Passive Optical LAN Design

Passive Optical LAN Design Matt Miller Principal Systems Engineer, Leidos Phone: 443.994.6456 Email: matt.miller@leidos.com

Objectives After successfully completing this course, you should be able to: Describe the basic architecture and design of a Passive Optical LAN (POL) Identify the benefits of a Passive Optical LAN (POL) Identify key market verticals for the application of POL Identify the applications of POL and those scenarios that are not an appropriate fit for the technology Identify the various types of optical splitters and their principles of operation Identify the various types of optical connector types and connector housings Understand and calculate optical loss budgets

Agenda Background Passive Optical LAN (POL) Overview PON and POL Connectivity Cost Reviews Benefits PON Communication POL Components POL Implementations Optical Budgets POL Design POL Testing Questions and Discussion

Background

Background: Legacy Infrastructure is Reaching Its Limits Overall Challenges Incremental evolution Will become obsolete in 5 to 10 years Increasing cost of cabling and electronics Difficult to plan for the next technology High power, space, and cooling costs Unrealized ROI

Background: Passive Optical Networking (PON) PON grew out of a need by telecom carriers for: More bandwidth Higher subscriber density Replace aging copper infrastructures Reduce power requirements and O&M costs Proven Technology: First standards developed in 1995 ITU and IEEE standards-based Billions of dollars invested in perfecting PON technology Fiber optic broadband subscribers surpass cable subscribers Global GPON revenue increased 33% from 2011 to reach $3.2 billion* Over 126 million fiber optic broadband subscribers worldwide** Fiber optic broadband subscribers are expected to reach 265 million by 2019** * Source: Broadband Trends, February 2013 ** Source: ABI Research, May 2014

Passive Optical LAN (POL) Overview

Passive Optical LAN (POL): Overview Globally standardized transport solution for PON technology Enhanced data security and near-zero TEMPEST emanations Highly flexible and scalable Centralized and secure administration Converges voice, data, and video on to a single fiber Improved reliability Reduced installation time and costs Reduced overall lifecycle operating costs Greatly enhanced network performance No electronics between the data center and end user for many miles Eliminates workgroup switches in the riser closets As future technology evolves only the endpoints need upgrading Maximizes return on investment (ROI) POL is GREEN IT Reduces and efficiently disperses power Reduces specialized cooling requirements Reduces space requirements Application of the underlying technology

Passive Optical LAN (POL) PON and POL Connectivity

Passive Optical LAN (POL): Connectivity with PON

Passive Optical LAN (POL): Connectivity

Passive Optical LAN (POL) Cost Review

Passive Optical LAN (POL): Cost Review Franklin Center Active Ethernet vs. POL: Project Summary and Cost Analysis 7-story office building Approximately 200,000 square feet Approximately 105 IP endpoints per floor

Active Ethernet Cost: Per Floor (2 per floor) Equipment Fiber backbone and patch panel CAT 5e UTP (Qty 360) avg. 50m Two 48 port and one 24 port Cisco 3750G switch 3 meter patch cables (qty. 360) and cable management hardware Cost $850 $54,000 $25,000 $1,850 3000 VA UPS $1,300 HVAC $8,000 Closet construction (100 sq. ft. @ $150 per sq. ft.) $15,000 Installation labor $21,150 Annual power consumption @ $0.125 per KWhr $3,066 (per year) $ 127,150 (per floor) x 7 $ 890,050

POL Cost: Data Center Equipment 48 Volt DC Rectifier 48 PON OLT with 16 Gbps Uplinks Fusion spliced fiber riser frame Fiber cable jumpers 3000 VA Uninterruptible Power Supply Cost $2,500 $91,292 $12,408 $1,045 $1,300 $ 113,845 Installation labor $5,300

Per Floor POL Cost Equipment Cost Ribbon riser cable $860 Fiber distribution hubs $13,985 Reduced bend fiber drops $6,840 3m fiber jumpers $2,194 Optical network terminals $21,681 Installation labor $11,550 $ 57,110 (per floor) x 7 $ 399,770

Installation Cost Summary: Active vs. Passive Active Ethernet POL Per floor $127,150 $57,110 Data center $113,845 Entire 7-story building $890,050 $513,615 42 % SAVINGS

