Title SB 110/2012 21st November 2012 2011 Road Casualties Wales: Drinking and Driving This Statistical Bulletin assesses the relationship between drink driving and road accidents and casualties in Wales. It presents information in four sections about: The association between drink driving and accidents; The results of breath tests of drivers involved in accidents; and Enforcement action relating to drink driving, involving screening breath tests and the outcomes of prosecution through the Courts system. Drinking and pedestrian casualties Summary The available sources of information about drink driving and accidents suggest that drivers with blood alcohol levels above the legal limit for driving (currently 80mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood) were involved in a significant minority of accidents in Wales. They also suggest that these drivers were more likely to be involved in more serious accidents that result in death or serious casualties. The uncertainty of the data makes it impossible to get an exact estimate, but, taking killed and serious injury accidents (KSI) together; estimates made for the Department of Transport (DfT) suggest that in 2010, around 7 per cent of these accidents in Wales involved drivers over the blood alcohol limit. These accidents resulted in 9 per cent of all killed and serious casualties. Police Officers views about the contributory factors that led to accidents in Wales also suggest a figure of 7 per cent of KSI accidents in Wales during 2011 involving drivers that were impaired by alcohol (table 1 and table 2). Other information about drink driving suggests that in 2010: Around a third of car drivers killed in traffic collisions were over the drink-drive limit (table 3); No motorcycle riders killed were over the drink drive limit (table 3); and In 2011, there were 150 accidents where the reporting police officer considered that a pedestrian(s) being impaired by alcohol was a contributory factor to that accident (table 2). Drug driving For every seven accidents where the driver was impaired by alcohol, there was around 1 accident where he/she was impaired by drugs, both illegal and medicinal (table 2). Breath tests of drivers taken after accidents show: No marked seasonal pattern in casualties over a year arising from accidents where one or more of the drivers involved tested positive (table 7); More drivers in accidents test positive on the weekend rather than a weekday (table 8), and that they are more likely to test positive after traditional working hours, between 18:00 to 04:00 (table 9). Contact: Henry Small Tel: 029 2082 5085 E-mail: stats.transport@wales.gsi.gov.uk Next update: December 2013 (provisional) Twitter: www.twitter.com/statisticswales www.twitter.com/ystadegaucymru 1
(1) Drink Driving and Accidents The aim of this section is to assess the relationship between drink driving and traffic accidents. It does this by providing estimates of the proportion of accidents where one or more of the drivers involved had blood alcohol levels above the legal limit for driving (currently 80mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood). It also looks at pedestrians involved in road traffic accidents with blood alcohol levels above the legal limit for drivers. There are two data sources: Firstly the figures from police forces about the road accidents reported to the police that involve personal injury (on the STATS19 statistical form). This includes information about breath tests on drivers involved in accidents. From 2005 onwards, information was also collected on police officers views about the contributory factors that led to an accident; these factors include the driver (or pedestrian) being impaired by alcohol (or drugs). Secondly, Coroners Courts in England and Wales report on blood tests carried out on people killed in traffic accidents. The Department for Transport (DfT) brings these two sources of data together in order to estimate the number of personal injury road accidents involving drivers with illegal blood alcohol levels 1 in Great Britain. These estimates include component figures for Wales which are shown in table 1 below. Table 2 shows information about police officers' views of the contributory factors involved in accidents. They show where the recording police officer felt that the driver/rider or pedestrian involved in the accident was either impaired by alcohol or impaired by drugs (either illegal or medicinal). Tables 3 and 4 report on information compiled for Coroners Courts in Wales about blood tests carried out on people killed in traffic accidents (this information is also used as to derive the DfT estimates referred to above). None of these data sources provide the definitive measure of the proportion of accidents that involved drink driving. They all show that drink driving was involved in minority of road accidents and casualties. The estimates made by the DfT for Wales for 2009 and police officers views about contributory factors for accidents in 2010 show that: Because of the relatively small number of fatal accidents, the most robust figures can be compiled by taking killed and serious injury accidents (KSI) together: the DfT estimates suggest that 7 per cent of accidents