double the speeds of the current 802.11a and 802.11b to 108 Mbps or more. 802.11n is expected to become the official standard in 2008. Many wireless companies are offering 802.11n devices based on the current draft. 802.16 Fixed 802.16 and 802.16a are the standards for what is being termed WiMax. WiMax is used primarily for long-haul and back-haul deployments and are normally deployed using licensed frequency bands. Access Point A device that acts as a communication switch for connecting wireless units to a wired LAN. Access points are mainly used with wireless transmitter units to transfer wireless content to the wired IP network. Ad Hoc Network A wireless network created without the use of an access point. Bluetooth is an example of an ad hoc network. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) An exceptionally robust encryption standard used to secure wireless connections. 128-bit passkeys are used, which make it virtually impossible to break. A newer version of AES with 256-bit keys is starting to appear on the market, although there has not yet been a successful hack of a 128-bit AES system. Amplifier A device designed to increase the strength of a weak signal received by the antenna or boost transmission signal strength to increase the range of a wireless link. Antenna An appliance attached to a wireless transceiver that focuses the RF signals to increase their strength and increase the range of the wireless system. APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing/AutoIP) A feature of Windows-based operating systems that enables a device to automatically assign itself an IP address when there is no Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server available to perform that function. This is also known as AutoIP. Band A synonym for spectrum, used to describe a discrete set of frequencies. For example, 802.11a/b/g wireless network protocols use both the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz frequency bands. Bandwidth See Throughput. Bluetooth A standard for an omnipresent short-range wireless network. It is often used as a cable replacement, such as in cell phone headsets. 61

Bridge A device that passes data between two physically separated networks. Bridge devices do not process the transmitted data, but just forward the information to the other end. A common use for wireless bridges is to connect remote buildings in a campus environment to the main building employing a LAN without running leased lines or cables. Bus Network A type of network topology where devices are connected to the network via a single line. This is not actually the case, however, since a T connector is used to connect each device to the network media (mostly by way of coaxial cable). These network configurations are not used in new deployments and are rare. CAT5 The standard type of cable used for 100Base-T networks. CAT5 consists of unshielded twisted pairs. CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) A television system in which signals are not publicly distributed. Cameras are connected to television monitors in a limited area, such as a store, office building, or college campus. CCTV is commonly used in surveillance systems. Channel A particular piece of the radio spectrum used to transmit data. Each wireless protocol has specific channels allocated based on a center frequency and a bandwidth. For example, the 802.11a protocol has five channels available in the 5.8 GHz band, each with a bandwidth of 20 MHz. CIF (Common Image Format) A video format that easily supports both NTSC and PAL signals. Several CIF specifications are available, including CIF, QCIF, 2CIF, and 4CIF. Each corresponds to a specific number of lines and columns per video frame. CLI (Command Line Interface) A text-based user interface in which the user responds to a prompt by typing a command. Codec (Coder/Decoder) A device that encodes or decodes a signal. Configuration Assistant A proprietary Verint graphical program used to configure and update the firmware of the Nextiva S4100 units. Crossover Cable An Ethernet cable that enables a network device to connect directly to another network device. This is possible because of the transmit and receive pins on a crossover cable being swapped, or crossed over, so that the Tx wire connects to the Rx wire on one side and vice versa. Daisy-Chain Network See Bus Network. DCE (Data Communication Equipment) A device that connects to the RS-232 interface in an RS-232 communication channel. 62

