The CRM Cycle Issue identification and baseline assessment CRM plan preparation and adoption Action plan and project implementation Information management, education and outreach Local legislation Regulation Coastal law enforcement External revenue sources Annual program preparation and budgeting Revenue generation Monitoring and evaluation 1
The CRM Cycle Issue identification and baseline assessment CRM plan preparation and adoption Action plan and project implementation Information management, education and outreach Local legislation Regulation Coastal law enforcement External revenue sources Annual program preparation and budgeting Revenue generation Monitoring and evaluation The Planning Process Commitment and Willingness of the LGU and the Communities Data gathering, consolidation and analysis Community consultations Drafting of plan Legislation Implementation, monitoring and evaluation 2
Data Gathering through PCRA, identification of: Resources - elements in the environment used by individuals or society to satisfy particular needs Resource -Uses Resource -Users - ways of utilizing the elements in the specific area and time - the stakeholders in Coastal Resources Management - individuals or group of individuals who tap various elements in the environment to satisfy needs and wants 3
Objectives: 1. Provide the rationale for PCRA in the context of good governance in CRM 2. Familiarize participants with some participatory methods and apply these in actual coastal habitat, fisheries and socio-economic assessment 3. Compile a preliminary coastal environment and socio-economic and cultural profile based on PCRA results 4. Analyze results to identify issues and recommend possible management guidelines. Importance of PCRA: facilitates validation of the status of coastal habitats and resources, their current uses and resource users by local community members generates quantitative technical descriptions of coastal habitats and resources (e.g. fisheries) documents local and indigenous knowledge crucial for CRM generates baseline information for the formulation of management strategies generates baseline information for monitoring and evaluation (i.e. revision and refinement of management actions) 4
Why is it important to be participatory? Facilitates broader understanding of coastal resources uses and users so that communities can make informed decisions about how to best manage local coastal resources Provides an opportunity to develop and enhance the knowledge of local communities Contributes to community empowerment Enhances ownership in decision-making Facilitates consensus building and information dissemination Who participates? The trainors and trainees Scientists and fishers, managers or What are the resources available? SCUBA and snorkeling; video and other tools How to analyze assessment information for feedback and validation? Frameworks approaches, models and management objectives How to facilitate the linkage to informed decisions? Ecosystem and area based decision support process e.g. Fisheries and pollution 5
Understanding ecological connectivities important to Integrated area management The water cycle interconnects the terrestrial and aquatic ecosy stems and the atmosphere Coastal Habitats and Fisheries coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves are major life-support systems - source of products and diverse fishery resources - serve as nursery and feeding grounds - provide areas for recreation and tourism - prevent soil erosion and stabilize coastal areas - buffer wave action and protect coastlines 6
Coral Reefs One of the world s most productive and diverse ecosystem; Coral - is an animal Reef - massive deposits of CaCO 3 produced by corals Types of corals: soft coral and hard coral Two groups of hard corals: hermatypic and ahermatypic Zooxanthellae - symbiotic plant cells responsible for reef formation Life Cycle of a Hard Coral 7
Common Benthic Lifeforms Hard coral Soft coral Macroalgae Coral Reefs Importance: provide shelter to various fishes and invertebrates breeding and feeding grounds for various organisms protects the coastline from erosion and typhoons tourism and recreational area provide source of income to coastal communities Threats: illegal and destructive fishing overfishing sedimentation pollution 8
Assessment Methods 1. Manta Tow Rapid reconnaissance technique to gauge the condition of coral reefs, its spatial distribution and evaluate synoptic threats in a coastal area. Parameters measured: lifeform benthos e.g. live hard coral, soft coral, sand Expected Output 9
2. Belt and Quadrat Transect Method A method used for estimating the relative abundance of living and non-living things on the reef bottom observed within a defined area. Parameters Measured: percentage cover of hard corals, dead corals, algae, various reef substrates and abundance macro invertebrates Within the belt transect Expected Output: average percentage cover of various reef life form and substrates average density of macro invertebrates 10
3. Underwater Fish Visual Census identification and counting of fishes observed within a defined area. Common Reef Fish Families Epinephelinae Lutjanidae Haemulidae Lethrinidae Caesionidae Nemipteridae Mullidae Balistidae 11
Common Reef Fish Families Chaetodontidae Pomacanthidae Labridae Scaridae Acanthuridae Siganidae Pomacentridae Anthiinae Zanclus cornutus Parameters Measured: Fish species, density and biomass Expected Output: FISH GRAPHING FORM Site Name: Tuka Reef Municipality & Province: Kiamba, Sarangani Zone/Sector: Outside Outside Outside Inside Inside Inside Month & Year: Oct 1998 Mar 1999 Apr 2000 Oct 1998 Mar 1999 Apr 2000 Types/groups Groupers Snappers Sweetlips Jacks Fusiliers Parrotfishes Surgeonfishes Rabbitfishes 12