involved drivers over the blood alcohol limit and resulted in 9 per cent of all killed and serious casualties. The contributory factors data suggest that 7 per cent of these accidents involved drivers that were impaired by alcohol. Within the overall KSI total: o For fatal accidents: The DfT estimates suggest that vehicle drivers over the legal blood alcohol limit were involved in 24 per cent of fatal accidents (and 22 per cent of fatal casualties) in Wales in 2010 (see table 1). The corresponding figure from the contributory factors data is that 10 per cent of fatal accidents in Wales in 2011 involved one or more drivers that were impaired by alcohol (see table 2). o There is some confirmation for these figures from the 2010 Coroners data; out of 52 car and motorcycle drivers killed in Wales in 2010, 36 were tested for blood alcohol and 9 of these were found to have over the legal limit of alcohol in their blood. This is 17 per cent of the total number of vehicle driver deaths (see table 3). o For serious injury accidents: the DfT estimates suggest that drivers over the blood alcohol limit were involved in 6 per cent of these accidents (8 per cent of serious casualties). The contributory factors data suggest that 7 per cent of these accidents involved drivers that were impaired by alcohol. 1 For latest GB figures see Drinking and Driving 2011, in Reported road casualties in Great Britain: annual report 2011 available at http://www.dft.gov.uk/statistics/releases/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-annual-report-2011/ The DfT article presents data up to 2011; the Welsh component figures are, however, only available for 2010, which is the period presented in Table 1 below 2
For slight injury accidents: the DfT estimates suggest that drivers over the blood alcohol limit were involved in 5 per cent of these accidents (6 per cent of slight casualties). The contributory factors data suggest that 4 per cent of these accidents involved drivers that were impaired by alcohol. Across all accidents: the DfT estimates suggest that drivers over the blood alcohol limit were involved in 6 per cent of these accidents (6 per cent of casualties). The contributory factors data suggest that 4 per cent of these accidents involved drivers that were impaired by alcohol. The contributory factors data also suggests that a pedestrian's consumption of alcohol is associated with a significant minority of traffic accidents involving adult pedestrians: While the police reported a total of 283 drivers involved in accidents as impaired by alcohol they also reported 150 pedestrians as impaired by alcohol in such a way that it contributed to the accident taking place (and whether or not the pedestrian was a casualty or was uninjured). The contributory factor data also suggest that drug taking by drivers and pedestrians is involved in a small number of accidents; each currently representing around 1 per cent of total accidents. The DfT figures shown in table 1 suggest that a greater proportion of accidents and casualties in Wales are associated with drivers with illegal alcohol limits; the figures for KSI accidents and casualties in Wales are 7 per cent of accidents and 9 per cent of casualties, compared with Great Britain figures of 5 per cent and 6 per cent respectively; the corresponding figures for slight accidents and casualties are 6 per cent of accidents and casualties in Wales, compared with 4 per cent of accidents and 6 per cent of casualties in Great Britain as a whole. 3
Department for Transport (DfT) estimates The first source of information about the relationship between drink driving and traffic accidents is the DfT s estimates of the numbers of road injury accidents involving drivers having illegal blood alcohol levels (see footnote 1 above for the reference). These estimates based on police data and on Coroners Court information. These are summarised in table 1 below. Table 1: Number of accidents and casualties in accidents which involved one or more motor vehicle drivers or riders with illegal alcohol levels: By severity of accident and severity of casualties, Wales and Great Britain: 2010 Numbers and percentage Killed and seriously injured Fatal Serious (KSI) Slight Total Wales Estimates of alcohol-related (a)(b) : Accidents 20 50 70 320 390 Casualties 20 80 100 520 620 Numbers of all road traffic: Accidents 82 869 951 5,899 6,850 Casualties 89 998 1,087 8,868 9,955 Alcohol-related as proportion of all (b) : Accidents 24% 6% 7% 5% 6% Casualties 22% 8% 9% 6% 6% Great Britain Estimates of alcohol-related (a)(b) : Accidents 220 990 1,210 5,420 6,630 Casualties 250 1,250 1,500 8,210 9,700 Numbers of all road traffic: Accidents 1,731 20,440 22,171 132,243 154,414 Casualties 1,850 22,660 24,510 184,138 208,648 Alcohol-related as proportion of all (b) : Accidents 13% 5% 5% 4% 4% Casualties 14% 6% 6% 4% 5% Source: Department for Transport: Based on a combination of data from road accident statistics and coroners court data (a) Current drink drive limit is 80mg per 100ml of blood (b) Estimated numbers, adjusted for under-reporting. As these are estimated figures, they are here rounded to nearest "10". As a result, the corresponding percentage figures are less precise. 4
