THRESHOLD ANALYSIS FOR MOORE, OKLAHOMA

AE-13042 THRESHOLD ANALYSIS FOR MOORE, OKLAHOMA Susan Moffat, County Extension Director, Cleveland County (405) 321-4774 Dave Shideler, Extension Economist, OSU, Stillwater (405) 744-6170 OKLAHOMA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY April 2013

Threshold Analysis For Moore, Oklahoma Susan Moffat Cleveland County Extension Director 601 E. Robinson Norman, OK 73071-6674 susan.moffat@okstate.edu Dave Shideler Extension Economist 323 Ag Hall Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK 74078-6026 dave.shideler@okstate.edu ABSTRACT The goal of this paper is to provide a threshold analysis for Moore. Threshold analysis attempts to estimate how many stores of various types a community can support. The estimate is based on the community s population and average number of persons per business in Oklahoma. "Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment financial aid, and educational services." "Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means."

THRESHOLD ANALYSIS FOR MOORE, OK Introduction to Threshold Analysis Most people know that a town's population must reach a certain level before a McDonald's will locate in that community. McDonald's marketing specialists are using a technique referred to as threshold analysis to make these decisions. The concept is simple. The restaurant needs a sizeable market to be profitable. If this kind of analysis works for fast food restaurants, it stands to reason that it would apply to other kinds of businesses as well. Next time you drive through a small town, take a look at the business mix. You ll probably notice that even a small town of 3,000 people has 5 or 6 beauty or barber shops, 1 or 2 florists, a small grocery store and a couple of antique shops. The small town probably won t have a furniture store, a shoe store, or a music/cd store. To be successful, different kinds of businesses need to have different sized markets. Beauty shops don t require large market areas, but music stores do. Dr. Kenneth Stone is a professor of economics and an Extension economist at Iowa State University, and he has worked for many years in the field of retail trade and community development. Stone, along with his colleague Georgeanne Artz, has developed a fairly simple way to estimate how large a market needs to be for various types of retail establishments. They refer to this minimum market size as the threshold level. Stone and Artz define the threshold level for a type of business as: the average number of people in the state per business. Because other types of businesses also depend upon the local population (e.g., certain service providers like physicians and dentists), we have expanded our analysis to include all NAICS codes for which data was available except sectors 11, 21, 22 and 31-33. These sectors represent Agriculture, Mining, 2

Utilities and Manufacturing, respectively, and they are excluded because the locations of these activities rely on factors other than resident population. For example, in 2011 Oklahoma's population equaled 3,791,508, and according to the 2010 County Business Patterns and Nonemployer Statistics, there were 1,234 grocery stores. Thus, in 2011 there were 3,073 people per grocery store in Oklahoma; this is the threshold level for grocery stores in Oklahoma. Using threshold levels as a general guide, it is possible to predict how many businesses of a certain type a community might support. Small towns can generally support several restaurants, which have a threshold between 1,002 and 1,233. Shoe stores, on the other hand, require a much larger market of about 12,391. Using Census data and the threshold level methodology developed by Stone and Artz, this paper will estimate the number of establishments that Moore could reasonably expect to support. These estimates should be viewed as guidelines only, and the authors make no recommendations concerning the use of these estimates. Because the threshold values are based upon state-level data, they are best interpreted as averages. Some communities will be able to sustain more businesses than our analysis reports, while other communities will not be able to sustain the number of business generated in our analysis. Many factors contribute to the success of businesses locally, such as managerial skill of the business owner, local economic development initiatives (e.g., Main Street programs), and sales tax differentials between jurisdictions. Proximity to other communities, commuting patterns and access to highways can also impact the number of businesses a community can sustain. Therefore, the numbers contained in this report are meant to be conversation starters they must be contextualized to the local community based upon more detailed knowledge available to local leaders but not 3

