Imaging of Thoracic Endovascular Stent-Grafts

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Imaging of Thoracic Endovascular Stent-Grafts Tariq Hameed, M.D. Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana

Disclosures: No relevant financial disclosure Off label use: Thoracic aortic Stent-Grafts Acknowledgements: Aashish Patel, M.D. Jonas Rydberg, M.D.

Imaging of Thoracic Endovascular Objectives Background Stent-Grafts Computed Tomography (CT) imaging technique Evaluation before Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR) Normal CT appearance of TEVAR Imaging findings of complications of TEVAR

Open Surgical Repair for Aortic Pathology High morbidity and high mortality rates Complicated by Severity of underlying condition Advanced age Cardiovascular disease

Thoracic Endovascular Stent-Graft Repair (TEVAR) An alternative to open surgical management In patients with suitable anatomy of thoracic aorta

Endovascular Stent-Grafts 1992 First Used

Thoracic Endovascular Stent-Grafts FDA Approval 2005 For atherosclerotic aneurysms of descending thoracic aorta Four devices are currently FDA approved

Endovascular versus Surgical Repair of Aorta Endovascular aortic repair versus open surgical repair for descending thoracic aortic disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. Cheng D, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:986-1001 42 non randomized studies 5888 patients

Endovascular versus Surgical Repair of Aorta. Clinical Outcomes Endovascular Repair Stroke: Overall risk Similar (reduced in multicenter trials) Paraplegia and paraparesis Decreased Intensive care length of stay Reduced (by 4 days) Hospital length of stay Reduced significantly Operative death and 30 day all cause mortality Reduced Endovascular aortic repair versus open surgical repair for descending thoracic aortic disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. Cheng D, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:986-1001

Endovascular versus Surgical Repair of Aorta. Clinical Outcomes Endovascular Repair Stroke: Overall risk Similar (reduced in multicenter trials) Paraplegia and paraparesis Decreased Intensive care length of stay Reduced (by 4 days) Hospital length of stay Reduced significantly Operative death and 30 day all cause mortality Reduced Cumulative all cause mortality at 1 and 2-3 years Similar Endovascular aortic repair versus open surgical repair for descending thoracic aortic disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. Cheng D, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:986-1001

Role of Imaging Pre Stent Graft Anatomical screening Post Stent Graft Monitoring and detection of complications

Imaging of Aorta for TEVAR Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging modality of choice Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) In patients with contraindication to the use of iodinated contrast Catheter Angiography During the placement of stent-graft

Imaging evaluation before TEVAR Delineate Extent of the disease Assessment for feasibility of stent-graft Thoracic aorta for stent-graft size and placement Access vessels for introduction of device

CT Angiography of Aorta (CTA) Coverage Thoracic inlet to common femoral arteries Slice thickness 0.9 mm Increment 0.45 mm Contrast 100 120 ml 370 mg I/dl 4 ml/sec Bolus Triggering 120 HU at the level of Proximal descending aorta

CT Angiography of Aorta (CTA) ECG Gated Imaging Prospective Retrospective gating with Tube current modulation

Prospective ECG gated imaging Follow up thoracic aortic stent-graft FOV = 500 mm Step length = 45 mm Scan time = 18 sec

Patients with Renal Insufficiency CT Angiography with small contrast dose (less than 35 ml) with 80 kvp technique.

Low contrast Dose CT in patients with Renal Insufficiency using Timing Runs and 80 KVp 30 ml Iodinated contrast 370 mg/dl

Post Processing MPR Axial 2 mm@2 mm Sagittal 2 mm@2 mm Coronal 2 mm@2 mm Oblique Sagittal Candy cane 2 mm@2 mm

Post Processing MPR Axial 2 mm@2 mm Sagittal 2 mm@2 mm Coronal 2 mm@2 mm Oblique Sagittal Candy cane 2 mm@2 mm MIP Coronal MIP 10 mm @ 1 mm and/or 40mm @ 1 mm Sagittal MIP 10 mm @ 1 mm and/or 40 mm @ 1 mm

Maximum Intensity Projection 40 mm thick slab Images

Post Processing MPR Axial 2 mm@2 mm Sagittal 2 mm@2 mm Coronal 2 mm@2 mm Oblique Sagittal Candy cane 2 mm@2 mm MIP Coronal slab MIP 10 mm @ 1 mm and/or 40mm @ 1 mm Sagittal slab MIP 10 mm @ 1 mm and/or 40 mm @ 1 mm Centerline reconstruction through the aorta for true axial measurements Pre endograft workup Complex post endograft cases

