1. Introduction
Topics History Characteristics of satellite communications Frequencies Application 1
History Arthur C. Clark suggested in 1945. Earth coverage with 3 geostationary satellites. On 4th of October 1957., SSSR launched Sputnik 1 as the first satellite USA launches SCORE, the first communication satellite on 18th December 1958. It transmitted Christmas message from president Eisenhower. First NASA satellite launched in 1960: Explorer 08. SCORE 2
History 1962, Echo 1, first satellite for telephone & TV broadcast. 1964, first geostationary satellite Syncom 3. 1968, first European satellite ESRO 2B. 1974, First direct broadcasting satellite ATS 6. 1984, first satellite repaired in orbit by Space shuttle: SMM. Syncom 3 ESRO 2B 3
Characteristics of satellite communications Very large distance between transmitter and receiver Problem of sending satellites into orbit around Earth Coverage of very large areas Large time delay Large antennas Weak signal strength Rain causes problems LOS (line of sight propagation) 4
Characteristics of satellite communications Limited energy Sun collectors Influence of Sun, Moon and ellipsoidal Earth Interference from Earth services Expensive materials Special modulation techniques, coding and multiple access Terrain limitation on Earth satellite station 5
Name Frequency Wavelength Application Spreading range Extremely low frequency (ELF) 300 3000 Hz 100-1000 km Navigation, ship communication Ionosphere reflecting Very low frequency (VLF) 3 30 khz 10-100 km Navigation, communication on large distances Groundwave Low frequency (LF) 30-300 khz 1-10 km Navigation, ship communication Groundwave Medium frequency (MF) 300 3000 khz 100 1000 m AM radio, navigation Groundwave, Skywave High frequency (HF) 3-30 MHz 10-100 m Broadcasting, point to point around Earth Ionosphere reflection Very high frequency (VHF) 30-300 MHz 1-10 m Radio and TV broadcasting, mobile services Diffraction Ultra high frequency (UHF) 300 3000 MHz 10-100 cm Mobile telephony, satellites, radar Building shadow Super high frequency (SHF) 3 30 GHz 1-10 cm Microwave links, satellite communications Rain attenuation Extremely high frequency (EHF) 30-300 GHz 1-10 mm LOS (small distance or satellites) Rain attenuation 6
Satellite broadcasting (TVRO TV receive only) L band S band Ku band K band Ka band (1452 1492 MHz) (2,310 2,360 GHz; 2,520 2,655 GHz) (11,7 12,7 GHz) (17,3 17,8 GHz; 21,4 22 GHz) (40,5 42,5 GHz) TVRO TV receive only 7
300 MHz 3 GHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz 1390-1392 1430-1432 3,6-4,2 4,5-4,8 5,15-5,25 5,85-7,075 7,25-7,75 7,9-8,4 10,7-12,2 12,7-13,25 13,75-14,5 15,43-15,63 17,3-21,2 24,75-25,25 27,5-30 Fixed satellite links (US) 30-31 37,5-42 42,5-45,5 47,2-50,2 50,4-51,4 71-76 81-86 123-130 158,5-164 167-174,5 209-226 232-240 265-275 8
30 MHz 300 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz 137-138 148-150,05 399,9-400,05 400,15-401 406-406,1 1525-1559 1610-1660,5 2000-2020 2180-2200 2483,5-2500 7,25-7,75 7,9-8,4 14-14,5 19,7-21,2 29,5-30 30-31 39,5-41 43,5-47 50,4-51,4 66-74 81-84 123-130 158,5-164 191,8-200 252-265 Mobile satellite links (US) 9
30 MHz 300 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz 137-138 400,15-406 460-470 1668,4-1710 2700-3000 5,6-5,65 7,75-7,85 8,175-8,215 9,3-9,5 9,975-10,025 33,4-34,5 Metrology instrumentation/radar/satellites (US) 10
30 MHz 300 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30,0-37,5 402-406 Active satellite sensors (EU) 30 MHz 300 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz 144-146 434,79 438 1260 1270 2400-2450 5,650 5,725 5,830 5,850 10,45 10,5 24 24,05 47 47,2 75,5 81,5 122,25 123 134 141 241-250 Radio amateurs (EU) 11
3 GHz 30 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz 3,4-4,2 4,5-4,8 5,15-5,25 5,725-7,075 7,25-7,75 7,9-8,4 10,7-11,7 12,5-13,25 13,75-14,5 15,43-15,63 17,3-21,2 27,5-30 30-31 37,5-40,5 42,5-45,5 47,2-50,2 50,4-51,4 71-76 81-86 123-130 158,5-164 167-174,5 209-226 232-240 265-275 Fixed satellite links (EU) 30 MHz 300 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 137-138 148-150,05 400,15-401 Satellites in LEO orbits (EU) 3 GHz 30 GHz 12,5-12,75 14-14,50 VSAT (EU) 12
30 MHz 300 MHz Weather satellites (EU) 300 MHz 3 GHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz 137-138 400,15-406 460-470 1668,4-1710 7,45-7,55 7,75-7,85 8,175-8,215 18,1-18,3 35,2-36 300 MHz 3 GHz 1479,5-1492 Satellite digital audio broadcasting (S-DAB) (EU) 3 GHz 30 GHz 11,7-12,5 21,4-22 Satellite TV (EU) 13
30 MHz 300 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz 121,45-121,55 137-138 148-150,05 242,95-243,05 399,9-400,05 400,15-401 406-406,1 1518-1559 1610-1660,5 1668-1675 1980-2010 2170-2200 2483,5-2500 7,25-7,375 7,9-8,025 10,7-11,7 14-14,50 19,7-21,2 29,5-30 30-31 39,5-40,5 43,5-47 50,4-51,4 66-74 123-130 158,5-164 191,8-200 252-265 Mobile satellite links (EU) 14
300 MHz 3 GHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz 1400-1427 2690-2700 4,2-4,4 4,8-4,99 6,425-7,25 10,6-10,7 13,75-14 15,35-15,4 18,6-18,8 21,2-21,4 22,21-22,5 23,6-24 31,3-31,8 36-37 50,2-50,4 52,6-59,3 86-92 100-102 116-122,25 148,5-158,5 164-167 174,8-191,8 226-231,5 235-238 250-252 Passive sensors (EU) 15
Application Satellite TV Telephony (fixed and mobile) Satellite navigation Satellite radio Broadband multimedia services Internet Weather satellites, storm prediction Remote sensing Space station - ISS ISS 16
Application Disaster recovery Air traffic control Radio astronomy Solar power satellites Earth magnetic field research Inter satellite links Space exploration Military satellites Geological exploration Sun exploration Mapping Connecting remote areas 17
Application WildBlue has Ka-band (20/30 GHz) communications system aboard WildBlue-1 satellite and Telesat s Anik F2 satellite, covering U.S. with 66 spot beams. Satellites are in geostationary orbit at 111.1 West Longitude. 18