Health ad Safety Successful health ad safety maagemet This is a free-to-dowload, web-friedly versio of HSG65 (Secod editio, published 1997). This versio has bee adapted for olie use from HSE s curret prited versio. You ca buy the book at www.hsebooks.co.uk ad most good bookshops. ISBN 978 0 7176 1276 5 Price 12.50 Successful health ad safety maagemet was prepared by HSE as a practical guide for directors, maagers, health ad safety professioals ad employee represetatives who wat to improve health ad safety i their orgaisatio. Its simple message is that orgaisatios eed to maage health ad safety with the same degree of expertise ad to the same stadards as other core busiess activities, if they are to effectively cotrol risks ad prevet harm to people. This book describes the priciples ad maagemet practices which provide the basis of effective health ad safety maagemet. It sets out the issues which eed to be addressed, ad ca be used for developig improvemet programmes, self-audit or self-assessmet. HSE Books Page 1 of 98
Health ad Safety Crow copyright 1997 First published 1991 Reprited 1992 (twice), 1993, 1994, 1995 Secod editio 1997 Reprited 1998 (twice) Reprited (with amedmets) 2000 (twice), 2003, 2006 Reprited 2008 ISBN 978 0 7176 1276 5 All rights reserved. No part of this publicatio may be reproduced, stored i a retrieval system, or trasmitted i ay form or by ay meas (electroic, mechaical, photocopyig, recordig or otherwise) without the prior writte permissio of the copyright ower. Applicatios for reproductio should be made i writig to: The Office of Public Sector Iformatio, Iformatio Policy Team, Kew, Richmod, Surrey TW9 4DU or e-mail: licesig@opsi.gov.uk This guidace is issued by the Health ad Safety. Followig the guidace is ot compulsory ad you are free to take other actio. But if you do follow the guidace you will ormally be doig eough to comply with the law. Health ad safety ispectors seek to secure compliace with the law ad may refer to this guidace as illustratig good practice. Page 2 of 98
Health ad Safety Cotets Foreword 5 Itroductio 6 Chapter 1 Summary 7 Policy 7 Orgaisig 7 Plaig 7 Measurig performace 8 Auditig ad reviewig performace 8 Chapter 2 Effective health ad safety policies 10 The importace of people to a orgaisatio 11 Avoidig loss - the total loss approach 12 Iset 1 Accidet ratio studies 13 Prime resposibility for accidet ad ill health prevetio rests with maagemet 14 The importace of orgaisatioal factors 14 Iset 2 Huma factors i idustrial health ad safety 15 Iset 3 Examples of health ad safety philosophy 16 A systematic approach 17 Iset 4 The impact of effective health ad safety policies o busiess thikig 18 Quality, eviromet ad health ad safety maagemet 19 Chapter 3 Orgaisig for health ad safety 21 Cotrol 23 Iset 5 Performace stadards 24 Iset 6 Supervisio 26 Co-operatio 28 Commuicatio 29 Iformatio iputs 29 Iformatio flows withi the orgaisatio 29 Visible behaviour 29 Writte commuicatio 30 Iset 7 A outlie for statemets of health ad safety policy 30 Face-to-face discussio 31 Iformatio flow from the orgaisatio 31 Competece 31 Iset 8 Traiig for health ad safety 33 Iset 9 Role ad fuctios of safety advisers 37 Chapter 4 Plaig ad implemetig 38 Plaig for health ad safety 39 Workplace precautios 39 Risk cotrol systems (RCSs) 41 Maagemet arragemets 42 Plaig the overall health ad safety maagemet system 44 Settig objectives 46 Devisig workplace precautios 46 Iset 10 Cotrollig health risks 47 Hazard idetificatio 49 Risk assessmet 49 Risk cotrol 50 Iset 11 So far as is reasoably practicable, So far as is practicable ad Best practicable meas 50 Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 3 of 98
Health ad Safety Cotets Policy 52 Devisig risk cotrol systems (RCSs) 51 Orgaisig 52 Implemetig 52 Measurig performace 52 Reviewig performace 52 Auditig 52 Iset 12 Framework for settig risk cotrol systems 53 Devisig maagemet arragemets 54 Settig performace stadards 55 Prioritisig health ad safety activities 55 Simple risk estimatio 56 Implemetig the health ad safety maagemet system 57 Chapter 5 Measurig performace 58 Active moitorig systems 59 Iset 13 Ispectio 61 Reactive moitorig systems 61 Ivestigatio ad respose systems for active ad reactive moitorig 63 Actios ecessary to deal with immediate risks 64 Level ad ature of ivestigatio 64 The form of ivestigatio 64 Collectig evidece 65 Assemblig ad cosiderig the evidece 66 Comparig coditios with relevat specificatios ad stadards 67 Implemetig fidigs ad trackig progress 67 Outputs ad aalysis 67 Iset 1 Key data to be covered i accidet, ill health ad icidet reports 68 Chapter 6 Auditig ad reviewig performace 69 Auditig performace 70 Collectig iformatio 71 Preparatio 71 O-site 71 Coclusio 72 Makig judgemets 72 Audit cotrols 72 Iset 15 Effective health ad safety audit systems 73 Reviewig performace 74 Appedices 76 Appedix 1 Termiology 76 Appedix 2 Orgaisig for health ad safety 78 Appedix 3 Reorgaisatio 80 Appedix 4 Implemetatio of health ad safety maagemet systems 83 Appedix 5 Aalysig the causes of accidets ad icidets 87 Appedix 6 Accidet icidece ad frequecy rates 94 Refereces 96 Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 43 of 97 98