Decibels The unit used for measuring power gain and loss. Decibels are abbreviated as db, and dbm is often used when speaking of radio output power (dbm is decibels relative to 1 milliwatt). dbi is also used for antenna gain. The higher the dbi value, the higher the gain of the antenna. (DBi is decibels relative to an ideal isotropic radiator.) Decoder See Receiver. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) A communication protocol that lets network administrators centrally manage and automate the assignment of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses in a network. Dipole Antenna A type of antenna with two elements that provide omni-directional coverage with minimal gain. DNS (Domain Name Service) An Internet protocol to simplify what end users need to enter as an address for a site or domain. Instead of needing the IP address for a website, users simply need to remember the domain name of the site, such as www.verint.com, or the name of a server to which they need to connect. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) A technology used to transmit Internet information over existing copper telephone lines. DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) One of many methods of modulation used for spread-spectrum transmissions. DSSS creates redundant patterns of each bit, called a chipping code. This allows the signal to be spread over several frequencies with the different parts being sent at the same time. DSSS is faster than FHSS, but has more issues with interference. 802.11b Wi-Fi systems use DSSS. DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) The device to which the RS-232 interface connects in an RS-232 communication channel. Computers, switches, multiplexers, cameras, and keyboards are DTE. DVR (Digital Video Recorder) A device (usually a computer) that acts like a VCR in that it has the ability to record and play back video images. The DVR takes the feed from a camera and records it in a digital format on a storage device that is most commonly a hard drive. Encapsulating A method of wrapping data from foreign protocols into Ethernet frames so they can be transmitted over a network. Once they reach their destination, they are unwrapped and forwarded to the requesting device or service. Encoder See Transmitter. Encryption The process of encoding data prior to transmission to prevent eavesdroppers from deciphering or altering the data. AES is a common example of high-quality encryption that requires a passkey to be entered and is known only by the devices in the system that are communicating with each other. If the key is not used when the information is received, the information cannot be used. 63

Ethernet The industry standard for LANs, known also as 802.3. It operates using copper wires or fiber optics at rates of 10, 100, and 1000 Mbps. Ethernet Backbone The part of the Ethernet network that carries most of the network traffic. Normally, the backbone will have multiple smaller access networks connected to it to send information over the network. Wireless access points will also connect to an Ethernet backbone to give roaming users access to the network without losing network connectivity. Fast Ethernet See 100Base-T. FHSS (Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum) Rapidly switches (or hops ) between seemingly random frequencies in a predetermined sequence. FHSS is not affected by reflections or other environmental factors, as is DSSS, but the signal rate is slower. Bluetooth uses this technology. Firewall A device or program that protects the network or computer from potentially hostile traffic by blocking certain access to ports used by TCP and UDP traffic. Firmware The internal software stored in Read Only Memory (ROM) or Programmable ROM (PROM) that runs dedicated hardware devices. Firmware thus becomes a permanent part of a computing device. Upgrades to firmware are often necessary to fix problems. Fresnel Zone The three-dimensional area around the visual Line of Sight (LOS) that radio waves spread out into after they leave the antenna. Typically, 20% Fresnel Zone blockage introduces little signal loss to the link. Beyond 40% blockage, though, signal loss will become significant. Gain The total increase in signal strength provided by an antenna or an amplifier on a signal. Gateway See Wireless Gateway. Gigabit Ethernet A An emerging Ethernet standard providing up to 1000 Mbps or roughly 1 Gbps. Gigabit Ethernet is also known as 1000Base-T. Gigahertz The frequency of an electromagnetic wave equal to 1 billion (1,000,000,000) hertz, abbreviated GHz. Most wireless technologies work in the GHz range, such as 802.11a/b and g, which operate in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. GPS (Global Positioning System) Uses geo-stationary satellites to give precise location information to receivers on the Earth. This technology allows receivers to accurately derive any location. Many new cell phones implement this technology to provide public security agencies with the location of someone who dials 911. 64