Information based on police officers' views of contributory factors The second source of information about the relationship between drink driving and road traffic accidents is police officers' views of the contributory factors involved in these accidents. These results are summarised for 2011 in table 2 below. Table 2: Accidents where alcohol- and drug- related contributory factors were recorded: By severity of accident, Wales: 2011 Numbers and percentage Fatal Serious Killed and seriously injured (KSI) Slight Total Driver or rider Impaired by alcohol 11 67 78 205 283 Impaired by drugs 3 14 17 21 38 Total number of accidents 112 970 1,082 5,352 6,434 As percentage of total accidents Impaired by alcohol 10% 7% 7% 4% 4% Impaired by drugs 3% 1% 2% 0.4% 1% Pedestrian involved in accident (as a casualty or uninjured) Pedestrian impaired by alcohol 7 41 48 102 150 Pedestrian impaired by drugs 1 3 4 12 16 Number of pedestrian casualties 24 237 261 893 1,154 As percentage of pedestrian casualties (a) Pedestrian impaired by alcohol 29% 17% 18% 11% 13% Pedestrian impaired by drugs 4% 1% 2% 1% 1% Source: Welsh Assembly Government: STATS19 statistical form from Police (a) Strictly, this comparison of accidents and casualties is strictly incorrect, as they refer to different aspects of the incident. Any validity in the comparison depends on the following assumptions: That only adults are impaired by alcohol or drugs That only one adult pedestrian who is "impaired by alcohol (or drugs)" is involved in these accidents That the pedestrian involved in these accidents, and who was "impaired by alcohol (or drugs), was a casualty (i.e. not uninjured) Figures for drivers show that alcohol is more likely to feature as a contributory factor to serious accidents than to less serious accidents. For all motor vehicles (motor cycles, cars and other vehicles together): Around 1 in 14 fatal and serious accidents in Wales involved the driver, or drivers, in the accident being impaired by alcohol (10 per cent of fatal accidents, 7 per cent of serious accidents); and Around 1 in 25, or 4 per cent, of slight accidents involved the driver, or drivers, being impaired by alcohol. In total, for around every 7 accidents where the driver was impaired by alcohol, there was around 1 accident where he/she was impaired by drugs, both illegal and medicinal (283 impaired by alcohol, 38 impaired by drugs). This source of data shows that drinking by pedestrians is an important factor in accidents involving pedestrians and pedestrian casualties. While the police reported a total of 283 drivers involved in accidents as impaired by alcohol they also reported 150 pedestrians as impaired by alcohol in such a way that it contributed to the accident taking place (and whether or not the pedestrian was a casualty or was uninjured). For around every nine accidents where the pedestrian was impaired by alcohol, there was 1 accident where he/she was impaired by drugs, both illegal and medicinal (150 impaired by alcohol, 16 impaired by drugs). 5
Coroners Courts data The third source of information about the relationship between drink driving and road traffic accidents comes from the Coroners Courts in England and Wales (Procurator Fiscal in Scotland) reports on blood tests carried out on people killed in traffic accidents. This information is used to derive the DfT estimates above. The underlying data is shown below in table 3 and shows: The proportion of those killed in traffic accidents in Wales that had a blood test, and The proportion of those killed where this blood test showed blood alcohol levels above 80mg per 100ml of blood. The notes to the table explain why some of the people that were killed did not receive a blood test. Some of the people that were not tested may, in fact, have had alcohol in their blood; so this latter percentage represents a minimum level for the overall incidence of alcohol-related fatalities. Table 3: People killed in Road Traffic Accidents aged 16 or over where blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was identified: By road user groups and as a proportion of total killed, Wales and Great Britain: 2010 Numbers and percentage Killed, aged 16 and over, with a known BAC (b) Total killed Number As Proportion of total killed aged 16 and Over 80mg per Over 80mg per over (a) All 100ml (c) All 100ml (c) Wales Motor vehicle drivers 27 19 9 70% 33% Motor vehicle passengers 16 8 7 50% 44% Motorcycle riders (d) 25 17 0 68% 0% Pedal cyclists 1 0-0% - Pedestrians 15 11 7 73% 47% Other/Unknown 1 0 - - - All 85 55 23 65% 27% Great Britain Motor vehicle drivers 647 434 97 67% 15% Motor vehicle passengers 257 87 25 34% 10% Motorcycle riders (d) 401 276 25 69% 6% Pedal cyclists 104 52 7 50% 7% Pedestrians 379 176 76 46% 20% Other/Unknown 7 3 1 43% 14% All 1,795 1,028 231 57% 13% Source: Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), as collected from Coroners (see TRL: LF 2089 for GB data) (a) From STATS19, that is the police record of accidents and casualties (b) These figures are lower that the "total killed" because: - Coroners will only record the BAC if the victim dies within 12 hours of the accident; it is estimated that 80% of victims die within 12 hours, the remaining 20% die later. - Coroners practise differs, many only measure when victim is "considered at fault"; or only when blood alcohol is likely to be a factor in the death. - Some coroners do not send information to the TRL (c) Current drink drive BAC limit is 80mg per 100ml of blood (d) Including motorcycle passengers The table shows for Wales that: For motor vehicle drivers (mostly car drivers), 33 per cent of the total killed had measured blood alcohol over the legal limit for drivers. For motorcyclists, none of the people killed had measured blood alcohol over the legal limit for drivers. Almost half of pedestrians over 16 that were killed were over the legal limit for drivers. 6