Health ad Safety Foreword Successful health ad safety maagemet (HSG65) was first prepared by HSE s Accidet Prevetio Advisory Uit (ow Operatios Uit) i 1991 as a practical guide for directors, maagers, health ad safety professioals ad employee represetatives who wated to improve health ad safety i their orgaisatios. The message it coveys is a simple oe: orgaisatios eed to maage health ad safety with the same degree of expertise ad to the same stadards as other core busiess activities, if they are effectively to cotrol risks ad prevet harm to people. The publicatio has bee a best-seller for HSE, ad has bee well received as providig soud guidace o good practice i health ad safety maagemet. Some of the actios it advocates go beyod what is strictly required by legislatio. For example, although some specific health ad safety legislatio requires auditig, there is o geeral legal requiremet to audit. Similarly there is o legal requiremet to give tool-box talks. A cotiuig priority for HSE is to secure more effective maagemet of health ad safety by duty holders. Safety represetatives ad employees as well as maagers ca make key cotributios. Together with legal requiremets, the framework described here provides the basis for the approach which HSE ispectors take whe auditig a orgaisatio s arragemets for maagig health ad safety. I commed this guidace to you as a tried ad tested basis o which to build your health ad safety maagemet system. Justi McCracke, Deputy Director Geeral (Operatios), Health ad Safety Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 5 of 98
Health ad Safety Itroductio The Health ad Safety Commissio s iitiative to review HSE guidace has provided the opportuity to revise ad update this publicatio. The revisio does ot alter the basic framework for maagig health ad safety set out i earlier editios, which received widespread acceptace. The guidace is aimed at directors, maagers with health ad safety resposibilities, as well as health ad safety professioals. Employees represetatives should also fid it helpful. It: describes the priciples ad maagemet practices which provide the basis of effective health ad safety maagemet; sets out the issues which eed to be addressed; ad ca be used for developig improvemet programmes, self-audit or selfassessmet. The priciples are uiversal but how far actio is eeded will deped o the size of the orgaisatio, the hazards preseted by its activities, products or services, ad the adequacy of its existig arragemets. The format follows that of previous editios. Chapter 1 provides a overview, while other chapters cover each key elemet i detail. Chapter 4, o plaig ad implemetig, has bee extesively revised ad ew material preseted. Chapter 5, o measurig performace, icorporates ew material o accidet ad icidet ivestigatio. Chapter 6 has bee amplified to add more guidace o auditig. Withi each chapter, isets deal with a particular topic i more detail to avoid iterruptig the flow of the mai text. A short set of refereces is give at the ed. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 6 of 98
Health ad Safety Chapter oe: Summary The key elemets of successful health ad safety maagemet are set out i this summary. Diagram 1 outlies the relatioship betwee them. Policy Effective health ad safety policies set a clear directio for the orgaisatio to follow. They cotribute to all aspects of busiess performace as part of a demostrable commitmet to cotiuous improvemet. Resposibilities to people ad the eviromet are met i ways which fulfil the spirit ad letter of the law. Stakeholders expectatios i the activity (whether they are shareholders, employees, or their represetatives, customers or society at large) are satisfied. There are cost-effective approaches to preservig ad developig physical ad huma resources, which reduce fiacial losses ad liabilities. Orgaisig A effective maagemet structure ad arragemets are i place for deliverig the policy. All staff are motivated ad empowered to work safely ad to protect their log-term health, ot simply to avoid accidets. The arragemets are: uderpied by effective staff ivolvemet ad participatio; ad sustaied by effective commuicatio ad the promotio of competece which allows all employees ad their represetatives to make a resposible ad iformed cotributio to the health ad safety effort. There is a shared commo uderstadig of the orgaisatio s visio, values ad beliefs. A positive health ad safety culture is fostered by the visible ad active leadership of seior maagers. Plaig There is a plaed ad systematic approach to implemetig the