The Authority on World Travel & Tourism Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012 WORLD WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012 1
For more information please contact: Olivia Ruggles-Brise Director, Policy & Research olivia.rugglesbrise@wttc.org Eva Aimable Manager, Policy & Research eva.aimable@wttc.org 2012 World Travel & Tourism Council
Foreword For more than 20 years the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) has been investing in economic impact research, which assesses the Travel & Tourism industry s contribution to GDP and jobs. Our ten-year forecasts are unique in the information they provide to assist governments and private companies plan for the future. Travel & Tourism continues to be one of the world s largest industries. The total impact of the industry means that, in 2011, it contributed 9% of global GDP, or a value of over US$6 trillion, and accounted for 255 million jobs. Over the next ten years this industry is expected to grow by an average of 4% annually, taking it to 10% of global GDP, or some US$10 trillion. By 2022, it is anticipated that it will account for 328 million jobs, or 1 in every 10 jobs on the planet. 2011 was one of the most challenging years ever experienced by the global Travel & Tourism industry. However, our latest research suggests that, despite political upheaval, economic uncertainty and natural disasters, the industry s direct contribution to world GDP grew by nearly 3% to US$2 trillion and directly generated 1.2 million new jobs. This was supported by a 3% increase in visitor exports to US$1.2 trillion, with almost 3% growth in capital investment, which rose to over US$0.7 trillion. Moreover, while the macroeconomic environment remains very challenging, our latest projections point to continuous growth in the contribution of Travel & Tourism to global GDP and employment. Rising household incomes in emerging economies not only the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) but increasingly across the rest of Southeast Asia and Latin America will continue to fuel increased leisure demand. Similarly, growing international trade particularly from emerging markets will sustain business travel demand. In developed economies, consumers are likely to remain cautious, especially in European countries where austerity programmes are being implemented. This means that we expect growth in Travel & Tourism s direct contribution to GDP to remain stable at 3% in 2012. We expect the industry to generate directly over 2 million new jobs, with a 2% increase in visitor exports and 3.5% growth in investment over the year. Rarely over the past 20 years have we been challenged by such economic and political uncertainty as we are seeing now. Our ongoing research underlines the importance of Travel & Tourism as a stabilising force globally providing jobs, generating prosperity, and facilitating international trade and investment. David Scowsill World Travel & Tourism Council
Contents The Economic Impact of Travel & Tourism 2012 2012 Annual Research: Key Facts...1 Defining the Economic Contribution of Travel & Tourism...2 Travel & Tourism s Contribution to GDP...3 Travel & Tourism s Contribution to Employment...4 Visitor Exports and Investment...5 Different Components of Travel & Tourism...6 Summary Tables: Estimates & Forecasts...7 The Economic Contribution of Travel & Tourism: Real 2011 Prices...8 The Economic Contribution of Travel & Tourism: Nominal Prices...9 The Economic Contribution of Travel & Tourism: Growth...10 Glossary...11 Methodological Note...12 Regions, Sub-regions, Countries...13 USE OF MATERIAL IS AUTHORISED, PROVIDED SOURCE IS ACKNOWLEDGED 1-2 Queen Victoria Terrace, Sovereign Court, London E1W 3HA, UK 2 Tel: +44 (0) 20 7481 8007. Fax: +44 (0) 20 7488 1008. Email: enquiries@wttc.org. www.wttc.org
World 2012 ANNUAL RESEARCH: KEY FACTS 2012 forecast GDP: DIRECT CONTRIBUTION The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP was USD1,972.8bn (2.8% of total GDP) in 2011, and is forecast to rise by 2.8% in 2012, and to rise by 4.2% pa, from 2012-2022, to USD3,056.2bn in 2022 (in constant 2011 prices). GDP: TOTAL CONTRIBUTION The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP was USD6,346.1bn (9.1% of GDP) in 2011, and is forecast to rise by 2.8% in 2012, and to rise by 4.3% pa to USD9,939.5bn in 2022. EMPLOYMENT: DIRECT CONTRIBUTION In 2011 Travel & Tourism directly supported 98,031,500 jobs (3.3% of total employment). This is expected to rise by 2.3% in 2012 and rise by 1.9% pa to 120,470,000 jobs (3.6% of total employment) in 2022. EMPLOYMENT: TOTAL CONTRIBUTION In 2011, the total contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment, including jobs indirectly supported by the industry, was 8.7% of total employment (254,941,000 jobs). This is expected to rise by 2.0% in 2012 to 260,093,000 jobs and rise by 2.3% pa to 327,922,000 jobs in 2022 (9.8% of total). VISITOR EXPORTS Visitor exports generated USD1,170.6bn (5.3% of total exports) in 2011. This is forecast to grow by 1.7% in 2012, and grow by 3.6% pa, from 2012-2022, to USD1,694.7bn in 2022 (4.3% of total). INVESTMENT Travel & Tourism investment in 2011 was USD743.0bn, or 4.9% of total investment. It should rise by 3.5% in 2012, and rise by 5.6% pa over the next ten years to USD1,320.4bn in 2022 (5.1% of total). Total Contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP Breakdown of Travel & Tourism's Total Contribution to GDP and Employment 2011 2011 USDbn GDP (2011 USDbn) 12,000 1154 10,000 8,000 3212 6,000 4,000 2,000 1973 98031 111020 45890 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2022 Employment ('000) Direct Indirect Induced = Total contribution of Travel & Tourism WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012 1
Defining the economic contribution of Travel & Tourism Travel & Tourism is an important economic activity in most countries around the world. As well as its direct economic impact, the industry has significant indirect and induced impacts. The UN Statistics Division-approved Tourism Satellite Accounting methodology (TSA:RMF 2008) quantifies only the direct contribution of Travel & Tourism. But WTTC recognises that Travel & Tourism's total contribution is much greater, and aims to capture its indirect and induced impacts through its annual research. DIRECT CONTRIBUTION The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP reflects the internal spending on Travel & Tourism (total spending within a particular country on Travel & Tourism by residents and non-residents for business and leisure purposes) as well as government 'individual' spending - spending by government on Travel & Tourism services directly linked to visitors, such as cultural (eg museums) or recreational (eg national parks). The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is calculated to be consistent with the output, as expressed in National Accounting, of tourism-characteristic sectors such as hotels, airlines, airports, travel agents and leisure and recreation services that deal directly with tourists.the direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is calculated from total internal spending by netting out the purchases made by the different tourism sectors. This measure is consistent with the definition of Tourism GDP, specified in the 2008 Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework (TSA: RMF 2008). TOTAL CONTRIBUTION The total contribution of Travel & Tourism includes its wider impacts (ie the indirect and induced impacts) on the economy. The indirect contribution includes the GDP and jobs supported by: Travel & Tourism investment spending an important aspect of both current and future activity that includes investment activity such as the purchase of new aircraft and construction of new hotels; Government 'collective' spending, which helps Travel & Tourism activity in many different ways as it is made on behalf of the community at large eg tourism marketing and promotion, aviation, administration, security services, resort area security services, resort area sanitation services, etc; Domestic purchases of goods and services by the sectors dealing directly with tourists - including, for example, purchases of food and cleaning services by hotels, of fuel and catering services by airlines, and IT services by travel agents. The induced contribution measures the GDP and jobs supported by the spending of those who are directly or indirectly employed by the Travel & Tourism industry. PLEASE NOTE THAT DUE TO CHANGES IN METHODOLOGY BETWEEN 2010 AND 2011, IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO COMPARE FIGURES PUBLISHED BY WTTC FROM 2011 ONWARDS WITH THE SERIES PUBLISHED IN PREVIOUS YEARS. 2 WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
