Oral and Cranial Implants

Oral and Cranial Implants

Hugh Devlin Ichiro Nishimura Editors Oral and Cranial Implants Recent Research Developments

Editors Hugh Devlin School of Dentistry University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom Ichiro Nishimura School of Dentistry University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA ISBN 978-3-642-34224-0 ISBN 978-3-642-34225-7 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-34225-7 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012956464 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface We have tried to provide an evidence-base to some of the most important concepts in implantology. It will also provide a readable information source for the practitioner as well as a heavily referenced text for the researcher and specialist. We ask for feedback from our colleagues, students and manufacturers to help us improve future editions, as we regard this as a work in progress. Hugh Rodman Leavell and E. Gurney Clark proposed the three-stage concept of preventive medicine: Primary Prevention for promotion of general health; Secondary Prevention for early diagnosis, prompt treatment and disability limitation; and Tertiary Prevention for rehabilitation. 1 Dental caries, periodontitis or injury in the oral cavity may be addressed by primary and secondary preventive measures. However, once the affected teeth are removed, there are new challenges in rehabilitation of the edentulous jaw. The goal of tertiary prevention is to maintain the biopsychosocial health of individuals, which is de fi ned by the World Health Organization as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. 2 Contemporary dental implants have achieved a high success rate as measured by initial osseointegration. However, the treatment effectiveness of implant dentistry should be further de fi ned from the successful attainment of the long-term stability of oral and general biopsychosocial health. Each of the authors is involved in implantology research and scholarship and has provided their insights and experience to the book. Wherever possible, we have used experimental evidence to recommend the best methods of obtaining and maintaining osseointegration, but there is much controversy surrounding some issues. Obtaining even a consensus on some basic issues, such as the de fi nition of peri-implantitis, has triggered much discussion amongst the authors. It is well known that implants are a generally successful form of treatment, but we set out to explain how implants fail due to infection, mechanical loading and biological and genetic issues. The result of implant failure for the patient may have serious consequences, especially for those with craniofacial 1 Leavell HR, Clark EG (1965) Preventive medicine for the doctor in his community: an epidemiological approach. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 2 Grad FP (2002) The preamble of the constitution of the World Health Organization. Bull World Health Organ 80(12):981 984. www.who.int/bulletin/archives/80(12)981.pdf v

vi Preface and maxillofacial implants. Unfortunately, implant failure is more frequent in these patients. Finally, we wish to thank those colleagues who have provided us with constructive criticism and inspiration and our patients who inspire us each day to do what we do. Manchester, UK Los Angeles, California, USA Hugh Devlin Ichiro Nishimura

Contents 1 The Peri-implant Diseases... 1 Hugh Devlin and Kumar C. Shah 2 The Response of the Bone and the Implant to Loading... 15 Hugh Devlin 3 Craniofacial and Maxillofacial Implants... 29 James A. Kelly 4 Genetic Background of Implant Failure... 41 Ichiro Nishimura 5 Bisphosphonates and Dental Implant Treatment... 61 Sil Park and Ichiro Nishimura Index... 77 vii