Passive Optical LAN (POL) Benefits

Benefits: Removing the Active Distribution Layer Reduces installation and O&M costs Eliminates riser closets Eliminates dedicated cooling Reduces and efficiently disperses power Eases movement of users within the environment Eliminates a troubleshooting and maintenance component Eliminates cross-connects Reduces the cost of dispatching techs

Benefits: Secure Architecture 128 bit AES encryption Minimal TEMPEST concerns Standards driven interfaces Out-of-band management Remote software upgrades No administration ports on ONTs

PON Communication: Supported Voice Supported voice systems Native analog capabilities (POTS) using SIP Supports FAX and modem requirements Remote troubleshooting tools Integration with Class 5 or Enterprise switch via SIP or H.248 Enterprise VoIP with 802.3at Power over Ethernet (PoE)

Passive Optical LAN (POL) Components Hardware and Optics

Components: Optical Line Terminals (OLT) Scalable integrated platforms 800 Gbps to 8.6 Tbps backplane 2.5 Gbps or 10 Gbps PON ports Hot swappable card slots Pluggable optics (SFP, SFP+, XFP) Available as a fully redundant configuration Carrier-class reliability (99.999% uptime) Scalable integrated platforms Unmatched density Up to 64 GPON or GEPON Ports per OLT 192 PONs per 7 rack (3 OLTs) Serves 6,144 ONTs per 7 rack Up to 16, 10Gbps GEPON PONs per OLT 48 10G PONs per 7 rack (3 OLTs) Serves 1,536 10G ONTs per 7 rack Robust Network Management VLAN and 802.1x support Multi-level queuing QoS support IPv6 compatible

Components Large OLT Models Chassis-Based Fully Redundant Up to 112 PON Ports Thousands of ONTs DC Powered

Components Small OLT Models AC and DC Power Small Chassis and Standalone Small Office/Field Office 4 to 16 PON Ports Hundreds of ONTs

Components OLT Uplinks Standard Ethernet uplinks to core Uplinks typically 1G or 10G pluggable optics VLANs trunked into uplink ports Class C+ optics featureup to 32dB

Components OLT PON Ports From 4 to 112 PON ports per OLT Each PON port typically serves 32 ONTs = Thousands of ONTs per OLT! Typically SFP based Class C+ optics feature 32dB loss budget

Components OLT Redundancy Typically Redundant Power Backplane Management Switch fabric Uplinks Sometimes Redundant PON Ports PON Cards Entire OLT

Break 15 Minutes Passive Optical LAN Design

Components: Fiber Zone Box (Replaces Workgroup Switches and Riser Closets) All passive; rapid install No electronics (no switches, UPS, Access Control Systems) Installs in 2x2 foot ceiling grid or wall mount 96 ONTs per zone box Lockable cabinet Houses optical splitters Set and forget Completely connectorized Lower facilities costs No power or cooling required Less space Riser closets can be eliminated

Components: Optical Network Terminal (ONT) Variety of interface options 2 POTS ports (SIP to Analog Conversion) 1 to 24 10/100/1000 BASE-T Ethernet ports Full remote management features Per-port service activation and diagnostics Hardware, software, and service inventory Bandwidth provisioning in 64 Kbps increments Power over Ethernet (PoE) Injection ONT 4 PoE or 16 ports to power VoIP phones, wireless access points, and security cameras 4, 8, 12, 16 or 24 10/100/1000 BASE-T Interfaces Optional integrated UPS power supply provides up to two hours of battery backup Allows per-port administration of PoE wattage Maximum 30 watts of PoE

Components ONT Models Large variety of ONTs available AC and DC power options Desk-mount, In-wall, and Rack-mount Battery backup Match interfaces to user needs: Ethernet Ports with PoE POTS Ports Coaxial Television Wi-Fi

Components ONT Connections What Can I Connect? PCs Thin Clients VoIP Phones POTS Phones Wireless Access Points Coaxial Cable TV IPTV Access Control Security Cameras Building Management Systems Biometric Sensors Anything with an Ethernet, POTS, or Coax Interface!