Handshake An exchange of signals used to ensure synchronization between two devices when communications begin. (These are the different tones heard when a modem connects a user to an ISP.) High-Gain Antenna An antenna that significantly increases signal strength to provide for a longer or more robust wireless link. Hub A way to connect multiple devices. A precursor to the switch, the hub has no intelligence. It simply receives data from one port and transmits it to all the others. The switch added intelligence to this scenario, so the hub is now rarely used. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) A professional organization that helps set transmission system standards. IP (Internet Protocol) The protocol that manages how packets of data are routed from one computer to another on the Internet. IP address A unique number of 32 or 128 bits that identifies a device on a network or on the Internet (192.168.1.123, for example). ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) A completely digital communications network providing 64 Kbps bandwidth channels that can be combined to provide throughput of up to 128 Mbps. Kbps Kilobits per second, or thousands of bits per second, a measure of bandwidth or throughput. LAN (Local Area Network) A data network that connects devices, usually in the same building. Latency The length of time it takes for a unit of data to pass through a particular part of the network. Long Haul Long-distance wireless data transmission, which could reach several miles. In the past, cable infrastructure was necessary for long-haul data transportation, but with newer technologies, such as WiMax, wireless long-haul transport has become more practical. LOS (Line of Sight) A clear visual line between antennae in a wireless system. In RF deployments, RF LOS needs to be taken into account so as to avoid unnecessary attenuation of the signal. MAC Address (Media Access Control) The exclusive hexadecimal address assigned to all Ethernet devices, whether they are an adapter, switch, or wireless access point. All devices have a unique number. The IP address or domain name used to address the device is mapped to this unique number to distinguish devices from each other. Mbps Megabits (or millions of bits) per second, a measure of bandwidth or throughput. 65

Megahertz Frequency of an electromagnetic wave equal to 1 million (1,000,000) hertz, abbreviated MHz. FM radio and some wireless data technologies work in the MHz frequency range. Mesh Network A wireless network technology that allows all devices in the network to communicate with each other. This enables a constant network connection if a device in the network fails. Signals can be rerouted automatically through different devices to ensure constant data flow. Modem Shortened term for modulator/demodulator. A modem is a device that modulates analog signals to encode them into digital information, so that they can be sent over phone lines. At the receiving end, the modem demodulates the signal and retrieves the digital data. MPEG-4 A compression standard for encoding video into a compressed format, reducing the required amount of bandwidth to transport the video across a network or the Internet. Multicast Communication between a single sender and multiple receivers on a network; the devices can be located across multiple subnets, but not through the Internet. Multicast is a set of protocols using UDP/IP for transport. Multiplex Multiplexing provides the means for combining multiple signals into one serial data stream. Ethernet, for example, provides slots for data from many different sources. The means to put this information into the single Ethernet data steam is called multiplexing. NAT (Network Address Translation) A standard that allows an organization or user to use fewer IP addresses than exist on the internal LAN. NAT is implemented in a router, firewall, or PC and converts private IP addresses of the machine on the internal private network to one or more public IP addresses for the Internet. NAT changes the addresses in the packet headers to new addresses and creates a table to track the changed addresses. When data packets are received from the Internet, NAT uses these tables to perform the reverse conversion to the IP address of the client machine. Network A set of interconnected PCs, servers, and other devices joined together to allow the sharing of information and access to multiple devices. Network Adapter A card or hardware installed in a device that allows it to connect to a network. The device can have several network adapter cards installed, providing simultaneous access to an Ethernet LAN and WLAN. Network Diagram A layout of an existing or proposed network that provides locations and address information for all devices on the network. These diagrams are vital for IT personnel when expanding or troubleshooting LAN issues. Network Interface Card (NIC) See Network Adapter. 66

Network Segments Sections of a network that are either physically or logically separated from each other. A segmented network enables more efficient use of available bandwidth, thus reducing the chance of flooding the entire network when many users simultaneously request or send large amounts of data. Network Topology Also referred to as network layout. NTP (Network Time Protocol) A protocol designed to synchronize the clocks of devices over a network. NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) A North American standard (525-line interlaced raster-scanned video) for the generation, transmission, and reception of television signals. Use of the NTSC standard is not limited to North America; the NTSC standard is also used in Central America, a number of South American countries, and some Asian countries, including Japan. OSD (On-Screen Display) Status information displayed on the video monitor connected to a receiver unit. Packet A datagram or segment of data that is routed between the origin and destination device on a network. Packet-Switched Network A type of network in which small units of data (packets) are routed through a network based on the address contained inside each packet. Packets may take different routes to reach the destination device and are subsequently reassembled so that the first packet of a sequence is decoded first. PAL (Phase Alternation by Line) A television signal standard (625 lines, 50 Hz, 220V primary power) used in the United Kingdom, much of western Europe, several South American countries, some Middle East and Asian countries, several African countries, Australia, New Zealand, and other Pacific Island countries. Panel Antenna An antenna with a flat-panel-type element designed to focus the RF energy in a particular direction. It is mainly used in point-to-point deployments because of the narrow beam width it provides. Parabolic Antenna An antenna that incorporates a parabolic dish to provide a very focused high gain RF signal. Patch Antenna See Panel Antenna. Patch Cable A short Ethernet cable used to connect devices to a wall panel connector or to connect devices in a rack to a switch. Pigtail A short, thin cable that normally connects an antenna to a wireless device, such as a network adapter or access point. 67

