v Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing in Textiles Introduction R SHISHOO, Shishoo Consulting AB, Sweden xi xv xxi Part I: General 1 Requirements for automotive textiles a car producer s view 3 E SÖDERBAUM, Volvo Car Corporation, Sweden 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Automotive textiles 3 1.3 Volvo Car Corporation development process 5 1.4 Technical demands 5 1.5 Technical regulation 8 1.6 Design demands 12 1.7 Purchase demands 12 1.8 Purchase engineering demands 15 2 Mapping the automotive textile supply chain 17 N B POWELL, R. HANDFIELD and R. BARNHARDT, North Carolina State University, USA 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 The importance of information in supply chains 18 2.3 Supply chain organizational dynamics 19 2.4 Creating information visibility in supply chains 20 2.5 Market analysis 23 2.6 Results of supply chain mapping: current practices and linkages 29
vi 2.7 Tactical recommendations for supply chain mapping 35 2.8 Conclusions 38 2.9 Sources of further information and advice 39 2.10 References 41 3 Woven and knitted fabrics used in automotive interiors 43 T STEGMAIER, J MAVELY, M SCHWEINS, V VON ARNIM, G SCHMEER-LIOE, P SCHNEIDER, H FINCKH and H PLANCK, ITV Institute of Textile Research and Process Engineering, Germany 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Various types of textile components in car interiors 44 3.3 Overview of main types of textiles used 46 3.4 Woven and knitted fabrics 47 3.5 Finishing of textiles 49 3.6 Processing multilayer systems 50 3.7 Test procedures and special properties 51 3.8 Future trends 58 3.9 References 61 4 Nonwovens used in automobiles 63 S J RUSSELL and M J TIPPER, University of Leeds, UK 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Headliners 67 4.3 Bonnet liners 70 4.4 Boot (trunk) liners 71 4.5 Door and parcel shelf 72 4.6 Seat 72 4.7 Floorcovering 73 4.8 Acoustic insulation 75 4.9 Automotive nonwoven filters 80 4.10 Other components 82 4.11 Future trends 83 4.12 Acknowledgements 84 4.13 References 84 5 Recycling of automotive textiles 86 X NORMAND, Institut Français du Textile et de l Habillement, France 5.1 Introduction 86 5.2 Legislative considerations with regard to the disposability of used vehicles 87 5.3 Shortcomings in the textile materials used today 88
vii 5.4 Conception of recyclable engine air filters for the automotive industry 91 5.5 Development of recyclable textile acoustic insulation structures for the automotive market 98 5.6 Future trends 108 5.7 References 109 Part II: Automotive interiors 6 Design of automotive interior textiles 113 N B POWELL, North Carolina State University, USA 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Current automotive environment 114 6.3 Automotive textiles market 117 6.4 Establishing the target consumer 121 6.5 Trim selection process 122 6.6 Impact of seat design requirements 123 6.7 New product development process for automotive trim 124 6.8 Sample development 125 6.9 Communicating value and design services 134 6.10 Future trends: innovative materials 135 6.11 Sources of further information and advice 137 6.12 References 138 7 Three-dimensional textiles and nonwovens for polyurethane foam substitution in car seats 140 H ERTH and B GULICH, STFI, Germany 7.1 Introduction 140 7.2 Properties and performance requirements for car seats 141 7.3 Types of materials used as cushions 142 7.4 Key technologies for replacing polyurethane foams in car seats 144 7.5 Environmental advantages of using substitutes 145 7.6 Future trends 146 7.7 References 149 8 Physiologically optimised car seats 150 V T BARTELS, Hohenstein Institutes, Germany 8.1 Introduction 150 8.2 Thermophysiological comfort of car seats 151 8.3 Measurement of seat comfort 156 8.4 Improving comfort properties of car seats 163
viii 8.5 Conclusions 169 8.6 Future trends 170 8.7 Acknowledgements 170 8.8 References 170 9 Smart textiles in automotive interiors 172 F BOUSSU, C COCHRANE, M LEWANDOWSKI and V KONCAR, ENSAIT l Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Industries Textiles, France 9.1 Introduction 172 9.2 Technical elements enabling the production of smart textiles 178 9.3 Textile sensors 180 9.4 Textile actuators 188 9.5 Conclusions 196 9.6 References 196 10 Reducing noise in automotive interiors 198 J Y CHEN, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, USA 10.1 Causes of noise generation in moving vehicles 198 10.2 Theory of noise-minimizing properties of textiles 201 10.3 Textile materials for noise absorption 201 10.4 Textile materials for noise insulation 207 10.5 Testing methods for acoustical properties of textile materials 210 10.6 Engineering of acoustic textiles for noise control in vehicles 218 10.7 Future trends 225 10.8 References 227 11 Leather and coated textiles in automotive interiors 229 M MEYER, H SCHULZ and M STOLL, Research Institute of Leather and Plastic Sheeting (FILK), Germany 11.1 Introduction 229 11.2 Technologies for producing leather for automobiles 230 11.3 Technologies for the production of coated textiles and artificial leather for the automotive industry 237 11.4 A special case: leather board 245 11.5 Testing of leather and coated textiles for automotives: physical and chemical requirements 245 11.6 Sources of further information and advice 247 11.7 References 249
ix Part III: Safety applications of automotive textiles 12 Technical developments and market trends of automotive airbags 255 S K MUKHOPADHYAY, Sans Fibres (Pty) Ltd, South Africa 12.1 Historical background 255 12.2 Materials and processes 257 12.3 Airbag deployment and performance criteria 261 12.4 Market trends and developments 264 12.5 Future expectations and possible challenges 267 12.6 Bibliography 268 13 Key technology developments in textiles for use in automotive tires 270 W K WESTGATE and J G GILLICK, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, USA 13.1 Introduction 270 13.2 Properties and performance requirements of tires 271 13.3 Recent developments in fiber/textile reinforcements used in tire manufacturing 280 13.4 Fiber-rubber adhesion in tires 285 13.5 Recent advances in tire designs 289 13.6 Future trends 292 13.7 Sources of further information and advice 294 13.8 References 296 Part IV: Use of textiles in automotive bodywork 14 Textile structures for load-bearing applications in automobiles 301 T GRIES, J STUEVE, T GRUNDMANN and D VEIT, RWTH Aachen University, Germany 14.1 Introduction 301 14.2 Latest advances in technologies for producing 2D and 3D textile load-bearing structures for automotive applications 302 14.3 Processing textiles using preforming and prepreg technology 313 14.4 Applications of textile structures in automobiles 317 14.5 Future trends 317 14.6 References 318
x 15 Textile composites for automotive structural components 320 F K KO, University of British Columbia, Canada 15.1 Introduction 320 15.2 Textile structures for automotive composites 322 15.3 The role of fiber architecture in composite performance 325 15.4 The Sunrise TM electrical vehicle program 328 15.5 Examples of composite structural components 334 15.6 Summary and future trends 338 15.7 Acknowledgements 342 15.8 References 342 Index 344