health ad safety policy through a effective health ad safety maagemet system. The aim is to miimise risks. Risk assessmet methods are used to decide o priorities ad to set objectives for elimiatig hazards ad reducig risks. Wherever possible, risks are elimiated through selectio ad desig of facilities, equipmet ad processes. If risks caot be elimiated, they are miimised by the use of physical cotrols or, as a last resort, through systems of work ad persoal protective equipmet. Performace stadards are established ad used for measurig achievemet. Specific actios to promote a positive health ad safety culture are idetified. Measurig performace Performace is measured agaist agreed stadards to reveal whe ad where improvemet is eeded. Active self-moitorig reveals how effectively the health ad safety maagemet system is fuctioig. This looks at both hardware Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 7 of 98
Health ad Safety (premises, plat ad substaces) ad software (people, procedures ad systems) icludig idividual behaviour ad performace. If cotrols fail, reactive moitorig discovers why by ivestigatig accidets, ill health or icidets which could cause harm or loss. The objectives of active ad reactive moitorig are: to determie the immediate causes of sub-stadard performace; ad to idetify the uderlyig causes ad the implicatios for the desig ad operatio of the health ad safety maagemet system. Loger-term objectives are also moitored. Auditig ad reviewig performace The orgaisatio lears from all relevat experiece ad applies the lessos. There is a systematic review of performace based o data from moitorig ad from idepedet audits of the whole health ad safety maagemet system. These form the basis of self-regulatio ad of complyig with sectios 2 to 6 of the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSW Act) ad other relevat statutory provisios. There is a strog commitmet to cotiuous improvemet ivolvig the costat developmet of policies, systems ad techiques of risk cotrol. Performace is assessed by: iteral referece to key performace idicators; ad exteral compariso with the performace of busiess competitors ad best practice, irrespective of employmet sector. Performace is also ofte recorded i aual reports. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 8 of 98
Health ad Safety Diagram 1 Key elemets of successful health ad safety maagemet Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 9 of 98
Health ad Safety Chapter two: Effective health ad safety policies Policy Orgaisig Auditig Plaig ad implemetig Measurig performace Reviewig performace Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 10 of 98
Health ad Safety KEY MESSAGES Effective health ad safety policies cotribute to busiess performace by: supportig huma resource developmet; miimisig the fiacial losses which arise from avoidable uplaed evets; recogisig that accidets, ill health ad icidets result from failigs i maagemet cotrol ad are ot ecessarily the fault of idividual employees; recogisig that the developmet of a culture supportive of health ad safety is ecessary to achieve adequate cotrol over risks; esurig a systematic approach to the idetificatio of risks ad the allocatio of resources to cotrol them; supportig quality iitiatives aimed at cotiuous improvemet. This chapter idetifies the mai characteristics of successful policies for health ad safety. A commo characteristic is that they accurately reflect the values ad beliefs of those who devise ad implemet them. Effective policies are ot simply examples of maagemet payig lip service to improved health ad safety performace but a geuie commitmet to actio. I this guidace, policy meas the geeral itetios, approach ad objectives the visio of a orgaisatio ad the criteria ad priciples upo which it bases its actio. These form the basis for maagig health ad safety which shape the writte statemet of policy required by sectio 2 of the HSW Act. The importace of people to a orgaisatio Work ca make a positive or egative cotributio to idividual health. Both physical ad metal health may be affected if people are exposed to harm (eg through the use of chemicals, by a risk of fallig, by carryig out repetitive tasks or beig exposed to violet behaviour). But if the workplace is safe ad if people are iterested ad ivolved i their work, job satisfactio ca icrease ad improvemets i health ad well-beig ca result. Orgaisatios that successfully maage health ad safety recogise the relatioship betwee the cotrol of risks, geeral health ad the very core of the busiess itself. Their health ad safety policies alig with other huma resource maagemet policies desiged to secure commitmet ad ivolvemet ad to promote the well-beig of employees. I the workplace, this may lead to iitiatives such as job restructurig to reduce mootoy ad icrease flexibility or to health promotio campaigs. I some