Travel & Tourism's contribution to GDP 1 The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP in 2011 was USD1,972.8bn (2.8% of GDP). This is forecast to rise by 2.8% to USD2,028.2bn in 2012.This primarily reflects the economic activity generated by industries such as hotels, travel agents, airlines and other passenger transportation services (excluding commuter services). But it also includes, for example, the activities of the restaurant and leisure industries directly supported by tourists. The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is expected to grow by 4.2% pa to USD3,056.2bn (3.0% of GDP) by 2022. WORLD: DIRECT CONTRIBUTION OF TRAVEL & TOURISM TO GDP Constant 2011 USDbn 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 % of whole economy GDP 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 500 2.8 2.7 0 2.7 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2022 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2022 The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP (including wider effects from investment, the supply chain and induced income impacts, see page 2) was USD6,346.1bn in 2011 (9.1% of GDP) and is expected to grow by 2.8% to USD6,526.9bn (9.2% of GDP) in 2012. It is forecast to rise by 4.3% pa to USD9,939.5bn by 2022 (9.8% of GDP). WORLD: TOTAL CONTRIBUTION OF TRAVEL & TOURISM TO GDP Constant 2011 USDbn 12,000 % of whole economy GDP 12.0 10,000 10.0 8,000 8.0 6,000 6.0 4,000 4.0 2,000 2.0 0 2011 2012 2022 Direct Indirect Induced 0.0 2011 2012 2022 Direct Indirect Induced 1 All values are in constant 2011 prices & exchange rates WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012 3
Travel & Tourism's contribution to employment Travel & Tourism generated 98,031,500 jobs directly in 2011 (3.3% of total employment) and this is forecast to grow by 2.3% in 2012 to 100,292,000 (3.4% of total employment). This includes employment by hotels, travel agents, airlines and other passenger transportation services (excluding commuter services). It also includes, for example, the activities of the restaurant and leisure industries directly supported by tourists. By 2022, Travel & Tourism will account for 120,470,000 jobs directly, an increase of 1.9% pa over the next ten years. WORLD: DIRECT CONTRIBUTION OF TRAVEL & TOURISM TO EMPLOYMENT '000 jobs % of whole economy employment 140,000.0 120,000.0 100,000.0 80,000.0 60,000.0 40,000.0 20,000.0 0.0 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2022 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2022 The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment (including wider effects from investment, the supply chain and induced income impacts, see page 2) was 254,941,000 jobs in 2011 (8.7% of total employment). This is forecast to rise by 2.0% in 2012 to 260,093,000 jobs (8.7% of total employment). By 2022, Travel & Tourism is forecast to support 327,922,000 jobs (9.8% of total employment), an increase of 2.3% pa over the period. WORLD: TOTAL CONTRIBUTION OF TRAVEL & TOURISM TO EMPLOYMENT '000 jobs 350,000.0 300,000.0 250,000.0 200,000.0 150,000.0 100,000.0 50,000.0 % of whole economy employment 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 2011 2012 2022 Direct Indirect Induced 0.0 2011 2012 2022 Direct Indirect Induced 4 WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
Visitor Exports and Investment 1 VISITOR EXPORTS Visitor exports are a key component of the direct contribution of Travel & Tourism. In 2011, the world generated USD1,170.6bn in visitor exports. In 2012, this is expected to grow by 1.7%, and the world is expected to attract 997,674,000 international tourist arrivals. By 2022, international tourist arrivals are forecast to total 1,390,790,000, generating expenditure of USD1,694.7bn, an increase of 3.6% pa. WORLD: VISITOR EXPORTS AND INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRIVALS Constant 2011 USDbn mn Foreign visitor exports as % of total exports 1,800 1,600 8.0 1,600 1,400 7.0 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 200 200 2.0 0 0 1.0 0.0 Foreign visitor exports (LHS) Foreign tourist arrivals (RHS) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2022 INVESTMENT Travel & Tourism is expected to have attracted capital investment of USD743.0bn in 2011. This is expected to rise by 3.5% in 2012, and rise by 5.6% pa over the next ten years to USD1,320.4bn in 2022. Travel & Tourism s share of total national investment will rise from 4.8% in 2012 to 5.1% in 2022. WORLD: CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN TRAVEL & TOURISM Constant 2011 USDbn 1,400 % of whole economy GDP 6.0 1,200 5.0 1,000 800 600 400 200 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 0.0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2022 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2002 2003 2010 2011 2012 2022 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2022 1 All values are in constant 2011 prices & exchange rates WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012 5