PoE (Power over Ethernet) A method of providing the electrical power to a device using the Ethernet cable. PoE reduces the number of cables required, and many switches now provide the power directly from the switch ports. The IEEE designation for PoE is 802.3af. Point-to-Multipoint A wireless network setup where one point (usually an access point) receives wireless data from multiple other points. Standard indoor wireless networks are point-to-multipoint, and many outdoor wireless networks also are set up in this manner. Video surveillance is a good example of a point-to-multipoint wireless network application. Point-to-Point A long-range wireless network connection between two locations. Point-to-point is used as wireless back haul and makes use of high gain directional antennae. Port Can be considered either a physical plug on a network device or wall panel or an identification of data type in a networking environment. All network services have one or more ports that receive or send information. Protocol See Specification. PTL (Push-to-Listen) In a two-way system, the communication mode in which the listener must push a button while listening. PTT (Push-to-Talk) In a two-way system, the communication mode in which the talker must push a button while talking. PTZ Camera (Pan-Tilt-Zoom) An electronic camera that can be rotated left, right, up, or down, as well as zoomed in to get a magnified view of an object or area. A PTZ camera monitors a larger area than a fixed camera. Receive Sensitivity Enables the radio receiver to receive and understand weak signals from the transmitter. Most radios provide variable sensitivities to reduce the amount of interference that they pick up. Receiver A device that converts a digital video signal into analog. Also called a decoder. Repeater A range extender for wireless links. RF (Radio Frequency) Any frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When a modulated signal is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that is able to propagate through space. Many wireless technologies are based on RF field propagation. RJ-11 The connector used by telephones, not to be confused with the RJ-45 plug type used for Ethernet networks. 68

RJ-45 The connector used for Ethernet networks. The RJ-45 is larger than the RJ-11 used for telephone systems. Router An intelligent network device that provides connectivity between networks. Without routers, the Internet could not exist as it does today. If a device on one network needs to access information on a device in another network, the information is passed through a router. Essentially, a router translates the IP address of the devices into MAC addresses and creates lists of these combinations. When one device wants to send data to a different network, the address of the destination is translated into its MAC address and looked up in a list on the router. If the router has the address on its list, it sends the data to this device. If it does not have the device on its list, it sends it to other routers on the network and asks if this address is part of their lists. The router with the proper address then routes the data to the device. RS-232 A standard interface approved by the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) for connecting serial devices. RS-422 A standard interface approved by the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) for connecting serial devices, designed to replace the older RS-232 standard because it supports higher data rates and is more immune to electrical interference. RS-485 An Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) standard for multipoint communications. SConfigurator A proprietary graphical program used to configure and update the firmware of video servers and outdoor wireless bridge units. Sector Antenna An antenna that provides good gain qualities, while providing a wider beam width. It is used mainly in receiver locations to accept information from multiple transmitters in point-to-multipoint scenarios. The term sector antenna is used since many can be deployed to cover a sector. Beam widths are normally 60, 90, or 120 degrees. Serial Port An interface that can be used for serial communication, in which only one bit is transmitted at a time. A serial port is a general purpose interface that can be used for almost any type of device. Signal Loss The amount of signal power that is lost between the transmitter and the receiver. This includes free space, cable, and connector loss, and any other attenuation of the signal between the two devices in the wireless system. This value is always represented in decibels (db). Signal Strength The strength of a radio signal received in a wireless network system. Spectrum A collection of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic waves) that includes AM, FM, TV microwave, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays. The RF spectrum has been defined to include both licensed and unlicensed frequency bands up to 300 GHz. 69