Components ONT Compatibility EPON and GPON are not compatible Different manufactures typically do not interoperate Within the standards, some manufacturers have additional features especially EPON

Components ONT Security ONT security design to assume the ONT is in the hands of the adversary ONT does not function without OLT Usually no management ports on ONT ONT receives all programming from OLT

Power Considerations ONTs report a loss of power or loss of service ONTs can be powered via AC or DC Battery backups for high availability PoE for devices that need it

Components - Video Laser Transmitter Electrical to Optical 1550nm Conversion EDFA Amplifies Optical Signal up to 18 21dBm WDM Combines Wavelengths

Components - Video Laser Transmitter EDFA RF Nodes RFoG/two-way

Components DC Power Most OLTs use -48V DC Power Same power used in telco central offices Rectifiers required to convert AC to DC Properly ground your equipment!

Components DC Power Redundant Inputs Redundant Outputs Redundant Rectifiers Fuse or Circuit Breaker Protection Network Management Basically an external power supply!

Centralized Management

Management Systems Systems included standard CLI and EMS Application and Web/Mobile GUI is more important in PON than legacy networks Density is far greater! ONTs are an extension of the OLT

Profiles & Templates Create a standard profile or template for your services Apply that profile or template to many ONTs at once!

Management Systems Alarming and Notification Bandwidth Monitoring Central OLT & ONT Upgrades MAC Searches VLAN Member Reports

Bandwidth Management Bandwidth Management is Built-in! Guarantee every user bandwidth Set a committed rate Committed rates cannot exceed capacity of any link in the system Manage additional bandwidth as you desire Set a peak rate

Bandwidth Management Committed rates cannot exceed capacity of any link in the system

Managing All The Same Things The same things you manage today VLANs PoE QoS LLDP Network Access Control

Standards IEEE vs. ITU ITU and IEEE have separate standards for PON Both standards use the same passive infrastructure (fiber & splitters) The only difference is the electronics

Popular Standards Comparison EPON GPON Standard IEEE 802.3ah ITU G.984 Speed 1Gbps Symmetrical 2.4Gbps Down / 1.2 Gbps Up Framing Ethernet (mostly native) GEMS Encapsulation Wavelengths 1490nm/1310nm 1490nm/1310nm Dynamic Bandwidth Optional Vendor Specific Built-in Encryption Optional Vendor Specific AES-128 Downstream

Standards Timeline IEEE 2004 EPON Standard Approved (1G) 2009 10G EPON Standard Approved (10G) 2012 Extended EPON Task Force Formed 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 ITU 1995 APON Standard Introduced (155M) 1999 BPON Standard Approved (622M/155M) 2003 GPON Standard Approved (2.4G/1.2G) 2010 XGPON1 Standard Approved (10G/2.5G)

Converging Standards IEEE and ITU working to converge standards in future generations 10G EPON and XGPON use same PHYs

Future Standards EPON/GPON Networks can co-exist on the same fiber & splitters as 10G EPON/XGPON Networks 10G EPON and XGPON use same PHYs IEEE and ITU working to converge standards in future generations Next standards may combine multiple wavelengths in each direction for additional bandwidth

Complimentary Wavelengths EPON/GPON 1490nm Down / 1310nm Up 10G EPON/XGPON 1577nm Down / 1270nm Up RF Video 1550nm Down

Migration to 10G GPON OLT 2.5Gbps/1.25Gbps 1490nm/1310nm GPON ONT 10G PON OLT 10Gbps/10Gbps 1577nm/1270nm 10G PON can coexist on the same fiber as GPON 54 Bandwidths available as 10G Downstream and 10G/2.5G/1G Upstream Uses same infrastructure/splitters as GPON Casual migration upgrade only the ONTs that you want 10G PON ONT

Fiber Optic vs. Copper Cable in the Horizontal Riser Rated Cables TIER 1 Vendor Bend Insensitive Fiber TIER 1 Vendor Category 5e UTP TIER 1 Vendor Category 6a UTP 10G distance 40 km 45 m 100 m Cable OD 2.9 mm 5.7 mm 7.5 mm Weight 4 lb./1,000 ft. 22 lb./1,000 ft. 39 lb./1,000 ft. Minimum Bend Radius 5 mm 22.8 mm 30 mm Tensile strength (installation) 48 lbf 25 lbf 25 lbf