Different components of Travel & Tourism 1 Leisure spending 76.0% Business spending 24.1% World Travel & Tourism's Contribution to GDP: Business vs Leisure, 2011 Leisure travel spending (inbound and domestic) generated 76.0% of direct Travel & Tourism GDP in 2011 (USD3,056.9bn) compared with 24.1% for business travel spending (USD968.4bn). Leisure travel spending is expected to grow by 3.1% in 2012 to USD3,152.2bn, and rise by 4.4% pa to USD4,853.8bn in 2022. Business travel spending is expected to grow by 2.5% in 2012 to USD993.0bn, and rise by 4.0% pa to USD1,476.2bn in 2022. Foreign visitor spending 29.5% Domestic spending 70.5% World Travel & Tourism's Contribution to GDP: Domestic vs Foreign, 2011 Domestic travel spending generated 70.5% of direct Travel & Tourism GDP in 2011 compared with 29.5% for visitor exports (ie foreign visitor spending or international tourism receipts). Domestic travel spending is expected to grow by 3.5% in 2012 to USD2,889.6bn, and rise by 4.6% pa to USD4,547.6bn in 2022. Visitor exports are expected to grow by 1.7% in 2012 to USD1,190.8bn, and rise by 3.6% pa to USD1,694.7bn in 2022. Direct 31.1% World Breakdown of Travel & Tourism's Total Contribution to GDP, 2011 The Travel & Tourism industry contributes to GDP and employment in many ways as detailed on page 2. Induced 18.2% Indirect 50.7% Indirect is the sum of: (a) Supply chain 33.2% (b) Investment 9.8% (c) Government collective 7.7% a c b 1 All values are in constant 2011 prices & exchange rates The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is three times greater than its direct contribution. 6 WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
Summary tables: Estimates & Forecasts 2011 2011 2012 2022 1 1 World USDbn % of total Growth 2 USDbn % of total Growth 3 Direct contribution to GDP 1,972.8 2.8 2.8 3,056.2 3.0 4.2 Total contribution to GDP 6,346.1 9.1 2.8 9,939.5 9.8 4.3 Direct contribution to employment 4 98,031 3.3 2.3 120,470 3.6 1.9 Total contribution to employment 4 254,941 8.7 2.0 327,922 9.8 2.3 Visitor exports 1,170.6 5.3 1.7 1,694.7 4.3 3.6 Domestic spending 2,791.2 4.0 3.5 4,547.6 4.6 4.6 Leisure spending 3,056.9 4.4 3.1 4,853.8 4.8 4.4 Business spending 968.4 1.4 2.5 1,476.2 1.5 4.0 Capital investment 743.0 4.9 3.5 1,320.4 5.1 5.6 1 2011 constant prices & exchange rates; 2 2012 real growth adjusted for inflation (%); 3 2012-2022 annualised real growth adjusted for inflation (%); 4 '000 jobs WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012 7
The economic contribution of Travel & Tourism: Real 2011 prices World (USDbn, real 2011 prices) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012E 2022F 1. Visitor exports 1,089.7 1,136.6 1,154.8 1,082.5 1,132.7 1,170.6 1,190.8 1,694.7 2. Domestic expenditure 2,769.4 2,834.9 2,790.1 2,649.0 2,713.0 2,791.2 2,889.6 4,547.6 3. Internal tourism consumption (= 1 + 2 + government individual spending) 3,909.8 4,024.4 4,000.1 3,789.1 3,904.9 4,022.1 4,141.9 6,326.7 4. Purchases by tourism providers, including imported goods -1,998-2,057-2,079-1,927-1,989-2,049-2,114-3,271 (supply chain) 5. Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP (= 3 + 4) 1,911.5 1,967.1 1,921.5 1,862.6 1,916.1 1,972.8 2,028.2 3,056.2 Other final impacts (indirect & induced) 1,727 1,777 1,783 1,686 1,732 1,787 1,842 2,845 6. Domestic supply chain 7. Capital investment 690.5 753.9 803.0 729.4 722.5 743.0 769.3 1,320.4 8. Government collective spending 348.0 362.8 378.1 395.6 405.9 413.2 421.3 576.8 9. Imported goods from indirect spending 242 248 261 230 255 276 286 437 10. Induced 1,113 1,156 1,134 1,129 1,139 1,154 1,179 1,705 11. Total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP 6,032 6,264 6,280 6,033 6,171 6,346 6,527 9,940 (= 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10) Employment impacts ('000) 12. Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment 100,072 99,388 99,523 96,593 96,831 98,031 100,292 120,470 13. Total contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment 265,479 272,726 263,104 255,299 251,512 254,941 260,093 327,922 Other indicators 14. Expenditure on outbound travel 973 1,025 1,042 993 1,023 1,045 1,071 1,501 8 WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