available to the researchers. Several sources of the actual number of businesses in Moore include: retail sales tax permit holder listings, a web search, telephone book listings, Chamber of Commerce membership directory, or marketing lists that can be purchased from a number of companies. Methodology The data requirements for conducting a threshold analysis for Moore, OK include: Moore s current population and the threshold levels for various kinds of establishments. Population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau indicate that Moore has a population of 56,315 in 2011. Thresholds for the state of Oklahoma have been constructed following the Stone and Artz methodology. The state population estimate was taken from the U.S. Census Bureau for 2011, and the number of businesses by sector is the sum of the 2010 County Business Patterns and Nonemployer Statistics number of establishments data (the most recent available). (Nonemployer Statistics captures the number of self-employed persons in Moore by industrial sector.) By dividing the population estimate for Moore by the derived, state-level thresholds, one can estimate the number of businesses the community should be able to sustain on average. Definitions of the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes are available at the sector level (2-digits) in Table 3, or more detailed definitions are available from the U.S. Census Bureau at http://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/. Results for Moore, OK Table 1 presents the threshold analysis results for Moore. For example, the threshold level for fast-food restaurants (a.k.a, NAICS 7222: Limited-Service Eating Places) is 1,002 persons. The 2011 population of Moore is 56,315; thus it is estimated 4

that this city may be able to support as many as 56 fast-food restaurants (56,315 divided by 1,002). Generalizing, it is believed that Moore could support somewhere in the range of 102 restaurants (fast-food and full-service restaurants combined). Moore could also probably support 219 beauty salons and barber shops (NAICS 8121) and 109 child day care facilities (NAICS 6244). Moore could probably support 87 accountants and/or tax preparers (NAICS 5412), 40 drug stores (NAICS 4461), and 18 grocery store (NAICS 4451). Moore probably does not have enough population to support scheduled or nonscheduled air transportation (NAICS 4811 and 4812). Recognizing that Moore is situated on the south side of Oklahoma City, the estimated number of businesses supported in Moore could exceed the estimates presented here. It is also the case that businesses in Moore will experience intense competition from other businesses in close proximity (e.g., Oklahoma City, Del City, Midwest City, and Norman. While the shoppers in Moore may come from outside of Moore s city limits, estimated numbers of businesses are generated only using Moore s population to reflect these dynamics. According to Stone and Artz, threshold levels should be used as a general guide in determining how many businesses a town can support. They remind, however, that there are always exceptions to any rule. A highly successful watch, clock, and jewelry repair store many be located in a town of 2,500, but, in general, stores that buck the trend in this way are usually well-established, well-operated, and have usually been around for a long time. Similarly, a community may not be able to sustain the number of businesses reported here due to individual mismanagement or other factors (e.g., recent loss of a 5

major employer). These numbers are best used as guidelines in developing locally-driven economic development goals. Readers who are interested in learning more about Kenneth Stone and his work with threshold analysis are encouraged to check out Iowa State University s website located at www.econ.iastate.edu/faculty/stone/. 6

Table 1: Expected Number of Businesses for Selected Industries in Moore, OK (Sorted in Descending Order by Expected Number of Businesses in Moore) NAICS Description Estimated Establishments, Moore 5617 Services to buildings and dwellings 245 8129 Other personal services 229 8121 Personal care services 219 5311 Lessors of real estate 161 2389 Other specialty trade contractors 148 2383 Building finishing contractors 146 5419 Other professional, scientific, and technical services 141 4543 Direct selling establishments 138 2361 Residential building construction 121 5242 Agencies, brokerages, and other insurance related activities 111 6244 Child day care services 109 4841 General freight trucking 105 2381 Foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors 105 8111 Automotive repair and maintenance 102 5416 Management, scientific, and technical consulting services 98 5313 Activities related to real estate 96 2382 Building equipment contractors 92 5312 Offices of real estate agents and brokers 91 5411 Legal services 90 5412 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 87 6213 Offices of other health practitioners 77 7115 Independent artists, writers, and performers 75 6211 Offices of physicians 73 8114 Personal and household goods repair and maintenance 58 7222 Limited-service eating places 56 5413 Architectural, engineering, and related services 54 8131 Religious organizations 50 5415 Computer systems design and related services 47 5614 Business support services 46 7221 Full-service restaurants 46 5239 Other financial investment activities 43 4461 Health and personal care stores 40 6216 Home health care services 40 2362 Nonresidential building construction 38 4539 Other miscellaneous store retailers 37 5611 Office administrative services 37 6241 Individual and family services 34 7