Table 4 shows the number of people killed (aged 16 or over), and shows the proportion of this number with blood alcohol over various levels (as opposed to the proportion of total killed aged 16 and over as shown in table 3). Again the figures are quite variable given the low numbers involved, but the table does show: A significant proportion of fatalities had a blood alcohol level of over 200mg per 100 ml of blood, that is over 2½ times the legal blood alcohol limit for drivers. That a proportion of those killed had a blood alcohol level below the current legal limit for drivers. Table 4: People killed in Road Traffic Accidents by level of blood alcohol concentration (BAC): By road user groups: Wales and GB: 2010 Wales Number of people 50 80 100 150 200 Motor vehicle drivers 19 47% 47% 42% 32% 11% Motor vehicle passengers 8 88% 88% 63% 25% 13% Motorcycle riders 17 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% Pedal cyclists 0 - - - - - Pedestrians 11 64% 64% 64% 55% 45% Other/Unknown 0 - - - - - All 55 44% 42% 36% 25% 15% Great Britain Motor vehicle drivers 434 23% 22% 21% 15% 6% Motor vehicle passengers 87 31% 29% 21% 10% 5% Motorcycle riders 276 11% 9% 8% 7% 4% Pedal cyclists 52 17% 13% 12% 6% 4% Pedestrians 176 44% 43% 41% 34% 27% Other/Unknown 3 33% 33% 33% 33% 0% All 1,028 24% 22% 21% 15% 9% Source: Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), as collected from Coroners in Wales Killed, aged 16 and over, and with a known BAC Numbers and percentage Proportion with a BAC (in mg per 100ml of blood) of over: 7
(2) Breath Tests of Drivers Involved in Accidents Police officers test drivers at the scene of accidents for the levels of alcohol in the blood. While they aim to test every driver, sometimes that is not possible for various reasons which are outlined in table 5 below and include where the driver (1) refused to provide, (2) was not contacted, (3) the breath test was not requested and (4) the test was not provided for medical reasons. For these reasons, the numbers of positive breath tests following accidents suggests a lower incidence of drink driving than the assessment of the relationship in the first section of this Bulletin. The analysis here provides, however, more background about the time and location of accidents involving drink driving. Table 5 summarises breath tests of drivers involved in accidents in Wales from 1984 to 2011. Table 5: Drivers involved in accidents: Breath test results, Wales (a) Breath test taken Breath test not taken Number and percentage Total Positive Negative Total Percentage Refused to Driver not Tests not Medical number of results results tests positive provide (b) contacted (c) requested (d) reasons (e) drivers 1984 531 2,529 3,060 17% 99 963 12,224.. 16,346 1985 548 2,404 2,952 19% 106 965 12,215.. 16,238 1986 521 2,892 3,413 15% 121 1,096 12,369.. 16,999 1987 505 2,737 3,242 16% 113 1,134 12,426.. 16,915 1988 436 2,928 3,364 13% 75 1,354 13,479.. 18,272 1989 475 6,335 6,810 7% 76 1,605 11,020.. 19,511 1990 454 8,328 8,782 5% 75 1,498 9,316.. 19,671 1991 403 7,757 8,160 5% 66 1,436 8,476.. 18,138 1992 433 7,725 8,158 5% 51 1,403 8,001.. 17,613 1993 358 7,149 7,507 5% 74 1,476 8,056.. 17,113 1994 344 7,420 7,764 4% 58 1,470 8,868.. 18,160 1995 349 7,535 7,884 4% 49 1,590 8,287.. 17,810 1996 421 9,358 9,779 4% 53 2,076 5,782.. 17,690 1997 390 10,447 10,837 4% 65 2,027 4,790.. 17,719 1998 340 10,436 10,776 3% 43 2,157 4,583.. 17,559 1999 361 10,379 10,740 3% 43 2,218 3,684 489 17,174 2000 403 10,585 10,988 4% 61 2,402 2,554 715 16,720 2001 372 10,326 10,698 3% 44 2,282 2,680 711 16,415 2002 396 10,777 11,173 4% 64 2,455 2,765 750 17,207 2003 379 10,538 10,917 3% 38 2,661 2,969 745 17,330 2004 336 10,181 10,517 3% 34 2,816 2,867 717 16,951 2005 317 9,229 9,546 3% 34 2,567 2,703 744 15,594 2006 325 9,160 9,485 3% 32 2,589 2,953 731 15,790 2007 360 9,100 9,460 4% 27 2,903 2,074 706 15,170 2008 305 8,303 8,608 4% 32 2,474 1,991 591 13,696 2009 285 7,574 7,859 4% 19 2,471 2,001 533 12,883 2010 233 6,782 7,015 3% 15 2,496 2,037 497 12,060 2011 217 6,792 7,009 3% 11 2,142 1,679 461 11,302 Road accident data are taken from Stats19 personal injury road accident returns from the police (a) Excludes drivers not covered by sections 6(1) or 6(2) of the Road Traffic Act 1988, i.e. pedal cyclists and other non-motor vehicle drivers. (b) 'Refused to provide means refused to provide irrespective of whether prosecution followed or not. (c) Not contacted denotes when the driver absented himself from the scene of the accident. (d) Not requested includes the following: (i) cases where it was decided not to request a breath test (ii) cases in which a hospital doctor objected to the breath test (iii) cases in which injury or circumstances rendered a breath test impracticable and, in addition, the figures now include (iv) cases which are judged to have been incorrectly recorded "test not applicable". (e) Tests not provided for medical reasons are shown separately from 1999. 8