The economic contribution of Travel & Tourism: Nominal prices World (USDbn, nominal prices) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012E 2022F 1. Visitor exports 865 993 1,097 978 1,059 1,171 1,165 2,095 2. Domestic expenditure 2,192 2,425 2,574 2,366 2,539 2,791 2,874 6,039 3. Internal tourism consumption (= 1 + 2 + government individual spending) 3,098 3,464 3,722 3,396 3,653 4,022 4,100 8,241 4. Purchases by tourism providers, including imported goods -1,579-1,768-1,929-1,722-1,859-2,052-2,097-4,301 (supply chain) 5. Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP (= 3 + 4) 1,519 1,696 1,793 1,674 1,796 1,973 2,005 3,941 Other final impacts (indirect & induced) 1,356 1,520 1,652 1,505 1,617 1,787 1,826 3,763 6. Domestic supply chain 7. Capital investment 542 638 737 647 675 743 765 1,733 8. Government collective spending 281 315 353 359 381 413 416 728 9. Imported goods from indirect spending 193 219 255 212 240 276 280 540 10. Induced 883 992 1,052 1,013 1,067 1,154 1,169 2,229 11. Total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP 4,776 5,381 5,843 5,410 5,776 6,346 6,461 12,933 (= 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10) Employment impacts ('000) 12. Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment 100,072 99,388 99,523 96,593 96,831 98,031 100,292 120,470 13. Total contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment 265,479 272,726 263,104 255,299 251,512 254,941 260,093 327,922 Other indicators 14. Expenditure on outbound travel 785 903 989 884 948 1,045 1,045 1,857 *Concepts shown in this table align with the standard table totals as described in the 2008 Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework (TSA: RMF 2008) developed by the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD), the Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Historical data for concepts has been benchmarked to match reported TSA data where available. WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012 9
The economic contribution of Travel & Tourism: Growth World Growth 1 (%) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012E 2022F 1. Visitor exports 4.2 4.3 1.6-6.3 4.6 3.3 1.7 3.6 2. Domestic expenditure 4.3 2.4-1.6-5.1 2.4 2.9 3.5 4.6 3. Internal tourism consumption (= 1 + 2 + government individual spending) 4.2 2.9-0.6-5.3 3.1 3.0 3.0 4.3 4. Purchases by tourism providers, including imported goods 4.6 3.0 0.9-7.0 3.1 3.2 3.1 4.4 (supply chain) 5. Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP (= 3 + 4) 3.8 2.9-2.3-3.1 2.9 3.0 2.8 4.2 Other final impacts (indirect & induced) 3.8 2.8 0.3-5.4 2.7 3.1 3.1 4.4 6. Domestic supply chain 7. Capital investment 8.4 9.2 6.5-9.2-0.9 2.8 3.5 5.6 8. Government collective spending 3.5 4.2 4.2 4.6 2.6 1.8 2.0 3.2 9. Imported goods from indirect spending 5.6 6.0 1.8 0.4-2.7 2.3 3.8 5.7 10. Induced 2.6 3.9-1.9-0.4 0.9 1.3 2.2 3.8 11. Total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP 4.1 3.8 0.3-3.9 2.3 2.8 2.8 4.3 (= 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10) Employment impacts ('000) 12. Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment 3.9-0.7 0.1-2.9 0.2 1.2 2.3 1.9 13. Total contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment 3.3 2.7-3.5-3.0-1.5 1.4 2.0 2.3 Other indicators 14. Expenditure on outbound travel 2.8 5.3 1.6-4.7 3.1 2.1 2.5 3.4 1 2005-2011 real annual growth adjusted for inflation (%); 2 2011-2021 annualised real growth adjusted for inflation (%) 10 WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
Glossary Key Definitions Travel & Tourism relates to the activity of travellers on trips outside their usual environment with a duration of less than one year. Economic activity related to all aspects of such trips is measured within the research. Direct contribution to GDP GDP generated by industries that deal directly with tourists, including hotels, travel agents, airlines and other passenger transport services, as well as the activities of restaurant and leisure industries that deal directly with tourists. It is equivalent to total internal Travel & Tourism spending (see below) within a country less the purchases made by those industries (including imports). In terms of the UN s Tourism Satellite Account methodology it is consistent with total GDP calculated in table 6 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Direct contribution to employment the number of direct jobs within the Travel & Tourism industry. This is consistent with total employment calculated in table 7 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Total contribution to GDP GDP generated directly by the Travel & Tourism industry plus its indirect and induced impacts (see below). Total contribution to employment the number of jobs generated directly in the Travel & Tourism industry plus the indirect and induced contributions (see below). Direct Spending Impacts Visitor exports spending within the country by international tourists for both business and leisure trips, including spending on transport. This is consistent with total inbound tourism expenditure in table 1 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Domestic Travel & Tourism spending spending within a country by that country s