Spread Spectrum A radio technique that continuously alters its transmission pattern by constantly changing either carrier frequencies or the data pattern. This technique increases bandwidth and reduces the chance of interference or interception of the transmitted signal. SSID (Service Set Identifier) A name given as an identifier to an access point or many access points that make up a WLAN. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) A commonly used protocol developed by Netscape for transmitting private data across the Internet. It uses a cryptographic system that employs two keys to encrypt data: a public key known to everyone and a private (or secret) key known only to the recipient of the message. Many websites use SSL to provide a secure link that allows users to transmit confidential information, such as credit card numbers. Standard A specification or protocol that has been agreed upon by enough industry-leading manufacturers or adopted by a governing body or experts group. Star Network A network design in which all traffic is routed through a central point. Most wireless LANs are designed in this manner. Subnet Mask A binary masking value used to identify and describe IP subnets. A subnet mask is a string of 0s and 1s used to filter or mask out the values of specific bits in a second binary value. A logical operation is performed that uses the bits from the value to be masked and bits from the mask itself. The subnet mask lets a network device mask out the host portion of an IP address. This allows a network device know if the device with which it is communicating is on the same network or on a different one. Masking the host portion of the address leaves only the network portion of the original IP address. Knowing which network an IP address is part of is very important in IP communication. Devices on the same subnet can talk to each other directly, while devices on different subnets need to use a router to communicate with each other. Switch A network device that directly connects two communicating devices, thus isolating the communication channel they are using and increasing throughput. The ports of a switch continuously switch between each other depending on the devices that are communicating. T-1, T-3 Telecommunication systems used by phone companies to multiplex several phone calls onto a single copper wire. T- 1 provides a transmission rate of up to 1.5 Mbps; T-3 provides a transmission rate of 44.7 Mbps. T-1 systems multiplex 24 64 Kbps groups of phone or data information into a serial stream, which normally gets multiplexed into the T-3 line for back-haul purposes. ThickNet See 10Base-5. ThinNet See 10Base-2. 70

Throughput The amount of data that a transmission system can handle at any given time. Throughput is normally a measure of bits per second. In certain instances, it is referred to as the speed of a network or is specified in a frequency, such as 25 MHz bandwidth. But, it is the carry capacity of a system, not a speed, since the speed the bits travel is always at or near the speed of light. Transceiver (Transmitter/Receiver) A device that has the ability to transmit and receive analog or digital signals. Transmit Power The amount of power available from a radio transceiver to send a signal to the transmission device via either a cable or antenna. Transmit power is normally stated in milliwatts or as a decibel expression in reference to 1 milliwatt (dbm). Transmitter A device that sends video signals captured by a connected camera or dome to a receiver. The transmitter converts the analog signal to digital before transmitting it. A transmitter may also be called an encoder. Twisted Pair A type of wiring in which each pair of wires is twisted around each other to reduce electromagnetic interference. All modern network standards specify the use of some twisted-pair technology, such as CAT5 or CAT6 Ethernet cables. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) The standard type of twisted-pair wiring, which does not deploy a shield, instead relying on the twisting of the wires to isolate them from electromagnetic interference. Video Server A unit that transmits or receives video signals through an IP network. VoIP (Voice over IP) A new standard that provides the means to send digital voice traffic across networks and the Internet. It does not use standard phone lines, thus eliminating the fees associated with normal phone service. VPN (Virtual Private Network) A network protocol that allows for the creation of an encrypted tunnel through the Internet to enable secure connections between a remote user and a corporate server across the public Internet. VSIP (Video Services over IP) A proprietary communication protocol for sending messages between a computer and an interferer or between two units. WAN (Wide Area Network) A group of LANs in different locations that are connected by various telecommunication media. The Internet is the most common example of a WAN, but corporations with multiple sites often use WANs to connect their local offices with each other and corporate headquarters. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) The first wireless encryption system to prevent eavesdropping or unauthorized connections to wireless networks. Because WEP is easily broken, WPA should be used in its place. 71

Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity, used as a generic term when referring of any type of 802.11 network, whether 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11a, etc. The term is publicized by the Wi-Fi Alliance. Products tested and approved as Wi-Fi Certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance are interoperable with each other, even if from different manufacturers. A user with a Wi-Fi Certified product can use any brand of access point with any other brand of client hardware that also is certified. WiMax See 802.16. Wireless Cell A group of wireless devices that communicate together on the same radio frequency channel and share the same wireless passkey. Wireless Transmission A technology whereby electronic devices send data to receivers using radio waves, rather than wiring. WLAN (Wireless Local Access Network) A LAN that provides connections purely by wireless means. WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) A more robust encryption method to prevent eavesdropping and unauthorized connections to wireless networks. 72

Index 1000Base T, 60 100Base-T, 60 10Base-2, 60 10Base-5, 60 10Base-T, 60 2.4 GHz band antenna separation, 28 channels, 8 Nextiva devices for, 45 4.9 GHz band channels, 11 license eligibility, 11 Nextiva devices for, 45 5 GHz band antenna separation, 28 channels, 10 Nextiva devices for, 45 non-overlapping channels, 27 802.11 definition, 60 hidden node - overcoming, 49 Nextiva support for, 49 quality of service issues, 49 802.11a, 7, 60 802.11b, 7, 60 802.11e, 60 802.11g, 7, 60 802.11h, 60 802.11i, 61 802.11n, 7, 61 802.16 Fixed, 61 Access point, 61 Ad hoc network, 61 Adjacent channels, 27 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), 61 AES, 61 Amplifier, 61 Antenna and gain, 13 beam width, 15 definition, 61 dipole, 63 directivity, 13 for Nextiva wireless devices, 47 gain, 30 half-wave dipole, 13 high gain, 65 high-gain directional, 48 isotropic, 13 master, 56 nulls, 15 omni-directional, 12 panel, 67 parabolic, 67 patch, 67 pattern, 13 reception pattern, 13 sector, 69 sending/receiving energy, 13 separation requirements, 28 side lobes, 15 slave, 56 strength of radiated field, 13 total cable length, 55 types, 12 uni-directional, 12 APIPA, 61 Attenuation cable, 16 impact of foliage on, 21 impact of signal frequency increase, 16 AutoIP, 61 Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA), 61 Bands definition, 61 licensed, 11 unlicensed, 8 Bandwidth, 61 Beam width, 15, 34 Bluetooth, 61 BNC connectors, 18 Bridge definition, 62 illustration, 25 limitations, 25 when to use, 25 with repeater, 26 Bus Network, 62 Cable CAT5, 62 crossover, 62 patch, 67 pigtail, 67 Cables attenuation, 16 carrying the RF signal, 16 conductor, 16 dielectric, 16 foam, 17 Heliax, 17 length, 17 Cameras connecting to DVR, matrix, or analog monitor, 22 IP with S4200, 50 PTZ, 68 CAT5, 62 CCTV, 62 Channels 2.4 GHz band, 8 4.9 GHz band, 11 5 GHz band, 10 adjacent, 27 bandwidth impact on bit rate, 12 changing bandwidth, 12 data rate, 55 definition, 62 fragmentation, 11 non-adjacent, 27 overlapping, 6 CIF, 62 CLI, 62 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV), 62 Coaxial cables, 16 Codec, 62 Coder/Decoder, 62 Command Line Interface (CLI), 62 Common Image Format (CIF), 62 Configuration Assistant, 62 Connectors and cable loss, 32 Ethernet networks, 69 gender, 19 RJ-11, 68 RJ-45, 69 telephone systems, 68 total number of, 55 types, 18 Crossover cable, 62 Daisy Chain Network, 62 Data encoding, 63 throughput, 56 Data Communication Equipment (DCE), 62 Data rate, 5 Data Terminal Equipment (DTE), 63 DCE, 62 Decibels, 29, 63 Decoders, 46, 63 Design considerations basic tools, 32 camera locations, 32 cameras, 32 determining beam width, 34 head end location, 32 integrating all information, 36 Line of Sight (LOS), 29 maximum range, 29 preliminary layout, 33 receiver sensitivity, 30 RF communications and data rate, 30 RF margin, 30 site survey, 39 tower height, 38 transmission distances, 32 transmit power, 30 DHCP, 63 Dielectric, 16 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), 63 Digital Video Recorder (DVR), 63 Dipole antenna, 63 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), 63 Directivity, 13 DNS, 63 Domain Name Service (DNS), 63 DSL, 63 DSSS, 63 DTE, 63 DVR, 63 73