cases, orgaisatios educate their employees about dagers outside the workplace (eg i the home) as part of a off-the-job accidet prevetio policy. The importat cotributio which employees ad their represetatives ca make to improve health ad safety is recogised ad ecouraged. So the best health ad safety policies do ot separate health ad safety ad huma resource maagemet, because they ackowledge that people are the key resource. Orgaisatios that wat to behave ethically ad resposibly: recogise the beefits of a fit, ethusiastic, competet ad committed workforce; realise that progressive huma resource maagemet policies ca be udermied by weak health ad safety policies; ad show that they are cocered ot simply with prevetig accidets ad ill health (as required by health ad safety legislatio) but also with positive health promotio. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 11 of 98
Health ad Safety The ultimate goal is a orgaisatio aimig to improve its health ad safety performace, so that accidets ad ill health are elimiated ad work forms part of a satisfyig life to the beefit of both the idividual ad the orgaisatio. This itegrated approach exteds to people outside the orgaisatio i policies for the cotrol of off-site risks, evirometal pollutio ad product safety. Avoidig loss the total loss approach Ijuries ad ill health cost moey but are oly oe compoet of fiacial loss. Accidetal damage to property, plat, products or the eviromet as well as productio losses or liabilities also impose costs. The total loss approach is based o research ito the causes of accidets which is summarised i Iset 1. This illustrates a importat relatioship. There are may more icidets or earmisses tha those which cause ijury or property damage. Effective prevetio ad loss cotrol has to focus o the causes of icidets because outcomes may be radom ad ucotrollable. For istace, if a perso slips o a patch of spilt oil they may be uhurt, damage clothig or equipmet, break a arm or fracture their skull ad die. Examiig the causes of all such outcomes ca provide valuable isights ito iadequacies i risk cotrol ad poit toward actio which ca prevet future ijuries or losses (see Chapter 5). The total loss approach emphasises that orgaisatios eed to lear from both accidets ad icidets to achieve effective cotrol. They should also look beyod their ow orgaisatio to draw lessos from elsewhere. Ivestmet i loss reductio cotributes directly to profits ad may prove to be particularly cost effective at times of high competitio it may yield a better retur tha a similar ivestmet to improve sales ad market share. Results from HSE studies 1 of the costs of accidetal loss cofirm their commercial sigificace. Reducig the fiacial costs of accidets ad ill health is importat i busiess terms, but there are other busiess imperatives for maagig health ad safety effectively. Employees beefit from workig i a orgaisatio committed to high stadards of health ad safety, but orgaisatios should also recogise that there are other stakeholders with a legitimate iterest i how they maage health ad safety. These ca iclude shareholders, customers, suppliers, isurace compaies, the eighbourig commuity, the public ad regulators. Orgaisatios that are successful at maagig health ad safety recogise the busiess case for health ad safety ad meet the differet, ad sometimes competig demads ad expectatios of their stakeholders i a balaced way. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 12 of 98
Health ad Safety Iset 1 Accidet ratio studies Several studies have tried to establish the relatioship betwee serious ad mior accidets ad other dagerous evets. The results of a study by HSE s Accidet Prevetio Advisory Uit (APAU) 1 are summarised here. The study cofirmed the geeral validity of earlier work by Bird (1969) ad Tye ad Pearso (1974/75). The most sigificat coclusios which ca be draw from this ad other research 2 are that: the detailed fidigs were differet because of the defiitios ad accidets data used, but there is a cosistet relatioship betwee the differet kids of evet; there are cosistetly greater umbers of less serious evets compared to more serious oes; it is ofte a matter of chace whether dagerous evets cause ill health, ijury or damage. However, o-ijury icidets or ear-misses could become evets with more serious cosequeces. Not all ear-misses, however, ivolve risks which might have caused fatal or serious ijury; all the evets (ot just those causig ijuries) represet failures i cotrol ad are therefore potetial learig opportuities. A key feature of a effective health ad safety policy is to examie all usafe evets ad the behaviours which give rise to them. This is a way of cotrollig risk ad measurig performace. From studies i five orgaisatios i the oil, food, costructio, health ad trasport sectors, APAU established the followig ratio: 1 major or over-3-day lost-time ijury 1 for every 7 mior ijuries 7 for every 189 o-ijury accidets 189 HSE is curretly (1997) coductig research to lik the costs of accidets with the model for health ad safety maagemet outlied i this guidace. The research aims to measure the cost of differet maagemet failures, so that orgaisatios may better target their effort ad moey. The research is based o a root-cause aalysis tool which matches icidet causes with elemets of the health ad safety maagemet structure i this guidace. The tool, ad fidigs from the research, are scheduled for publicatio. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 13 of 98