Table 6 shows the position for the four police force areas in Wales. The table shows a broad similarity in the percentage of positive tests in 2011. Table 6: Drivers involved in accidents: Breath test results, Police force areas (a) Breath test taken Breath test not taken Number and percentage Total Positive Negative Total Percentage Refused to Driver not Tests not Medical number of results results tests positive provide (b) contacted (c) requested (d) reasons drivers North Wales 2007 76 2,305 2,381 3.2 3 770 184 137 3,399 2008 86 2,306 2,392 3.6 8 789 98 144 3,345 2009 79 2,078 2,157 3.7 6 680 144 127 3,035 2010 49 1,780 1,829 2.7 3 473 491 111 2,907 2011 55 1,856 1,911 2.9 2 640 23 100 2,676 Gwent 2007 37 1,003 1,040 3.6 6 271 429 136 1,845 2008 31 976 1,007 3.1 8 285 486 117 1,872 2009 25 920 945 2.6 4 331 386 95 1,736 2010 17 884 901 1.9 3 310 315 72 1,584 2011 15 793 808 1.9 0 130 287 57 1,282 South Wales 2007 166 3,766 3,932 4.2 14 1,264 1,176 197 6,583 2008 121 3,254 3,375 3.6 12 1,057 1,160 133 5,337 2009 127 2,955 3,082 4.1 5 827 1,127 113 5,154 2010 119 2,659 2,778 4.3 7 1,071 956 103 4,915 2011 107 2,691 2,798 3.8 7 743 1107 106 4,761 Dyfed Powys 2007 81 2,139 2,220 3.6 4 598 285 236 3,343 2008 67 1,884 1,951 3.4 4 343 247 197 2,742 2009 54 1,725 1,779 3.0 4 633 344 198 2,958 2010 48 1,476 1,524 3.1 2 642 275 211 2,654 2011 40 1,452 1,492 2.7 2 629 262 198 2,583 (a) Excludes drivers not covered by sections 6(1) or 6(2) of the Road Traffic Act 1988, i.e. pedal cyclists and other non-motor vehicle drivers. (b) 'Refused to provide means refused to provide irrespective of whether prosecution followed or not. (c) Not contacted denotes when the driver absented himself from the scene of the accident. (d) Not requested includes the following: (i) cases where it was decided not to request a breath test (ii) cases in which a hospital doctor objected to the breath test (iii) cases in which injury or circumstances rendered a breath test impracticable and, in addition, the figures now include (iv) cases which are judged to have been incorrectly recorded "test not applicable". Tables 7 to 10 and chart 1 provide more background information about the incidences of accidents that involved a driver above the legal blood limit for alcohol. Table 7 shows the total number of casualties (fatal, serious and slight) involved in accidents where one or more drivers involved had a positive breath test. 9
Table 7: All casualties involved in accidents where there was at least one positive breath test, by month Number 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 January 51 32 22 9 34 February 50 40 47 25 29 March 38 37 33 29 April 58 45 38 36 May 68 41 45 32 June 38 42 24 39 24 July 63 38 35 38 26 August 57 58 26 33 35 September 48 13 40 30 October 31 38 36 56 November 54 51 42 34 18 December 28 30 36 14 31 All months 584 465 424 375 334 Road accident data are taken from Stats19 personal injury road accident returns from the police 17 27 31 20 42 Table 7 shows considerable deviation between months during a year and between the same months in different years. December and January have a lower percentage of accidents (2007-11), with April having the highest percentage (9.9 per cent). Table 8 presents the proportion of positive breath tests as a way of identifying peak periods for drink driving and accidents. Table 8: Positive breath tests of drivers involved in accidents, by day of week: proportions Percentage of positive breath tests (a) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Monday 3.2 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.4 Tuesday 1.6 1.5 1.6 2.5 1.2 Wednesday 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.0 1.6 Thursday 2.5 2.7 2.0 1.4 2.7 Friday 3.5 3.2 3.4 2.8 1.6 Saturday 7.0 6.9 5.8 7.2 6.6 Sunday 7.6 7.9 9.3 7.0 6.6 All days 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.1 Road accident data are taken from Stats19 personal injury road accident returns from the police (a) Positive tests as a percentage of all breath tests of drivers involved in accidents on the given day. Table 8 shows as might be expected that more drivers in accidents test positive on the weekend rather than a weekday, and that Friday had a higher percentage of drivers involved in accidents testing positive than any other weekday until the most recent year. This suggests that one cause of the monthly pattern of casualties show in table 7 will be the number of weekends falling in each month (a number that will vary from year to year). Table 9 shows the number of positive tests by one-hour periods through the day. It shows that drivers involved in accidents who test positive are more likely to after traditional working hours. The period between 16:00 to 04:00 were when the majority of accidents occurred where a driver tested positive. In 2011 the majority of accidents occur between 20:00 and 04:00, with a rise in numbers from 18:00. 10