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), 63 EIRP, 56 Encapsulating, 63 Encoder, 63 Encryption, 63 Ethernet, 64 Ethernet backbone, 64 Expected Rx Signal, 57 Fast Ethernet, 60, 64 FEC, 6 FHSS, 64 Firewall, 64 Firmware configuration and update, 62 definition, 64 Foam cables, 17 Foliage attenuation, 21 Forward Error Correction (FEC), 6 Free Space Loss (FSL), 32 Frequency band, 55 channels, 8 measuring, 4 with regard to wavelength, 4 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), 64 Fresnel zone, 38 Fresnel Zone, 20, 57, 64 Gain, 64 antenna, 30 definition, 13 system, 30, 56 Gain and loss measurement, 63 Gateway, 64 Gigabit Ethernet A, 64 Gigahertz, 64 Global Positioning System (GPS), 64 GPS, 64 Half-power point, 15 Half-wave dipole antennae, 13 Handshake, 65 Head end location, 32 Heliax cables, 17 High Gain Antennae, 65 Hub, 65 Hub compared to switch, 47 IEEE, 65 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 65 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), 65 Internet Protocol (IP), 65 Intersymbol Interference (ISI), 5 IP address, 65 definition, 65 ISDN, 65 Isotropic antennae, 13 Kbps, 65 LAN, 65 Latency, 65 Line of Sight (LOS), 20, 29, 65 Linear polar coordinate systems, 14 Link budget, 30 Local Area Network (LAN), 65 Logarithmic polar coordinate systems, 14 Long haul, 65 LOS, 20, 65 MAC, 49 MAC address, 65 Margin, 57 Mbps, 65 Media Access Control (MAC), 65 Megahertz, 66 Mesh network, 66 Modem, 66 Multicast, 66 Multi-path fading, 5 Multiplex, 66 NAT, 66 National Television Standards Committee (NTSC), 67 Network ad hoc, 61 adapter, 66 Address Translation (NAT), 66 bus, 62 connectors, 69 daisy chain, 62 definition, 66 diagram, 66 Interface Card (NIC), 66 layout, 67 mesh, 66 segments, 67 star, 70 Time Protocol (NTP), 67 topology, 67 wireless local access (WLAN), 72 Nextiva antennae for wireless devices, 47 encoder default bit rates, 59 power supplies for devices, 47 range samples, 48 S1970e decoders, 46 S4100 video encoder/transmitter, 45 S4200 encoder/transmitter, 45 S4300, 46 standards used, 48 switches for edge devices, 47 video quality frame rates, 59 wireless edge devices, 45 NIC, 66 Non-adjacent channels, 27 NTP, 67 NTSC, 67 Nulls, 15 OFDM, 6 Omni-directional antennae, 12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), 6 Output power, 56 Packet, 67 Packet-switched network, 67 PAL, 67 Panel antenna, 67 Parabolic antenna, 67 Patch antenna, 67 Patch cable, 67 Path loss, 32, 56 Phase Alternation by Line (PAL), 67 Pigtail, 67 PoE definition, 68 in S4300, 46 Point-to-multipoint definition, 68 illustration, 23 limitations, 23 over 802.11, 23 S4200 encoder/transmitter, 45 when to use, 23 with repeaters, 24 Point-to-point definition, 68 illustration, 22 limitations, 22 S4100 encoders/transmitter, 45 S4200 encoder/transmitter, 45 when to use, 22 with repeaters, 24 Polar coordinate systems, 14 Port definition, 68 serial, 69 Power over Ethernet (PoE), 68 Power supplies, 47 Pre-installation site survey, 39 Preliminary layout, 33 Protocol definition, 68 Nextiva, 48 SPCF/SDCF, 48 PTL, 68 PTT, 68 PTZ camera, 68 Push-to-Listen (PTL), 68 Push-to-Talk (PTT), 68 Radiation pattern, 13 Radio frequency, 68 sensitivity, 56 transmission power, 30 Range, 5 determining, 29 maximum, 29 Nextiva, 48 Receive Sensitivity, 68 Receiver definition, 68 sensitivity, 30 Reception pattern, 13 Reflections, 32 Refraction, 32 Repeater definition, 68 when to use, 24 RF Calculator parameters, 55 74