residents for both business and leisure trips. Multi-use consumer durables are not included since they are not purchased solely for tourism purposes. This is consistent with total domestic tourism expenditure in table 2 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Outbound spending by residents abroad is not included here, but is separately identified according to the TSA: RMF 2008 (see below). Government individual spending government spending on individual non-market services for which beneficiaries can be separately identified. These social transfers are directly comparable to consumer spending and, in certain cases, may represent public provision of consumer services. For example, it includes provision of services in national parks and museums. Internal tourism consumption total revenue generated within a country by industries that deal directly with tourists including visitor exports, domestic spending and government individual spending. This does not include spending abroad by residents. This is consistent with total internal tourism expenditure in table 4 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Business Travel & Tourism spending spending on business travel within a country by residents and international visitors. Leisure Travel & Tourism spending spending on leisure travel within a country by residents and international visitors. Indirect and Induced Impacts Indirect contribution the contribution to GDP and jobs of the following three factors: Capital investment includes capital investment spending by all sectors directly involved in the Travel & Tourism industry. This also constitutes investment spending by other industries on specific tourism assets such as new visitor accommodation and passenger transport equipment, as well as restaurants and leisure facilities for specific tourism use. This is consistent with total tourism gross fixed capital formation in table 8 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Government collective spending general government spending in support of general tourism activity. This can include national as well as regional and local government spending. For example, it includes tourism promotion, visitor information services, administrative services and other public services. This is consistent with total collective tourism consumption in table 9 of TSA: RMF 2008. Supply-chain effects purchases of domestic goods and services directly by different sectors of the Travel & Tourism industry as inputs to their final tourism output. Induced contribution the broader contribution to GDP and employment of spending by those who are directly or indirectly employed by Travel & Tourism. Other Indicators Outbound expenditure spending outside the country by residents on all trips abroad. This is fully aligned with total outbound tourism expenditure in table 3 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Foreign visitor arrivals the number of arrivals of foreign visitors, including same-day and overnight visitors (tourists) to the country. WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012 11
Methodological note In 2011, WTTC refined its methodology for estimating the direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to be fully consistent with the UN Statistics Division-approved 2008 Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework (TSA:RMF 2008). Some further revisions to the research have been made in 2012 as part of WTTC s ongoing commitment to align the research with the TSA:RMF 2008. This has involved further benchmarking of country reports to official, published TSAs, including for countries which are reporting data for the first time as well as updates to earlier years. As part of the alignment process we are now also able to isolate and exclude international travel flows related to education. In addition to 181 individual country reports, one world report and 17 covering world regions and sub-regions, we also provide reports with combined results for special economic groupings including, for the first time in 2012, the G20 and SADC. Special economic groups G20 Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea,Turkey, UK, USA. SADC (Southern African Development Community) Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. BRIC Brazil, Russia, India, China. APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russian Federation, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, USA, Vietnam. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, USA. 12 WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