This often means that drinking that has happened the previous day will impact on the next day s figures, for example drinking on a Saturday night, might result in an increase in early Sunday morning accidents. This would explain why Sunday has a greater proportion of accidents than Friday as can be seen in table 8. Table 9: Positive breath tests of drivers involved in accidents, by time of day Number of positive breath tests 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0400-0459 14 6 10 10 6 0500-0559 13 7 5 6 4 0600-0659 6 5 4 5 2 0700-0759 7 9 4 2 4 0800-0859 4 8 6 5 5 0900-0959 7 5 7 3 6 1000-1059 8 7 5 6 3 1100-1159 5 4 8 3 4 1200-1259 6 7 6 3 4 1300-1359 10 4 4 5 9 1400-1459 5 6 5 8 4 1500-1559 8 10 13 4 6 1600-1659 10 8 16 8 7 1700-1759 16 16 14 9 8 1800-1859 6 15 14 15 11 1900-1959 27 24 9 9 14 2000-2059 12 16 18 13 17 2100-2159 21 14 14 14 13 2200-2259 27 19 13 7 9 2300-2359 35 23 29 22 16 0000-0059 39 24 24 24 15 0100-0159 32 23 21 19 15 0200-0259 25 26 19 15 15 0300-0359 17 19 17 18 20 24 hour total 360 305 285 233 217 Road accident data are taken from Stats19 personal injury road accident returns from the police 11
Table 10 shows the percentage of positive tests by Local Authority. Table 10: Percentage of drivers in accidents testing positive for alcohol by Local Authority, 94-98 average, 2010 and 2011 Number and percentage 94-98 2010 2011 Positive Negative % Positive Positive Negative % Positive Positive Negative % Positive 2011 Isle of Anglesey 10 208 4.8 9 142 6.0 7 142 4.7 Gwynedd 15 417 3.5 4 403 1.0 12 351 3.3 Conwy 11 351 3.0 7 287 2.4 5 321 1.5 Denbighshire 14 318 4.2 4 292 1.4 10 313 3.1 Flintshire 16 389 4.0 13 380 3.3 11 400 2.7 Wrexham 12 300 3.8 12 276 4.2 10 329 2.9 Powys 21 445 4.6 10 371 2.6 13 367 3.4 Ceredigion 11 247 4.1 6 244 2.4 8 224 3.4 Pembrokeshire 12 400 3.0 15 369 3.9 7 318 2.2 Carmarthenshire 29 638 4.4 17 492 3.3 12 543 2.2 Swansea 37 996 3.6 24 715 3.2 25 681 3.5 Neath Port Talbot 18 465 3.6 20 291 6.4 12 305 3.8 Bridgend 18 488 3.6 17 224 7.1 11 229 4.6 Vale of Glamorgan 14 300 4.5 4 167 2.3 6 210 2.8 Cardiff 41 925 4.2 26 683 3.7 22 674 3.2 Rhondda Cynon Taf 29 631 4.4 20 459 4.2 25 481 4.9 Merthyr Tydfil 8 183 4.2 8 120 6.3 6 111 5.1 Caerphilly 15 394 3.7 5 178 2.7 7 194 3.5 Blaenau Gwent 5 118 4.1 3 132 2.2 1 95 1.0 Torfaen 6 146 3.9 3 130 2.3 3 95 3.1 Monmouthshire 9 240 3.6 2 135 1.5 1 136 0.7 Newport 17 440 3.7 4 292 1.4 3 273 1.1 Wales 369 9,039 3.9 233 6,782 3.3 217 6,792 3.1 6782 0 In 2011, Swansea and Rhondda Cynon Taf has the greatest number of drivers in accidents testing positively (25 each). The highest proportion in 2011 occurred in Merthyr Tydfil (5.1 per cent). In 2010 Monmouthshire had only 2 occurrences of a driver involved in an accident being tested positive for alcohol. Chart 1, on the following page provides further background information about the location of positive tests. It has taken the 217 positive breath tests in Wales in 2011 (shown in table 5 and table 9) and shows the location of the accidents where at least one driver tested positive. 12
Chart 1: Accidents locations where at least one driver was tested positive for alcohol 2011 Liverpool Holyhead Isle of Anglesey Conwy Rhyl Flint Caernarfon Llanrwst Conwy Denbigh Flintshire Mold Chester Porthmadog Bala Denbighshire Corwen Wrexham Wrexham Gwynedd Oswestry Dolgellau Welshpool Shrewsbury Positive test location Machynlleth (Source: Road accident data are taken from Stats19 personal injury road accident returns from the police.) Aberystwyth Llanidloes Newtown Powys Knighton Ceredigion Llandrindod Wells Cardigan Builth Wells Hereford Pembrokeshire Carmarthen Carmarthenshire Llandeilo Llandovery Brecon Haverfordwest Merthyr Tydfil Blaenau Neath Gwent Port Rhondda Merthyr Talbot Cynon Tydfil Neath Taf Swansea Caerphilly Swansea Pontypridd Llantrisant Bridgend Bridgend Cardiff Cardiff Vale of Glamorgan Barry Torfaen Abergavenny Monmouthshire Newport Newport Monmouth Chepstow Crown Copyright and database right 2012. Ordnance Survey 100021874. Welsh Government. Hawlfraint a hawliau cronfa ddata r Goron 2012. Rhif Trwydded yr Arolwg Ordnans 100021874 Geography & Technology (113.12-13)
(3) Enforcement Action Relating to Drink Driving To complete the picture of drink driving in Wales, this section summarises police and court action in relation to motoring offences, and drink driving. Table 11 and chart 2 look at screening breath tests and shows positive and refused tests. Table 11: Motoring offences: Screening breath tests, Wales Number of tests Specimen provided Positive Negative test test Proportion All results (a)(b) results positive tests 1992 6,100 34,600 15.0% 40,700 1993 5,700 31,400 15.4% 37,100 1994 5,000 31,400 13.7% 36,400 1995 5,100 31,900 13.8% 37,100 1996 5,800 39,200 12.9% 45,000 1997 6,100 50,900 r 10.7% 57,000 r 1998 7,000 r 53,600 11.6% 60,600 r 1999 6,300 r 50,800 r 11.0% 57,100 2000 6,100 44,100 r 12.2% 50,200 r 2001 6,600 41,300 r 13.8% 47,900 r 2002 6,500 41,700 13.5% 48,200 2003 (e) 6,700 36,300 15.6% 43,000 2004 6,800 42,400 r 13.8% 49,200 2005 6,600 40,400 14.0% 47,000 Chart 2: Motoring offences: Screening breath tests, Wales Number of tests 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 1992 Negative test result Positive or refused test 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2006 6,200 r 39,500 13.6% 45,700 2007 6,200 r 47,700 11.5% 53,900 2008 5,200 83,000 r 5.9% 88,200 2009 6,700 116,300 5.4% 123,000 2010 6,000 84,900 6.6% 90,900 Source: Home Office Chart 2 shows the number of positive tests has fluctuated between around 6 and 7 thousand a year between 1997 and 2010, regardless of the total number of test carried out in a year. The rise in the total number of tests during 2009 is associated with a change in the process of carrying out a test with the introduction of new electronic data capture devices. 14