Health ad Safety Prime resposibility for accidet ad ill health prevetio rests with maagemet Accidets, ill health ad icidets are seldom radom evets. They geerally arise from failures of cotrol ad ivolve multiple cotributory elemets. The immediate cause may be a huma or techical failure, but they usually arise from orgaisatioal failigs which are the resposibility of maagemet. Successful policies aim to exploit the stregths of employees. They aim to miimise the cotributio of huma limitatios ad fallibilities by examiig how the orgaisatio is structured ad how jobs ad systems are desiged. Orgaisatios eed to uderstad how huma factors affect health ad safety performace. These are explaied i more detail i the HSE publicatio HSG48 Reducig error ad ifluecig behaviour 3 which also cotais guidace o how to develop suitable cotrol strategies i a systematic way (see Iset 2). The importace of orgaisatioal factors Orgaisatios that are good at maagig health ad safety create a effective framework to maximise the cotributio of idividuals ad groups. Health ad safety objectives are regarded i the same way as other busiess objectives. They become part of the culture ad this is recogised explicitly by makig health ad safety a lie maagemet resposibility. The approach has to start at the top. Visible ad active support, strog leadership ad commitmet of seior maagers ad directors are fudametal to the success of health ad safety maagemet. Seior maagers commuicate the beliefs which uderlie the policy through their idividual behaviour ad maagemet practice. Health ad safety is a boardroom issue ad a board member takes direct resposibility for the co-ordiatio of effort. The whole orgaisatio shares the maagemet perceptio ad beliefs about the importace of health ad safety ad the eed to achieve the policy objectives. Examples of statemets of health ad safety philosophy are show i Iset 3. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 14 of 98
Health ad Safety Iset 2 Huma factors i idustrial health ad safety Diagram 2 shows the relatioship betwee the three factors that ifluece behaviour i orgaisatios. Diagram 2 Orgaisatioal factors have the major ifluece o idividual ad group behaviour, yet it is commo for them to be overlooked durig the desig of work ad whe ivestigatig accidets ad icidets. Orgaisatios eed to establish their ow positive health ad safety culture which promotes employee ivolvemet ad commitmet at all levels. This culture should emphasise that deviatio from established health ad safety stadards is uacceptable. Job factors directly ifluece idividual performace ad the cotrol of risks. Tasks should be desiged accordig to ergoomic priciples to take accout of the limitatios of huma performace. Mismatches betwee job requiremets ad idividuals capabilities icrease the potetial for huma error. Matchig the job to the idividual esures that people are ot overloaded; this cotributes to cosistet performace. Physical matchig icludes how the whole workplace ad the workig eviromet are desiged. Metal matchig ivolves takig ito accout the idividual s iformatio ad decisio-makig requiremets as well as his or her perceptio of the task. Mismatches betwee job requiremets ad a idividual s capabilities icrease the potetial for huma error. Persoal factors the attributes which employees brig to their jobs may be stregths or weakesses i relatio to the demads of a particular task. They iclude both physical attributes, such as stregth ad limitatios arisig from disability or illess, ad metal attributes, such as habits, attitudes, skills ad persoality, which ifluece behaviour i complex ways. Negative effects o task performace caot always be mitigated by job desig solutios. Some characteristics, such as skills ad attitudes, ca be modified by traiig ad experiece; others, such as persoality, are relatively permaet ad caot be modified withi the work cotext. People may therefore eed to be matched to their jobs through appropriate selectio techiques. For more iformatio, see HSG48 Reducig error ad ifluecig behaviour. 3 Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 15 of 98