Calculator settings, 55 cell considerations, 27 communications, 5 communications and data rate, 30 definition, 68 line of sight (LOS), 20 margin, 30 Margin Calculator, 30, 36 signal interference, 27 simplifying system design, 30 RJ-11, 68 RJ-45, 69 Router, 69 RS-232, 69 RS-232 interface, 62 RS-422, 69 RS-485, 69 S4100 overview, 45 S4200-2V, 51 -AS, 53 in point-to-multipoint systems, 23 in point-to-point systems, 22 maximum per S4300 bridge, 49 maximum with PTZ and fixed cameras, 49 overview, 45 performance, 50 sample usage, 51 security mechanisms, 49 using IP cameras with, 50 S4300 in point-to-multipoint systems, 23 in point-to-point systems, 22 S4300 access point overview, 46 S4300 bridge system illustration, 25 S4300 repeater converting into bridge, 24 in bridge applications, 26 in point-to-point and multipoint systems, 24 overview, 46 S4300 wireless bridge overview, 46 using S4200 with, 49 SConfigurator, 69 Sector antenna, 69 Serial port, 69 Side lobes, 15 Signal loss, 69 quality, 5 scatter, 5 strength, 5, 69 Site survey equipment, 40 pre-installation, 39 questions, 39 report, 43 triggering, 41 using Nextiva S4300, 41 viewing, 42 SMA connectors, 18 Spectrum, 69 Spread spectrum, 70 Standard 802.11, 7 definition, 70 Star network, 70 Subnet mask, 70 Switch, 70 Switches, 47 System gain, 30 T-1, 70 T-3, 70 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), 61 ThickNet, 60, 70 ThinNet, 60, 70 Throughput, 71 Tower height calculations, 38 Transceiver, 71 Transmission distances, 32 Transmit power, 30, 71 Transmitter, 71 Transmitter/Receiver, 71 Twisted pair, 71 Type N connectors, 18 Uni-directional antennae, 12 Unit master, 56 slave, 55 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), 71 UTP, 71 Verint RF Margin Calculator advanced and basic, 58 display screens, 58 overview, 30, 54 parameters, 55 terms, 30 Video quality and default bit rates, 59 quality frame rates, 59 server, 71 Services over IP (VSIP), 71 Virtual Private Network (VPN), 71 Voice over IP (VoIP), 71 VoIP, 71 VPN, 71 VSIP, 71 WAN, 71 Wavelength measuring, 4 with regard to frequency, 4 Weather impact on microwave systems, 21 WEP, 71 Wide Area Network (WAN), 71 Wi-Fi definition, 72 protected access (WPA), 72 WiMax, 61, 72 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), 71 75

Wireless access point, 46 bridge, 46 cell, 72 encoders/transmitters, 45 Local Access Network (WLAN), 72 repeater, 46 transmission, 72 WLAN, 72 WPA, 72 76