Tables 12 and 13 show the findings of guilt in Welsh Courts for offences of driving after consuming alcohol and taking drugs Table 12: Findings of guilt at all courts for offences of driving after consuming alcohol or taking drugs by age group, Wales (a) (b) Number of offences 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Under 17 40 26 27 15 8 17-20 879 697 619 435 402 21-24 997 882 835 664 634 25-29 975 766 842 611 583 30-39 1,227 1,064 1,050 795 800 40-49 1,010 785 840 649 649 50-59 484 403 410 327 339 60 and over 234 217 231 184 189 All ages 5,846 4,840 4,854 3,680 3,604 Source: Ministry of Justice (a) Offences of driving are defined as driving or in charge of a motor vehicle whilst impaired by drink or drugs, or whilst above the specified limit for alcohol (b) Excludes data for Cardiff magistrates' court for April, July, and August 2008 Every effort is made to ensure that the figures presented are accurate and complete. However, it is important to note that these data have been extracted from large administrative data systems generated by the courts and police forces. As a consequence, care should be taken to ensure data collection processes and their inevitable limitations are taken into account when those data are used. Table 12 shows that consistently over the period shown, 30-39 year olds are found guilty in greater numbers than any other age group. In 2010, 30-49 year olds accounted for 40 per cent of those found guilty. In 2010, under 17 year olds experienced the lowest number (8) of those found guilty for the years shown. 15
Table 13 shows more details for 2010: Table 13: Findings of guilt at all courts for offences of driving etc. after consuming alcohol or taking drugs by offence type and age group, Wales, 2011(a) Under 17 Number of offences 60 and 17-20 21-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 over All ages Unfit to drive through drink or drugs (impairment) 1 17 22 26 46 21 4 1 138 Driving with alcohol in the blood above the prescribed limit 7 372 584 523 709 588 318 179 3,280 Driving and failing to provide specimen for analysis (breath, blood or urine) - 1 4 10 13 14 5 1 48 In charge of motor vehicle while unfit through drink or drugs (impairment) - - - - - - - - - In charge of motor vehicle with alcohol in the blood above the prescribed limit - 6 13 13 16 14 4 4 70 In charge of motor vehicle and failing to provide specimen for analysis (breath, blood or urine) - 1 4 5 9 4 5 1 29 Failing to provide specimen for initial breath test - 2 2 1 1 3 1-10 Failing to allow specimens of blood to be subjected to laborotory test - - 1 - - - - - 1 In charge of stolen vehicle while unfit through drink (impairment) - 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 18 In charge of stolen vehicle while unfit through drugs (impairment) - - 2 2 3 3 - - 10 Total offences 8 402 634 583 800 649 339 189 3,604 Source: Ministry of Justice (a) Offences of driving are defined as driving or in charge of a motor vehicle whilst impaired by drink or drugs, or whilst above the specified limit for alcohol Every effort is made to ensure that the figures presented are accurate and complete. However, it is important to note that these data have been extracted from large administrative data systems generated by the courts and police forces. As a consequence, care should be taken to ensure data collection processes and their inevitable limitations are taken into account when those data are used. Table 13 shows the offences for driving after consuming alcohol or taking drugs. Not surprisingly Drinking with alcohol in the blood above the prescribed limit accounted for 91 per cent of offences in 2011. Within the category of Drinking with alcohol in the blood above the prescribed limit, 30-39 year olds account for 22 per cent while the next highest proportions were 21-24 year olds and 40-49 year olds which each accounted for 18 per cent of those found guilty. 16