Centerline Reconstruction for Aortic Diameter

Post Processing MPR Axial 2 mm@2 mm Sagittal 2 mm@2 mm Coronal 2 mm@2 mm Oblique Sagittal Candy cane 2 mm@2 mm MIP Coronal slab MIP 10 mm @ 1 mm and/or 40mm @ 1 mm Sagittal slab MIP 10 mm @ 1 mm and/or 40 mm @ 1 mm Centerline reconstruction through the aorta for true axial measurements Pre endograft workup Complex post endograft cases 3D Volume rendering

3 D Volume Rendering

Evaluation of Aorta for Endovascular Repair

Stent-Graft Length of Landing Zone >15 22 mm >15 22 mm

Landing Zone Aortic Diameter 18 42 mm 18 42 mm

Aortic Arch Debranching Surgical and endovascular repair

Stent-Graft Diameter for Fusiform Aneurysm

Stent-Graft Diameter for Aortic Dissection

Stent-Graft Diameter for Aortic Trauma

Pre Stent-Graft Evaluation Special Consideration Young Patients Small aortic diameter Potential for under-sizing and stent graft collapse or stress on aortic wall Small Aortic arch curvature Potential for Bird beak configuration Long term follow up Enlargement of aorta and potential for stent graft migration

Pre Stent- Graft CT Evaluation Access vessels (Common femoral artery, iliac arteries, aorta) Size Variable with device type > 8 mm Tortuosity

Access vessels modified by synthetic conduits

Evaluation of Aorta after TEVAR

Always Pre- and post contrast media for endovascular stent-graft follow-up. Calcium? Endoleak?

CTA Aorta Delayed Images (for detection of endoleak) 60 90 sec

Post Stent Graft Evaluation 1 Month 3 Month 6 Month 12 Month Annual

Aortic Pathology Aneurysm Dissection Intramural hematoma Penetrating aortic ulcer Acute traumatic aortic injury Aortic rupture

67-year-old male with 5.8 cm Fusiform Descending Aortic Aneurysm

67-year-old Male with 5.8 cm Fusiform Descending Aortic Aneurysm

Endograft repair of descending thoracic fusiform aortic aneurysm.

Saccular Aneurysm Pre Stent- Graft Post Stent- Graft

Aortic Aneurysm Pre Stent- Graft

Pre Stent- Graft Aortic Aneurysm Pre Stent- Graft Post Stent- Graft Post Stent- Graft

Surgical Graft in Descending Aorta with a Pseudoaneurysm 71-year-old male with hemoptysis

Surgical Graft in Descending Aorta with a Pseudoaneurysm Pre Stent- Graft Post Stent- Graft

Aortic Dissection Pre Stent-Graft

Stent-Graft Repair for Aortic Dissection

Acute Traumatic Aortic Injury Pre Stent- Graft Post Stent- Graft

Aortic Rupture Pre Stent- Graft Post Stent- Graft

Combined Surgical and Endovascular Repair

Hybrid Surgical and Endovascular Repair For Ascending and Descending Aortic Pathology

Elephant Trunk Technique Stage 1 Hybrid Surgical and Endovascular repair

Elephant Trunk Technique Stage 2 Hybrid Surgical and Endovascular repair

Hybrid Surgical and Endovascular repair

Imaging of Complications of TEVAR Potential Vascular Complications Complication of Placement Vascular access Endoleak Device Migration Proximal Migration of distal end Distal migration Endovascular Stent Graft Failure Collapse Kink or narrowing

Complications of TEVAR Endoleak Persistence of blood flow within the aneurysm sac surrounding the stent-graft.

Endoleak Types

Endoleak Types I a III II I b

Endoleak Type I

Endoleak Type II

Endoleak Type II in Aortic Dissection Value of Delayed Images

Endoleak Type II in Aortic Dissection Value of Delayed Images

First pass Post Contrast Delayed Post Contrast First pass Post Contrast Endoleak in Aortic Dissection Value of Delayed Images

Collapse of Stent-Graft

Summary Thoracic endovascular aortic repair is utilized as an alternative to open surgical repair. CT imaging is the modality of choice for evaluation of patients before and after endovascular repair.

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