Economic impact reports: Regions, sub-regions and countries WORLD Region Subregion Country Region Subregion Country Region Subregion Country Region Subregion Country Africa North Africa SUB-SAHARAN Algeria Anguilla Japan Lithuania Egypt Antigua & Barbuda China Luxembourg Libya Aruba Hong Kong Malta Morocco Bahamas South Korea Netherlands Tunisia Barbados Macau Poland Angola Bermuda Taiwan Portugal Benin Cayman Islands Mongolia Romania Botswana Cuba Australia Slovakia Former Burkina Faso Netherlands New Zealand Slovenia Antilles Burundi Dominica Fiji Spain Cameroon Dominican Republic Kiribati Sweden Cape Verde Grenada Other Oceania UK Central African Republic Guadeloupe Solomon Islands Albania Chad Haiti Tonga Armenia Comoros Jamaica Vanuatu Azerbaijan Democratic Republic of Congo Martinique Bangladesh Belarus Ethiopia Puerto Rico India Bosnia Herzegovina Gabon St Kitts & Nevis Nepal Croatia Gambia St Lucia Pakistan Iceland Ghana St Vincent & the Grenadines Sri Lanka Kazakhstan Guinea Trinidad & Tobago Maldives Kyrgyzstan Ivory Coast UK Virgin Islands Brunei Macedonia Kenya US Virgin Islands Cambodia Moldova Lesotho Argentina Indonesia Montenegro Madagascar Belize Laos Norway Malawi Bolivia Malaysia Russia Mali Brazil Myanmar Serbia Mauritius Chile Papua New Guinea Switzerland Mozambique Colombia Philippines Turkey Namibia Costa Rica Singapore Ukraine Niger El Salvador Thailand Bahrain Nigeria Ecuador Vietnam Iran Republic of Congo Guatemala Austria Israel Reunion Guyana Belgium Jordan Rwanda Honduras Bulgaria Kuwait Sao Tome & Principe Nicaragua Cyprus Lebanon Senegal Panama Czech Republic Oman Seychelles Paraguay Denmark Qatar Sierra Leone Peru Estonia Saudi Arabia South Africa Suriname Finland Syria Sudan Uruguay France UAE Swaziland Venezuela Germany Yemen Tanzania Canada Greece Togo Mexico Hungary Uganda USA Ireland Zambia Italy Zimbabwe Latvia Americas Caribbean Latin America North America Asia Europe NORTHEAST Asia Oceania South Asia SouthEast Asia European Union Europe Middle East European Union Other Europe WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012 13
The World Travel & Tourism Council is the forum for business leaders in the Travel & Tourism industry. With the Chairs and Chief Executives of the 100 foremost Travel & Tourism companies as its Members, WTTC has a unique mandate and overview on all matters related to Travel & Tourism. WTTC works to raise awareness of Travel & Tourism as one of the world s largest industries, supporting some 255 million jobs and generating 9% of global GDP in 2011. Together with its research partner, Oxford Economics, WTTC produces comprehensive reports on an annual basis with updates whenever required to quantify, compare and forecast the economic impact of Travel & Tourism on 181 economies around the world. It also publishes a World report highlighting global trends, as well as reports on regions, sub-regions and special economic groupings. To download one-page summaries, the full reports or spreadsheets, visit www.wttc.org Assisting WTTC to provide tools for analysis, benchmarking, forecasting and planning. Over the last 30 years Oxford Economics has built a diverse and loyal client base of over 300 organisations worldwide, including international organisations, governments, central banks, and both large and small businesses. Headquartered in Oxford, England, with offices in London, Belfast, Paris, the UAE, Singapore, Philadelphia, New York and San Francisco, Oxford Economics employs over 70 full-time, highly qualified economists and data specialists, while maintaining links with a network of economists in universities worldwide. For more information please take advantage of a free trial on our website, www.oxfordeconomics.com, or contact John Gaster, Oxford Economics, Abbey House, 121 St Aldates, Oxford, OX1 1HB, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 1865 268 900; email: jtholstrup@oxfordeconomics.com 14 WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
CHAIRMAN ABERCROMBIE & KENT Geoffrey J W Kent Founder, & PRESIDENT & WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM COUNCIL David Scowsill VICE CHAIRMEN GLOBAL LEISURE PARTNERS Mark Harms & MANDARIN ORIENTAL Edouard Ettedgui Group Chief Executive SILVERSEA CRUISES Manfredi Lefebvre d Ovidio di Balsorano de Clunieres THE TRAVEL CORPORATION Brett Tollman President & Chief Executive TUI AG Dr Michael Frenzel of the Executive Board WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM COUNCIL Jean-Claude Baumgarten WYNDHAM WORLDWIDE Stephen P Holmes & EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ACCOR Denis Hennequin & AMERICAN EXPRESS COMPANY William Glenn President, Global Merchant Network Group BEIJING TOURISM GROUP Qiang Duan BHARAT