NAICS Description Estimated Establishments, Moore 7112 Spectator sports 32 4411 Automobile dealers 32 4471 Gasoline stations 30 7139 Other amusement and recreation industries 29 4481 Clothing stores 29 5616 Investigation and security services 29 5619 Other support services 28 6212 Offices of dentists 27 5221 Depository credit intermediation 26 5414 Specialized design services 25 5613 Employment services 25 7223 Special food services 25 4842 Specialized freight trucking 23 4413 Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores 21 5418 Advertising, public relations, and related services 20 Commercial and industrial machinery and 8113 equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance 20 4238 Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers 19 4451 Grocery stores 18 5222 Nondepository credit intermediation 18 4441 Building material and supplies dealers 18 4532 Office supplies, stationery, and gift stores 17 4239 Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers 17 7211 Traveler accommodation 17 4533 Used merchandise stores 17 4511 Sporting goods, hobby, and musical instrument stores 16 7224 Drinking places (alcoholic beverages) 15 4431 Electronics and appliance stores 14 5324 Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment rental and leasing 13 4541 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses 13 4249 Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers 13 4251 Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers 13 8112 Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance 11 5231 Securities and commodity contracts intermediation and brokerage 11 4412 Other motor vehicle dealers 10 4529 Other general merchandise stores 10 8

NAICS Description Estimated Establishments, Moore 8123 Drycleaning and laundry services 10 4422 Home furnishings stores 10 4453 Beer, wine, and liquor stores 10 2371 Utility system construction 10 5322 Consumer goods rental 10 7111 Performing arts companies 10 6219 Other ambulatory health care services 9 5223 Activities related to credit intermediation 9 4483 Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 9 4452 Specialty food stores 9 4542 Vending machine operators 9 6232 Residential mental retardation, mental health and substance abuse facilities 9 5182 Data processing, hosting, and related services 9 6214 Outpatient care centers 9 8139 Business, professional, labor, political, and similar organizations 9 5511 Management of companies and enterprises 8 5191 Other information services 8 8122 Death care services 8 4234 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 8 5171 Wired telecommunications carriers 8 4531 Florists 8 5121 Motion picture and video industries 7 4442 Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 7 4244 Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers 7 7113 Promoters of performing arts, sports, and similar events 7 4231 Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers 7 2379 Other heavy and civil engineering construction 6 5321 Automotive equipment rental and leasing 6 2372 Land subdivision 6 4512 Book, periodical, and music stores 6 4421 Furniture stores 6 4853 Taxi and limousine service 6 5241 Insurance carriers 5 6215 Medical and diagnostic laboratories 5 5612 Facilities support services 5 6231 Nursing care facilities 5 5615 Travel arrangement and reservation services 5 4236 Electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers 5 9

NAICS Description Estimated Establishments, Moore 6116 Other schools and instruction 5 4482 Shoe stores 5 6242 Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services 4 4237 Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 4 5111 Newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers 4 5417 Scientific research and development services 4 8134 Civic and social organizations 4 2373 Highway, street, and bridge construction 4 6243 Vocational rehabilitation services 4 4233 Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers 4 4246 Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers 4 4859 Other transit and ground passenger transportation 4 4247 Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers 4 7114 Agents and managers for artists, athletes, entertainers, and other public figures 3 4931 Warehousing and storage 3 4235 Metal and mineral (except petroleum) merchant wholesalers 3 7132 Gambling industries 3 8132 Grantmaking and giving services 3 4245 Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers 3 4243 Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers 3 6233 Community care facilities for the elderly 3 5122 Sound recording industries 3 4232 Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers 2 5621 Waste collection 2 7212 RV (recreational vehicle) parks and recreational camps 2 7213 Rooming and boarding houses 2 5172 Wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite) 2 4241 Paper and paper product merchant wholesalers 2 5323 General rental centers 2 7121 Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions 2 8133 Social advocacy organizations 2 6111 Elementary and secondary schools 2 4881 Support activities for air transportation 2 10

NAICS Description Estimated Establishments, Moore 4885 Freight transportation arrangement 2 4242 Drugs and druggists' sundries merchant wholesalers 2 6221 General medical and surgical hospitals 2 5151 Radio and television broadcasting 2 5331 Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works) 2 4862 Pipeline transportation of natural gas 2 4884 Support activities for road transportation 2 6115 Technical and trade schools 2 5629 Remediation and other waste management services 1 4921 Couriers and express delivery services 1 4248 Beer, wine, and distilled alcoholic beverage merchant wholesalers 1 4521 Department stores 1 7131 Amusement parks and arcades 1 5179 Other telecommunications 1 6239 Other residential care facilities 1 6114 Business schools and computer and management training 1 5622 Waste treatment and disposal 1 4854 School and employee bus transportation 1 4855 Charter bus industry 1 6117 Educational support services 1 5112 Software publishers 1 4922 Local messengers and local delivery 1 6113 Colleges, universities, and professional schools 1 NAICS code definitions are available online from the U.S. Census Bureau at http://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/index.html. Sectors for which the estimated number of businesses is 0 have been excluded from the table. 11