Health ad Safety Iset 3 Examples of health ad safety philosophy A good safety record goes had i had with high productivity ad quality stadards We believe that a excellet compay is by defiitio a safe compay. Sice we are committed to excellece, it follows that miimisig risk to people, plat ad products is iseparable from all other compay objectives Prevetio is ot oly better, but cheaper tha cure. There is o ecessary coflict betwee humaitariaism ad commercial cosideratios. Profits ad safety are ot i competitio. O the cotrary, safety is good busiess Health ad safety is a maagemet resposibility of equal importace to productio ad quality Experiece shows that a successful safety orgaisatio also produces the right quality goods at miimum costs Competece i maagig health ad safety is a essetial part of professioal maagemet I the field of health ad safety [we] seek to achieve the highest stadards. We do ot pursue this aim simply to achieve compliace with curret legislatio, but because it is i our best iterests. The effective maagemet of health ad safety, leadig to fewer accidets ivolvig ijury ad time take off work, is a ivestmet which helps us to achieve our purposes People are our most importat asset Total safety is the ogoig itegratio of safety ito all activities with the objective of attaiig idustry leadership i safety performace. We believe othig is more importat tha safety... ot productio, ot sales, ot profits Effective cotrol of health ad safety is achieved through co-operative effort at all levels i the orgaisatio The compay believes that excellece i the maagemet of health ad safety is a essetial elemet withi its overall busiess pla All accidets ad ill health are prevetable The idetificatio, assessmet ad cotrol of health ad safety ad other risks is a maagerial resposibility ad of equal importace to productio ad quality The preservatio of huma ad physical resources is a importat meas of miimisig costs Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 16 of 98
Health ad Safety A systematic approach The key to effective policy implemetatio is good busiess plaig. The logic ad rigour of busiess plaig are applied to the cotrol of risks, ad resources are allocated accordig to risk priorities. The orgaisatio is able to measure performace agaist plas by settig up suitable moitorig arragemets. A outlie of how effective health ad safety policies ca affect differet areas of busiess thikig is give i Iset 4. Successful orgaisatios ca demostrate effective cotrol i terms of improved performace. Health ad safety thikig is reflected i busiess activity. The practical implicatios of health ad safety policies are thought through to avoid coflict betwee the demads of policy ad other operatioal requiremets. Disasters such as the sikig of the Herald of Free Eterprise, the trai crash at Clapham Juctio ad the fire ad explosio o Piper Alpha provide vivid examples of the effect of givig isufficiet attetio or weight to health ad safety. I these cases, maagemet decisios led to: urealistic timescales for implemetig plas, which put pressure o people to cut corers ad reduce supervisio; work schedulig ad rosters which failed to take accout of the problems of fatigue; iadequate resources allocated to traiig; orgaisatioal restructurig which placed people i positios for which they had isufficiet experiece; jobs ad cotrol systems which failed to recogise or allow for the fact that people would be likely to make mistakes ad might have difficulties commuicatig with each other. The systematic approach also emphasises a commitmet to cotiuous improvemet. Learig from experiece is essetial. I may serious accidets, previous icidets foreshadowed the potetial for serious ijury. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 17 of 98
Health ad Safety Iset 4 The impact of effective health ad safety policies o busiess thikig The followig areas of busiess thikig are amog those iflueced by effective health ad safety policies: Corporate strategy ad social resposibility busiess missio, philosophy ad codes of ethics; compay image i the commuity; policy o evirometal impact; maagemet professioalism (for example, the applicatio of the Maagemet Charter Iitiative (MCI) competeces). Fiace loss-cotrol ad cost-reductio strategies; aspects of o-speculative risk maagemet, such as product liability, security, property damage, ad the cosequet potetial for fiacial loss ad legal liability; decisios o loss reductio, risk retetio or trasfer, risk fudig ad isurace; ivestmet decisios cocerig busiess acquisitios ad ew premises, plat ad processes; geeral fiacial plaig ad budgetary cotrol. Huma resources recruitmet, selectio, placemet, trasfer, traiig, developmet ad learig; structurig the orgaisatio to promote a positive health ad safety culture; work ad job structurig to achieve participatio ad ivolvemet; health promotio activities; commuicatios; Ivestors i People. Marketig, product desig ad product liability specificatio of product ad service health ad safety stadards; atioal legal requiremets, for example, sectio 6 of the HSW