Fiber Optic Benefit Bend Insensitive Fiber: saves time and money

POL Implementations Project Overview First POL installation anywhere Commercial contract servicing the federal government and contractor Intelligence Community Over 6,000 GPON Ethernet ports deployed in a multi-tenant SCIF environment with multiple classifications (VoIP and thin/thick clients) One data center can support the entire business park; 17 buildings are planned

POL Implementations Project Overview Global Fortune 225 Company Americas HQs Approximately 1 million sq. ft. (main building and 2 parking garages) Planned growth for another 200,000 sq. ft. 1,500 employees Planned growth for another 750 Nearly 12,000 GPON Ethernet ports Integrated Technologies over GPON: VoIP (PCs tethered through phone) Security Access control Biometrics Cameras (main building and parking) Virtual turnstiles Blue phones in parking garage 480 WAPs Building automation/environmental controls IP Video/digital signage content distribution Project Highlights $1 million in CAPEX savings Estimated $240,000/year in energy savings (56% savings) Estimated $370,000/year in Cisco Smartnet savings

POL Summary of Benefits Revolutionizes network architectures No electronics between the data center and end user for many miles Eliminates workgroup switches and riser closets Standardized, centralized, and secure administration Greatly enhanced data security As future technology evolves only the endpoints need upgrading Converges voice, data, and video on to a single transport Improved reliability Reduced installation costs Reduced operating costs POL is GREEN IT Reduces and efficiently disperses power Reduces space requirements Reduces specialized cooling requirements POL training & certifications are available Gradual migration path for moving from present to future ITI Maximized overall ROI

Break for Lunch 90 Minutes Passive Optical LAN Design

Fiber Optic Cabling Fiber Cable Types Jumper Cables Reduced Bend Radius Fiber Single Mode Simplex SC/APC Connectors Riser Cables Single Mode MPO Connectorized 12 Strand (12-fiber Ribbons) Terminated on fiber cartridge Horizontal Cables Reduced Bend Radius Fiber Single Mode Plenum Rated Simplex SC/APC Connectors

Optical Budget Considerations Maximum loss for a GPON is 28 db. Launch power (1.5 to 5 dbm), optical degradation and receiver sensitivity (- 27 to -8 dbm) are primary factors in PON considerations Splitters, fiber, splice and connector losses (dirty connectors) are the primary factors that affect the optical degradation/loss Downstream signal is at 1490 nm; upstream at 1310 nm Other wavelengths: 1550 and 1590 Since the optical loss is greater at 1310 nm, loss calculations are normally made at 1310 nm Distance is a function of available light level Max GPON distance per ITU standards is 20 Km (12.5 miles) although some low-split designs can allow in excess of 40 miles 62

Laser Safety The systems use Class 1 Lasers Lowest risk of eye damage Exposure is minimal under normal conditions Light wavelengths are between 1310 and 1590 nm (invisible to the eye) Always assume there is light on the fiber Cap all un-terminated cables Point connectors downward when working with cables Never touch exposed fiber connectors tips 63

Optical Splitters Splitters provide optical connections in pairs Each 1x2 split equates to ½ of the optical power Splitters range from 1x2 up to 1x64 splitters 1x32 is the most common split ratio for POL A single PON port on the OLT connects to only one single-mode fiber 1x2 (3 to 4 db loss) 64

Optical Splitters Splitters provide optical connections in pairs Each 1x2 split equates to ½ of the optical power Splitters range from 1x2 up to 1x64 splitters 1x32 is the most common split ratio for POL A single PON port on the OLT connects to only one single-mode fiber 1x4 (7 to 8 db loss) 65

Optical Splitters Splitters provide optical connections in pairs Each 1x2 split equates to ½ of the optical power Splitters range from 1x2 up to 1x64 splitters 1x32 is the most common split ratio for POL A single PON port on the OLT connects to only one single-mode fiber 1x8 (11 to 12 db loss) 66

Optical Splitters Splitters provide optical connections in pairs Each 1x2 split equates to ½ of the optical power Splitters range from 1x2 up to 1x64 splitters 1x32 is the most common split ratio for POL A single PON port on the OLT connects to only one single-mode fiber 1x16 (12 to 14 db loss) 67