Table 2: Expected Number of Businesses for Selected Industries in Moore, OK (Sorted by NAICS Code) NAICS Description Estimated Establishments, Moore 2361 Residential building construction 121 2362 Nonresidential building construction 38 2371 Utility system construction 10 2372 Land subdivision 6 2373 Highway, street, and bridge construction 4 2379 Other heavy and civil engineering construction 6 2381 Foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors 105 2382 Building equipment contractors 92 2383 Building finishing contractors 146 2389 Other specialty trade contractors 148 4231 Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers 7 4232 Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers 2 4233 Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers 4 4234 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 8 4235 Metal and mineral (except petroleum) merchant wholesalers 3 4236 Electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers 5 4237 Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 4 4238 Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers 19 4239 Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers 17 4241 Paper and paper product merchant wholesalers 2 4242 Drugs and druggists' sundries merchant wholesalers 2 Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant 4243 wholesalers 3 4244 Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers 7 4245 Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers 3 4246 Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers 4 4247 Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers 4 4248 Beer, wine, and distilled alcoholic beverage merchant wholesalers 1 4249 Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers 13 12

NAICS Description Estimated Establishments, Moore 4251 Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers 13 4411 Automobile dealers 32 4412 Other motor vehicle dealers 10 4413 Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores 21 4421 Furniture stores 6 4422 Home furnishings stores 10 4431 Electronics and appliance stores 14 4441 Building material and supplies dealers 18 4442 Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 7 4451 Grocery stores 18 4452 Specialty food stores 9 4453 Beer, wine, and liquor stores 10 4461 Health and personal care stores 40 4471 Gasoline stations 30 4481 Clothing stores 29 4482 Shoe stores 5 4483 Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 9 4511 Sporting goods, hobby, and musical instrument stores 16 4512 Book, periodical, and music stores 6 4521 Department stores 1 4529 Other general merchandise stores 10 4531 Florists 8 4532 Office supplies, stationery, and gift stores 17 4533 Used merchandise stores 17 4539 Other miscellaneous store retailers 37 4541 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses 13 4542 Vending machine operators 9 4543 Direct selling establishments 138 4811 Scheduled air transportation 0 4812 Nonscheduled air transportation 0 4832 Inland water transportation 0 4841 General freight trucking 105 4842 Specialized freight trucking 23 4851 Urban transit systems 0 4852 Interurban and rural bus transportation 0 4853 Taxi and limousine service 6 4854 School and employee bus transportation 1 4855 Charter bus industry 1 4859 Other transit and ground passenger transportation 4 4861 Pipeline transportation of crude oil 0 13

NAICS Description Estimated Establishments, Moore 4862 Pipeline transportation of natural gas 2 4869 Other pipeline transportation 0 4871 Scenic and sightseeing transportation, land 0 4872 Scenic and sightseeing transportation, water 0 4881 Support activities for air transportation 2 4882 Support activities for rail transportation 0 4883 Support activities for water transportation 0 4884 Support activities for road transportation 2 4885 Freight transportation arrangement 2 4889 Other support activities for transportation 0 4921 Couriers and express delivery services 1 4922 Local messengers and local delivery 1 4931 Warehousing and storage 3 5111 Newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers 4 5112 Software publishers 1 5121 Motion picture and video industries 7 5122 Sound recording industries 3 5151 Radio and television broadcasting 2 5152 Cable and other subscription programming 0 5171 Wired telecommunications carriers 8 5172 Wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite) 2 5174 Satellite telecommunications 0 5179 Other telecommunications 1 5182 Data processing, hosting, and related services 9 5191 Other information services 8 5211 Monetary authorities- central bank 0 5221 Depository credit intermediation 26 5222 Nondepository credit intermediation 18 5223 Activities related to credit intermediation 9 5231 Securities and commodity contracts intermediation and brokerage 11 5239 Other financial investment activities 43 5241 Insurance carriers 5 5242 Agencies, brokerages, and other insurance related activities 111 5259 Other investment pools and funds 0 5311 Lessors of real estate 161 5312 Offices of real estate agents and brokers 91 5313 Activities related to real estate 96 5321 Automotive equipment rental and leasing 6 5322 Consumer goods rental 10 5323 General rental centers 2 14