Mangrove Forest tropical inshore communities dominated by several species of trees or shrubs that have the ability to grow in salt water; well developed in estuarine areas; Requirements for growth: moderate salinity (25 ppt) neutral acidity (ph 6 to 7) year-round round warm temperature regular surface-water flushing exposure to moderate terrestrial-water runoff Adaptations shallow rooted; prop roots; pneumatophores; tough and succulent leaves; reproductive strategy 13
Common Mangrove Genus Avicennia Bruguiera Rhizophora Sonneratia Mangrove Forests Importance: provide protection from erosion and typhoons feeding/breeding ground of various organisms maintains water quality source of timber products provide shelter for coastal communities Threats: land conversion and reclamation unsustainable harvest of timber products 14
1. Transect Plot Method Parameters measured: encountered species; number of mature trees; number of saplings; number of seedlings diameter at breast height (DBH) total plant height Expected Output: species diversity relative abundance of seedlings saplings, trees (per hectare) stem density (per hectare) basal area Seagrass Beds flowering terrestrial plants adapted to living submerged in seawater seed-producing marine plants reproduce by vegetative spreading and by production and dispersal of seeds 15
Common Seagrass Genus Seagrass Beds Importance: bottom stabilizer sediment trap maintains water quality source of food of various marine organisms Threats: illegal and destructive fishing methods aquaculture sedimentation and siltation 16
1. Transect Quadrat Method Parameters Measured: species of segrass and macro invertebrates % cover of segrass Substrate type Expected Output: Species composition Average % seagrass cover Density of macroinvertebrates Coastal Fishery Resources - fish, invertebrates, seaweeds 17
Common Gear Types Economic benefits from fisheries and coastal ecosystems Municipal fisheries- food security and livelihood Total fishery production per fishery sector comprise ~32% of total fishery production Contribution to employment per fishery sector provides employment to 5% of the national labor force; ~68% involved in municipal fisheries 18
Municipal fisheries production is declining Total fishery production trends per sector Trends of catch per unit effort since 1948 legally most municipal waters are reserved exclusively for use of municipal fishers 1. Seasonal Calendar Summarize fishery related activities and resources harvested throughout the year 19
2. Gear Inventory and Mapping Spatial Distribution of major fishing gears at different times of the year. 3.Trend Line graphically illustrates the community s perception of certain events and changes; focuses on changes in fisheries catch, income and availability of coastal resources 50 40 Fish catch (Kg) 30 20 10 0 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Year 20
Data Collation and Analysis 1. Community Resource and Resource Use Map Collective perception of a group of community members about the spatial distribution of coastal resources and habitats Validated and enriched during PCRA 2. Indicative Zoning Map Initial delineation of primary uses in particular areas based on analysis of PCRA results 21
Validation of PCRA Results Identification of environmental, socio-economic and legal-institutional issues through: Ecological Profiling/Situational Analysis Community Resource- and Resource-Use Mapping The Participatory Coastal Resources Assessment Orientations for FGDs, survey interviews, mapping, habitat surveys 22
Assessment and Monitoring Methods Manta Tow Rapid reconnaissance technique to gauge the condition of coral reefs, its spatial distribution and evaluate synoptic threats in a coastal area. Many coral reef areas were seen to have poor cover Coral reef areas in Sabang showed good coral cover and fish abundance and biomass Living hard coral cover with butterfly fish Massive and encrusting hard corals with some soft corals Sandy areas and coralline macro algae 23
Fish Visual Census LEGEND HARD CORAL SOFT CORAL DEAD CORAL W/ ALGAE ABIOTIC Poblacion Sabang The coral and fish communities are in better condition in Sabang than in the Poblacion area 24
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AIMS: 1. Characterize the state and pressures of the coastal resources of Morong; 2. Evaluate the causes, threats and opportunities in the management of these resources 3. Propose some possible actions that may be taken; Community Consultations Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village x Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village x Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village x Consolidation of Zonation Plans Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village x Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster x Consensus on Municipal Coastal ZonationScheme Setting of Vision, Mission and Goals Refined/improved Situational Analysis and Resource- Resource-Use Maps Identification of appropriate Resource Management Tools 26
Expected Intermediate Outputs of PCRA 1. Spatial and temporal profile of coastal habitats and fisheries 2. Identification of issues to be addressed 3. Preliminary recommendations and possible management guidelines To be presented for feedback and validation during barangay (Village) consultations Next Steps Facilitating agreements Action plans and timelines linking to CRM governance SMART objectives: Specific, e.g. sustaining fish catch e.g. tourism Measurable, e.g. catch, biomass, production per unit area Achievable, e.g. capacity to do, to be and to become Realistic (Relevant) e.g. within functional decision cycles Timebound short term objectives, medium term mission and long term goals and vision 27