Optical Splitters Splitters provide optical connections in pairs Each 1x2 split equates to ½ of the optical power Splitters range from 1x2 up to 1x64 splitters 1x32 is the most common split ratio for POL A single PON port on the OLT connects to only one single-mode fiber 1x32 (16 to 18 db loss) 68

Demonstration: PON Power Meter +3dBm Output from OLT Measurements from OLT and ONT throughout OTN -12 to -22 dbm at ONT

Agenda PON in Detail PON to Passive Optical LAN Deployment Methodologies Splitters Fiber Cable Types Fiber Connector Types Splicing OSP Considerations Splitter Deployment Methodologies Fiber Deployment Fiber Loss and Budgeting ONT Deployment Methodologies

Current PON Types BPON (Broadband PON) is an older version of PON technology which is based on ITU specifications and is characterized by an asymmetrical 622 Mbps downstream and a 155 Mpbs upstream optical line rate. Earlier versions of Verizon s FiOS offering in the U.S. are based on BPON but more recent implementations of FiOS use GPON technology. GPON (Gigabit PON) is the latest ITU specified PON network and is characterized by a 2.4 Gbps downstream and a 1.25 Gbps upstream optical line rate. A few GPON manufacturers are beginning to release 10Gbps downstream/2.4 Gbps Upstream PON cards and ONTs which are described under the ITU specification G.987. The first significant commercial deployments of GPON began in early 2008. Most carrier implementations of GPON are in the U.S. however it is beginning to proliferate in European markets as well. EPON (Gigabit Ethernet PON or GEPON) is an IEEE standards based PON system characterized by a symmetrical 1.25 Gbps optical line rate. EPON is the predominant PON solution since it has been commercially available since 2001. GEPON has been primarily deployed in Asian Pacific markets. Recently, 10Gbit/s EPON or 10G-EPON was ratified as an amendment (IEEE 802.3av) in the IEEE 802.3 standard and provides for an asymmetrical 10 Gbps downstream/1 Gbps upstream rate as well as a symmetrical 10 Gbps rate. WDM PON (Wave Division Multiplexing PON) is an emerging technology which leverages the optical advances of dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM) to provide a dedicated wavelength to a single ONT. Implementations range from tunable optics which must be matched to the ONT s optics to a dynamic optical locking capability which automatically assigns a wavelength to the ONT at the ranging phase. WDM PONs utilize an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) to multiplex up to 32 wavelengths of light onto a single fiber in the same way a passive optical splitter does. Unlike a typical optical splitter however, an AWG utilizes a phase shift in the optical light to provide an output on each fiber that only receives a certain wavelength of light.

PON in Detail - Overview Passive Optical Networks (PON) are standards-based communication architectures. There are literally tens of millions of subscribers utilizing PON for voice, video and data service (known as "triple play" service). PON networks rely on wave division multiplexing (WDM) and lasers to provide triple play services in an efficient and future proof service offering.

WDM Methodology Multiple wavelengths over the same physical strand of glass Wavelengths do not interfere with each other Allows multiple discreet communications "WDM operating principle" by Xens - Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:wdm_operating_principle.svg#mediaviewer/file:wdm_operating_principle.svg

WDM in PON

Downstream Communication The OLT transmits a signal downstream that all of the ONTs receive (point-to-multipoint). In the downstream direction, the information is broadcast on a specific color (wavelength) of laser light. The information is encoded into digital form and given a specific address that matches a specific ONT. The ONT that matches the address receives the signal and forwards the information to the end-user Ethernet port as depicted below.

Upstream Communication Since many ONTs are placed on the same fiber, each with their own laser, upstream communications must be coordinated so that they do not interfere with each other. This is done by synchronizing the ONTs and requiring each to send information to the OLT (Upstream) in a specific time window (TDM).

RF Video Additionally, an analog signal can be injected onto the same PON fiber, using yet another color of light (WDM techniques). This is called an overlay and is generally used to carry broadcast TV to the user s location. As with data and voice propagation, the light is a different color and therefore does not interfere with the other signals being carried on the fiber cable.