HOTELS Jyotsna Suri Chairperson & Managing Director CARLSON Hubert Joly President, & Director EMIRATES Gary Chapman President Group Services & Dnata, Emirates Group ETIHAD AIRWAYS James Hogan HILTON WORLDWIDE Christopher J Nassetta INTERCONTINENTAL HOTELS GROUP PLC Richard Solomons Chief Executive JUMEIRAH GROUP Gerald Lawless Executive MARRIOTT INTERNATIONAL JW Marriott, Jr & Arne M Sorenson MELIÁ HOTELS INTERNATIONAL Sebastián Escarrer Vice OUTRIGGER ENTERPRISES GROUP Dr Richard R Kelley Emeritus RIOFORTE INVESTMENTS SA Manuel Fernando Espírito Santo SABRE HOLDINGS Tom Klein President SHUN TAK HOLDINGS Pansy Ho Managing Director TRAVEL GUARD WORLDWIDE Jeffrey C Rutledge & TRAVELPORT Gordon Wilson TSOGO SUN GROUP Jabu Mabuza Deputy VISITBRITAIN Christopher Rodrigues, CBE GLOBAL MEMBERS ALTOUR Alexandre Chemla President AMADEUS IT GROUP SA Luis Maroto Jose Antonio Tazón of the Board AVIS BUDGET GROUP Ronald L Nelson & BEIJING CAPITAL INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT CO Zhiyi Dong Guanghui Zhang BEIJING TOURISM GROUP Yi Liu President BOSCOLO GROUP Giorgio Boscolo CANNERY ROW COMPANY Ted J Balestreri & CHINA INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL SERVICE, HEAD OFFICE (CITS) Rong Chen CHOICE HOTELS INTERNATIONAL Stephen P Joyce COSTA CRUISES Pier Luigi Foschi & CTRIP.COM INTERNATIONAL Min Fan DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM & COMMERCE MARKETING, GOVERNMENT OF DUBAI Khalid A bin Sulayem Director General DIAMOND RESORTS Stephen J Cloobeck & DLA PIPER Sir Nigel Knowles Co- DOLPHIN CAPITAL INVESTORS Miltos Kambourides Managing Partner DUBAILAND Mohammed Al Habbai DUBAI AIRPORTS INTERNATIONAL Paul Denis Griffiths EAST JAPAN RAILWAY COMPANY Satoshi Seino EXPEDIA INC Dara Khosrowshahi FAIRMONT RAFFLES HOTELS INTERNATIONAL Chris J Cahill COO GLOBAL BLUE GROUP Per Setterberg HERTZ CORPORATION Mark Frissora &, Hertz Corporation Michel Taride President, Hertz International & Executive Vice President, Hertz Corporation HNA GROUP Feng Chen of the Board HOGG ROBINSON GROUP David Radcliffe Chief Executive HONG KONG & SHANGHAI HOTELS Clement Kwok & MD HOTELPLAN HOLDING Hans Lerch Vice & HUANGSHAN TOURISM GROUP Jiwei Xu HYATT HOTELS CORPORATION Mark S Hoplamazian President and IBM Marty Salfen General Manager, Global Travel & Transportation Industry INDIAN HOTELS COMPANY LTD RK Krishna Kumar Vice JONES LANG LASALLE HOTELS Arthur de Haast Global JTB CORP Hiromi Tagawa LEBUA HOTELS & RESORTS CO LTD Rattawadee Bualert President Deepak Ohri LOEWS HOTELS Jonathan M Tisch & LOS ANGELES WORLD AIRPORTS Gina Marie Lindsey Executive Director LOTTE Dong-Bin Shin MESSE BERLIN GMBH Raimund Hosch MGM RESORTS INTERNATIONAL Jim Murren MISSION HILLS GROUP Dr Ken Chu & MÖVENPICK HOTELS & RESORTS Jean Gabriel Pérès NH HOTELS Mariano Pérez Claver ORBITZ WORLDWIDE Barney Harford PAN PACIFIC HOTEL GROUP Patrick Imbardelli PHOCUSWRIGHT Philip C Wolf QUNAR Chenchao Zhuang Co-Founder & RADISSON EDWARDIAN HOTELS Jasminder Singh & REED TRAVEL EXHIBITIONS Richard Mortimore Managing Director RELAIS & CHÂTEAUX Jaume Tàpies President R TAUCK & PARTNERS Robin Tauck President S-GROUP CAPITAL MANAGEMENT Vladimir Yakushev Managing Partner SHANGRI-LA INTERNATIONAL HOTEL MANAGEMENT Greg Dogan SOUTH AFRICAN AIRWAYS Sizakele Mzimela SPENCER STUART Jerry Noonan Co-leader, Global Hospitality & Leisure Practice STARWOOD HOTELS & RESORTS WORLDWIDE, INC Frits D van Paasschen TAJ HOTELS RESORTS & PALACES Raymond Bickson Managing Director & TAP PORTUGAL Fernando Pinto TRANSAERO AIRLINES Alexander Pleshakov UNITED AIRLINES Jeff Smisek Jim Compton Executive Vice VIRTUOSO Matthew D Upchurch CTC WILDERNESS SAFARIS Andy Payne ZAGAT SURVEY LLC Tim Zagat Co-Founder, Co-Chair & INDUSTRY PARTNERS DELOITTE Adam Weissenberg Global Segment Lead - Travel Hospitality and Leisure REGIONAL MEMBERS DOURO AZUL Mario Ferreira HONORARY MEMBERS ACCOR Gérard Pélisson Co-, Supervisory Board AMERICAN EXPRESS COMPANY Jonathan S Linen Adviser to ANDRÉ JORDAN GROUP André Jordan FT MOORE P/L Sir Frank Moore, AO THE HERTZ CORPORATION Frank Olsen Retired of the Board NOMURA INTERNATIONAL Lord Colin Marshall of Knightsbridge TZ ASSOCIATES Tommaso Zanzotto President UNIVERSAL MEDIA Carl Ruderman CHAIRMAN EMERITUS RRE VENTURES James D Robinson III General Partner WTTC (1990-1994) IMMEDIATE PAST CHAIRMAN GLOBAL ALLIANCE ADVISORS LLC Vincent A Wolfington WTTC (2004-2007) FORMER CHAIRMEN INTERCONTINENTAL HOTELS GROUP PLC Sir Ian Prosser Retired WTTC (2001-2003) AIG INC Harvey Golub Non-Executive WTTC (1996-2001) ROBERT H BURNS HOLDINGS LTD Robert H Burns WTTC (1994-1996)
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