Act; iteratioal requiremets such as EC directives; atioal ad iteratioal cosesus stadards, for example, British Stadards, ANSI ad ISO Stadards; the Cosumer Protectio Act i the case of products for domestic use. Maufacturig ad operatig policy desig, selectio, costructio ad maiteace of premises, plat, equipmet ad substaces; procuremet policies icludig selectio of cotractors; desig of jobs ad the applicatio of ergoomic priciples ad appropriate strategies for risk elimiatio, reductio ad cotrol; quality maagemet; evirometal maagemet ad waste disposal. Iformatio maagemet ad systems the idetificatio of data critical to the maagemet of health ad safety; the selectio of appropriate performace idicators; the use of iformatio techology i the collectio ad aalysis of essetial data. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 18 of 98
Health ad Safety Quality, eviromet ad health ad safety maagemet The priciples ad approach to maagig health ad safety described i this ad the followig chapters are the same as those advocated for maagig quality or the eviromet. A well-developed approach to quality is icreasigly see as a essetial activity for the successful orgaisatio rather tha a optioal extra. Orgaisatios ofte fail to maage health ad safety effectively because they see it as somethig distict from other maagemet tasks. They coclude that it is too difficult. They do ot brig the same rigour to it as they do for quality or the eviromet. The traditioal approach to esurig quality emphasised quality cotrol at the ed of the maufacturig process: products were ispected ad sorted for defects before they reached the customer. This was costly ad iefficiet. The moder approach is process-based quality assurace - maagig quality i ot ispectig defects out. A similar case ca be made for health ad safety. May orgaisatios traditioally oly react to accidets ad ill health ( defects ) oce they have occurred. There is little emphasis o prevetio. If the desired output of the health ad safety effort is to be achieved - to cotrol risks - the the process to deliver it has to be properly assured through desigig ad implemetig a effective health ad safety maagemet system. I other words it is proactive ot reactive. This approach is applied i this guidace. It is also the basis for the ISO 14001 Evirometal Maagemet stadards, 4 BS 8800 Guide to occupatioal health ad safety maagemet systems 5 ad the volutary eco-maagemet auditig schemes. 6 A word of cautio is ecessary though. Adoptig ISO 9000 Quality Systems stadards 7 will ot automatically lead to appropriate attetio to health ad safety i the workplace. The stadards focus o quality of the goods or services that the orgaisatio produces or delivers - ot o health ad safety i the productio or delivery process. Diagram 3 Pla-Do-Check-Act for health ad safety Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 19 of 98
Health ad Safety Total quality maagemet (TQM) promotes cotiuous improvemet i all aspects of a orgaisatio s activities. It emphasises idetifyig the key processes, settig performace stadards, measurig achievemet agaist these stadards ad the takig corrective actio ad idetifyig opportuities for improvemet - all i a cotiuous cycle. This is ofte depicted as Pla-Do-Check-Act ad ca equally be applied to health ad safety (see Diagram 3). Other areas where there is crossover betwee TQM methods ad health ad safety iclude: the tools ad techiques of TQM (eg process flowcharts, Pareto aalysis, cause-ad-effect diagrams) which ca be applied to health ad safety; the developmet of a supportive orgaisatioal culture. The TQM philosophy stresses the importace of actively ivolvig all employees i the quality process. It also recogises the crucial importace of visible leadership ad the eed for cosistet emphasis o quality improvemet throughout the orgaisatio. The busiess excellece model produced by the Europea Foudatio for Quality Maagemet (EFQM) 8 is oe bechmark which orgaisatios ca use to assess their progress towards busiess excellece. Health ad safety is recogised i this model but may orgaisatios have yet to realise that they ca use it to iform ad improve their approach to the maagemet of health ad safety. HSE fuded a research study 9 which examied health ad safety activities i several orgaisatios that were at various stages i implemetatio of TQM. Oe of the key fidigs was that visible leadership ad emphasis o cotiual improvemet with respect to health ad safety lagged behid that for quality of a product or service. Oe reaso for this fidig was that seior people lacked appreciatio of the busiess case for health ad safety. Successful orgaisatios ca establish ad maitai a culture which supports health ad safety. Practical ways i which they ca desig, build, operate ad maitai the appropriate systems are examied i the followig chapters. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 20 of 98