RF Video 1. Video Source (Coax) 2. Laser Transmitter 3. Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) 4. WDM

Feeder Fiber From OLT to Splitter OLT is typically SC/UPC Splitter is typically SC/APC Feeder Fiber From the OLT toward the splitters connect fiber feeder network. This is simply the individual fibers which connect to the OLT's PON ports. The typical number of feeder fibers is 4 to 112 per OLT depending on the type and whether the chassis is fully equipped with PON cards..

Optical Splitter The term "passive" in Passive Optical Network refers to the fact that the splitter requires no power as opposed to an "active" device like the OLT or switches an a traditional network. The splitter serves to optically replicate upstream signals to a number of downstream fibers. The typical number of fibers served in a PON network is 32. As the splitter provides a replicated optical signal to all 32 subscribers downstream, it is simultaneously combining those 32 fibers into a single feeder fiber in the upstream direction. Consequently the optical splitter is sometimes referred to as a splitter/combiner. The splitter will be housed in a number of form factors.

Distribution Fiber The portion of the fiber network downstream of the optical splitter is known as the distribution fiber. The distribution portion of a PON represents those individual subscriber connections that extend from the FDH to the ONT. They may be bundled together over distances in a group of fibers (again, typically 32 fibers) or they may extend as individual drops to serve a small number of locations. The distribution fibers are quite appropriately referred to as the last mile in a service provider network. It is important to note that the distribution portion of a PON network may contain other passive components for terminating and organizing fibers. Distribution Fiber

Distribution Fiber - Outdoor Indoor MDU Fiber Distribution Terminal (FDT) Outdoor FDT for Aerial Installs Indoor/Outdoor FDT

Components Hands On Demonstration on connectivity

Centralized Administration Reduce Operations & Maintenance (O&M) by reduced the amount of equipment managed ONTs are managed by the OLT! No powered devices in the middle of the network Same location as user Co-locate OLT with other IT gear Same location as other gear OLT handles activation, administration, and provision No administration ports on ONTs No replacement of cabling in 5-10 years All of these benefits make it possible to significantly reduce the operations and maintenance of a large campus network, helping owners realize a rapid return on investment.

Inherent Reliability Carrier-Class Very high MTBF 99.999% (Five 9 s) reliability Redundancy throughout Power Backplane Switch Fabric Management PON Ports/Cards Feeder Fibers No modification of data center services access only

Enhanced Security Encryption Authentication TEMPEST Standards Central Administration

Fiber Optic Cabling Superior Performance Fiber offers far greater bandwidth and distance Single generation of fiber has outlasted and outperformed seven generations of copper cable Ease of Installation Fiber has become increasingly easier to install while copper has become even more complex, attempting to keep up with performance demands No shielding is required to protect fiber optic cables from electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio frequency interference (RFI) Fiber optic cables are easier to test and certify Unmatched Security Significantly harder to tap into than copper and not vulnerable to EMI Fiber is inherently safer at keeping information secure Easier Upgrades Replace only the electronics, rather than replacing the entire infrastructure Minimize your network downtime during expansions and upgrades Smaller Footprint Much smaller size Lighter in weight than copper cables providing the same capacity

Reduced Bend Radius Fiber Microbends and Macrobends A microbend is a small, microscopic bend that may be caused by the cabling process itself, packaging, installation, or mechanical stress due to water in the cable during repeated freeze and thaw cycles. External forces are also a source of microbends. An external force deforms the cable jacket surrounding the fiber, but causes only a small bend in the fiber. A microbend typically changes the path that propagating modes take, resulting in loss from increased attenuation as the light is absorbed into the fiber cladding. A macrobend is a larger cable bend that can be seen with the unaided eye and is often reversible. As the macrobend occurs, the radius can become too small and allow light to escape the core and enter the cladding. The result is insertion loss at best and, in worse cases, the signal is decreased or completely lost. Both microbends and macrobends can, however, be reduced and even prevented through proper fiber handling and routing.