NAICS Description Estimated Establishments, Moore 5324 Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment rental and leasing 13 5331 Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works) 2 5411 Legal services 90 5412 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 87 5413 Architectural, engineering, and related services 54 5414 Specialized design services 25 5415 Computer systems design and related services 47 5416 Management, scientific, and technical consulting services 98 5417 Scientific research and development services 4 5418 Advertising, public relations, and related services 20 5419 Other professional, scientific, and technical services 141 5511 Management of companies and enterprises 8 5611 Office administrative services 37 5612 Facilities support services 5 5613 Employment services 25 5614 Business support services 46 5615 Travel arrangement and reservation services 5 5616 Investigation and security services 29 5617 Services to buildings and dwellings 245 5619 Other support services 28 5621 Waste collection 2 5622 Waste treatment and disposal 1 5629 Remediation and other waste management services 1 6111 Elementary and secondary schools 2 6112 Junior colleges 0 6113 Colleges, universities, and professional schools 1 Business schools and computer and management 6114 training 1 6115 Technical and trade schools 2 6116 Other schools and instruction 5 6117 Educational support services 1 6211 Offices of physicians 73 6212 Offices of dentists 27 6213 Offices of other health practitioners 77 6214 Outpatient care centers 9 6215 Medical and diagnostic laboratories 5 6216 Home health care services 40 6219 Other ambulatory health care services 9 6221 General medical and surgical hospitals 2 15

NAICS Description Estimated Establishments, Moore 6222 Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals 0 6223 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals 0 6231 Nursing care facilities 5 6232 Residential mental retardation, mental health and substance abuse facilities 9 6233 Community care facilities for the elderly 3 6239 Other residential care facilities 1 6241 Individual and family services 34 6242 Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services 4 6243 Vocational rehabilitation services 4 6244 Child day care services 109 7111 Performing arts companies 10 7112 Spectator sports 32 7113 Promoters of performing arts, sports, and similar events 7 7114 Agents and managers for artists, athletes, entertainers, and other public figures 3 7115 Independent artists, writers, and performers 75 7121 Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions 2 7131 Amusement parks and arcades 1 7132 Gambling industries 3 7139 Other amusement and recreation industries 29 7211 Traveler accommodation 17 7212 RV (recreational vehicle) parks and recreational camps 2 7213 Rooming and boarding houses 2 7221 Full-service restaurants 46 7222 Limited-service eating places 56 7223 Special food services 25 7224 Drinking places (alcoholic beverages) 15 8111 Automotive repair and maintenance 102 8112 Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance 11 8113 Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance 20 8114 Personal and household goods repair and maintenance 58 8121 Personal care services 219 8122 Death care services 8 8123 Drycleaning and laundry services 10 8129 Other personal services 229 8131 Religious organizations 50 16

NAICS Description Estimated Establishments, Moore 8132 Grantmaking and giving services 3 8133 Social advocacy organizations 2 8134 Civic and social organizations 4 8139 Business, professional, labor, political, and similar organizations 9 NAICS code definitions are available online from the U.S. Census Bureau at http://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/index.html. 17

Table 3: NAICS Codes, 2-Digit Sector Level NAICS Description NAICS Description Code Code 11 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and 53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing Hunting 21 Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction 54 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 22 Utilities 55 Management of Companies and Enterprises 23 Construction 56 Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services 31-33 Manufacturing 61 Educational Services 42 Wholesale Trade 62 Health Care and Social Assistance 44-45 Retail Trade 71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 48-49 Transportation and Warehousing 72 Accommodation and Food Services 51 Information 81 Other Services (except Public Administration) 52 Finance and Insurance 92 Public Administration 18

References Stone, Kenneth E. and Artz, Georgeanne M. Threshold Levels for Selected Retail & Service Businesses in Iowa 1998-1999. Iowa State University Extension: Ames, IA. http://www.econ.iastate.edu/faculty/stone/fi_thres98.pdf Stone, Kenneth E. and Artz, Georgeanne M. Threshold Levels for Selected Retail & Service Businesses in Iowa 2000-2001. Iowa State University Extension: Ames, IA. http://www.econ.iastate.edu/retail/threshold.pdf U.S. Census Bureau. Population Estimates City and Town Totals: Vintage 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2011/index.html. Accessed on October 29, 2012. U.S. Census Bureau. 2010 County Business Patterns. http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/index.html. Accessed on September 14, 2012. U.S. Census Bureau. 2010 Nonemployer Statistics. http://www.census.gov/econ/nonemployer/. Accessed on September 14, 2012. 19