PLC Splitter Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC) Splitter More Expensive Uniform Output Most appropriate for outdoor use Manufacturing 1. Waveguide used to split the optical signal is fabricated using a silicon dioxide chip. 2. Involves a lithographic process similar to that used in the manufacture of silicon computer chips. PLC splitters provide the most uniformity between fiber outputs (the downstream fibers) with respect to the amount of optical loss measured on each fiber. Best choice when loss is critical

FBT Splitter Fused Biconical Taper (FBT) splitter Lower Cost Typically less uniform from fiber to fiber. Manufacturing 1. Thermally fused two overlapping fibers together under tension 2. The resulting fusion splice creates a two by two splitter. 3. Typically, one of these fiber connections is trimmed off and the result is a single fiber subtending to two fibers. 4. These two fiber outputs can then be fused to additional one-by-two splitters until the desired number of splits is achieved. Used where extreme temperature variations or other environmental factors are not likely to cause the optics connected at the ends of the fiber to drift from their optimum wavelength specifications.

2xN Splitters 2 Inputs 2 to 64 Outputs Second Input Allows Redundant feeders/pon Ports/PON Cards/OLTs Easier Migration to 10G Flexibility for the Future

Break 15 Minutes Passive Optical LAN Design

Deployment Methodologies IDFs Zones Fiber Terminals OSP Hybrid

IDFs Splitters are rack-mounted or installed in fiber housing modules Fiber is terminated on patch panels Rack-Mount ONTs may be co-located for special use situations

Fiber Zone Hub Replaces the IDF Provides maximum ROI for POL Accepts feeder/riser fiber Houses splitters Location for cross-connects Termination for horizontal distribution fiber

Fiber Terminals Adds flexibility to horizontal distribution Uses multi-strand cable from splitter to terminal Provides patch point closer to users Additional Cost

OSP Deployment OSP options can be mixed with LAN options Be careful of mixing manufacturer product lines Many options due to PON history in telecommunications

Hybrid Deployments Some deployments choosing hybrid deployments Hybrid Ideas Keep IDFs for rack-mount ONTs, but use fiber zone hubs Put ONTs in active zone box and run category cabling to user Use 100% rack-mount ONTs in retrofit scenario

Fiber Connectors SC/APC is default standard in PON networks Allows for insertion of broadcast video Easy to handle Works well with simplex fiber SC/UPC and LC (UPC and APC) also used

APC and UPC Ultra Physical Contact Connectors (UPC) Blue Angled Physical Connectors (APC) Green

APC and UPC APC connectors reduce reflectance Reduce damage to transmitters and amplifiers High Return Loss = Good

Terminations - Splicing Fusion Splicing Up-front cost or Rental Low Loss Mechanical Splicing Higher Loss More difficult on APC More cost per termination

Splitter Deployment Single Splitter One splitter in the Optical Distribution Network All splitter loss is at one location Works for 99% of POL deployments

Splitter Deployment Cascaded Splits Used when end users are geographically dispersed Campus out-buildings Loss from splitters in path must be summed Engineered Splits Loss may favor a particular output

Optical Budget Maximum loss for a GPON is 28 db (32 db with C+ Optics). Launch power (1.5 to 5 dbm), optical degradation and receiver sensitivity (-27 to -8 dbm) are primary factors in PON considerations Splitters, fiber, splice and connector losses (dirty connectors) are the primary factors that affect the optical degradation/loss Downstream signal is at 1490 nm; upstream at 1310 nm Other wavelengths: 1550 and 1590 10G adds additional wavelengths Since the optical loss is greater at 1310 nm, loss calculations are normally made at 1310 nm Distance is a function of available light level

Optical Budget Scenario

Optical Level Testing Typical Test Points in a Passive Optical LAN Output at OLT: 1490nm @ ~ +3dBm Testing for Bad PON SFP/OLT Fault At Splitter Outputs: 1490nm @ -11dBm to -24dBm Testing for optical loss issue between OLT and splitter output 1310nm @ -10dBm to 0dBm Testing for optical loss issue between splitter and ONT At ONT: 1490nm @ -12dBm to -25dBm Testing for optical loss issue between OLT and ONT 1310nm @ ~ 0dBm Testing for ONT failure

ONT Deployment Options Desktop Free-standing or desk-mounted Active Zone Box Rack Mount In-wall

ONT Deployment - Desktop Most Common Inexpensive Many options Acceptance Required Requires Power

ONT Deployment Rack-Mount Solution for WAPs, Security Cameras, Wall Phones, ONT is secured Power Required

ONT Deployment In-Wall Fewer Aesthetic Concerns Power Considerations Remote or Local? Additional Installation Requirements and complexity Should be deployed in specific areas only: Conference centers Areas with sensitive aesthetic concerns Areas subject to frequent furniture reconfiguraiton

ONT Deployment Ceiling/Wall/Floor Ceiling Box Wall Box Floor Box Special Situations ONT is secured Power Required

Good Design Summary Meets customer requirements Provides a value to the customer: Reduced Cost Power/Space/Cooling Performance Longevity Is not overly complex Makes customer happy!

Design Scenario Challenge Challenge Determine the quantity of each component required for Passive Optical LAN design Assumptions: 1. Using pre-terminated fiber throughout 2. Zone Box architecture maximum 96 fibers per zone 3. 12-Strand Riser/Feeder to each zone 4. No overbuild/sparing 5. OLT is located in basement

Design Scenario Challenge Category Description Unit Basement Qty 1st Floor Qty 2nd Floor Qty 3rd Floor Qty OLT Jumper Simplex SC/APC-SC/UPC 3MM OFNP SMF-28e 10FT EA Riser Fiber Rack Mount Fiber Shelf EA Riser Fiber MPO Trunk 12 Strand SMF-28e Plenum 175FT EA Riser Fiber MPO Trunk 12 Strand SMF-28e Plenum 225FT EA Incomplete Bill of Materials Riser Fiber MPO Trunk 12 Strand SMF-28e Plenum 250FT EA Riser Fiber 12-Fiber MPO-SC/APC Cassette Module EA Zone Box 1X32 Splitter SC/APC Input/Output with Tails EA Floor Total Lit Fiber Fibers without ONT Fibers With ONT Basement 22 7 15 1st 63 12 51 2nd 57 9 48 3rd 67 15 52 Totals: 209 43 166 Zone Box Fiber Zone Hub EA Zone Box Fiber Zone Hub Installation Kit EA Zone Box 12 PORT PANEL SC/APC Simplex Cassette Module EA Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 75FT EA Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 125FT EA Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 175FT EA Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 225FT EA Faceplate Single Gang Faceplate with Simplex SC/APC Connector EA ONT Jumper Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28e 10 FT EA Building Design Summary Fill in Quantities

Design Scenario Challenge Assumptions: 1. Using pre-terminated fiber throughout 2. Zone Box architecture maximum 96 fibers per zone 3. 12-Strand Riser/Feeder to each zone 4. No overbuild/sparing 5. OLT is located in basement Floor Total Lit Fiber Fibers without ONT Fibers With ONT Basement 22 7 15 1st 63 12 51 2nd 57 9 48 3rd 67 15 52 Totals: 209 43 166

Design Scenario Answers Basement 1st Floor 2nd Floor 3rd Floor Category Description Unit Qty Qty Qty Qty OLT Jumper Simplex SC/APC-SC/UPC 3MM OFNP SMF-28e 10FT EA 1 3 2 3 Riser Fiber Rack Mount Fiber Shelf EA 1 0 0 0 Riser Fiber MPO Trunk 12 Strand SMF-28e Plenum 175FT EA 0 1 0 0 Riser Fiber MPO Trunk 12 Strand SMF-28e Plenum 225FT EA 0 0 1 0 Riser Fiber MPO Trunk 12 Strand SMF-28e Plenum 250FT EA 0 0 0 1 Riser Fiber 12-Fiber MPO-SC/APC Cassette Module EA 3 1 1 1 Zone Box 1X32 Splitter SC/APC Input/Output with Tails EA 1 3 2 3 Zone Box Fiber Zone Hub EA 0 1 1 1 Zone Box Fiber Zone Hub Installation Kit EA 0 1 1 1 Zone Box 12 PORT PANEL SC/APC Simplex Cassette Module EA 2 6 5 6 Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 75FT EA 3 3 2 4 Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 125FT EA 9 28 28 30 Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 175FT EA 9 27 26 28 Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 225FT EA 1 5 1 5 Faceplate Single Gang Faceplate with Simplex SC/APC Connector EA 22 63 57 67 ONT Jumper Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28e 10 FT EA 15 51 48 52

Design Questions What challenges have you seen? What problems have you seen POL solve?

Questions and Discussion

Thank You!

Contact Information Matt Miller Principal Systems Engineer, Leidos Phone: 443.994.6456 Email: matt.miller@leidos.com