(4) Drinking and pedestrian casualties Tables 14 to 17 provide evidence about the incidences of accidents that involved a pedestrian who was impaired by alcohol; by looking at the police officers views about the contributory factors that led to accidents in Wales. In 2011, 29 percent of killed pedestrian casualties were impaired by alcohol. A further 15 per cent of serious pedestrian casualties were impaired by alcohol and 11 per cent of slight casualties. Table 14: Pedestrian casualties impaired by alcohol, 2011 All pedestrian casualties Men Women Total Killed 24 5 2 7 Numbers and percentage Serious 237 23 13 36 15% Slight 893 73 25 98 11% Source: Welsh Government Impaired by alcohol: Total as a proportion of all pedestrian casualties The age break down shown in Table 15 suggests that those pedestrians casualties aged 20-24 are more likely to be impaired by alcohol than other age groups. Those aged between 20 and 29 accounts for almost half of all pedestrian casualties impaired by alcohol, and this is also true across the severity breakdown. Around 7 out of 10 pedestrian casualties impaired by alcohol are male. 29% Table 15: Pedestrian casualties impaired by alcohol, by gender and age, 2011 Numbers Male Female Total KSI Slight Total KSI Slight Total KSI Slight Total Age group 0-15 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 3 3 16-19 3 10 13 1 2 3 4 12 16 20-24 8 24 32 2 10 12 10 34 44 25-29 4 14 18 3 3 6 7 17 24 30-39 6 10 16 2 1 3 8 11 19 40-49 2 4 6 3 5 8 5 9 14 50-59 3 5 8 1 1 2 4 6 10 60-69 1 3 4 1 0 1 2 3 5 70+ 1 2 3 2 0 2 3 2 5 unknown 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Total 28 73 101 15 25 40 43 98 141 Source: Welsh Government The majority of pedestrians casualties impaired by alcohol are involved in accidents outside the traditional working hours. Around seven in ten KSI and around 3 in 4 of slight pedestrian casualties impaired by alcohol occur between the hours 18:00 and 01:59. In 2011, the police recorded more pedestrian casualties impaired by alcohol in the first half of the year, with the first quarter having the highest number. Despite this the second half of the year had a greater number of KSI casualties for this road casualty grouping, with the 3rd quarter witnessing the highest number of KSI casualties overall. 17
Table 16: Pedestrian casualties impaired by alcohol, by time of day, 2011 Numbers KSI Slight 06:00-09:59 0 1 10:00-13:59 2 2 14:00-17:59 2 9 18:00-21:59 15 26 22:00-01:59 14 46 02:00-05:59 10 14 Source: Welsh Government Table 17: Pedestrian casualties impaired by alcohol, by time of year, 2011 Numbers KSI Slight Total January 6 8 14 February 2 11 13 March 3 11 14 April 4 8 12 May 2 11 13 June 3 11 14 July 3 5 8 August 6 4 10 September 4 6 10 October 3 7 10 November 3 11 14 December 4 5 9 Q1 11 30 41 Q2 9 30 39 Q3 13 15 28 Q4 10 23 33 Jan-Jun 20 60 80 Jul-Dec 23 38 61 18
Drink drive definitions A drink drive accident is an incident on a public road in which someone is killed or injured and where one or more of the drivers or rider involved: Refused to give a breath test when requested by the Police, or Failed a roadside test by registering over 35 microgrammes of alcohol per 100 millilitres of breath, or Was subsequently found to have more than 80 milligrammes of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood. In addition to these drink drive accidents, a proportion of accidents involve pedestrians whose behaviour was affected by alcohol (or who were subsequently found to have alcohol in their blood). It is also clear from the STATS19-based information about contributory factors to accidents, and other research, that drugs (both illegal and medicinal) are also a factor in some traffic accidents. Changes to legislation and practise A summary of the legislation and changes to police procedures: The Road Safety Act 1967 made it illegal to drive with a blood alcohol concentration of more than 80mg per 100ml and introduced roadside screening for alcohol for the first time. The Transport Act 1981 introduced additional measures to curtail drinking and driving including evidential breath testing and stiffer penalties. The fall has been fairly regular since 1980, but with a sharp decline in 1983 when the law relating to drink/driving was changed and evidential breathtesting was introduced by the 1981 Transport Act. Evidential breath testing was introduced in 1983 to supplement the taking of blood samples. This Act also introduced compulsory seat belt wearing and new procedures for licensing learner motorcyclists. Section 6 of the Road Traffic Act (1988) allows the police to test any driver involved in an accident, whether or not anyone is injured. The act also stipulates that where there has not been a road accident, the police can only take a roadside breath test following a moving traffic offence, or if there is suspicion of alcohol use. In April 1996 the Association of Chief Police Officers in England and Wales (ACPO) adopted a policy of breath testing all drivers involved in road accidents which the police deal with or attend, whether injuries are involved or not. Before this, all Scottish police forces, and some in England and Wales, already operated similar policies, but in some cases for injury accidents only. Key Quality Information: Drink driving and accidents Coroners Courts: The coverage of this data is as follows: The blood test is only carried out if the victim dies within 12 hours of the accident (so only cover 80 per cent of road traffic accident fatalities), and is aged 16 and over; Across all types of victim, the average coverage is 75 per cent of these victims dying within 12 hours. This is because (1) some coroners do not send in data and (2) Coroners practise differs, many only measure blood alcohol when victim is considered at fault ; and sometimes only when blood alcohol is likely to be a factor. This gives 60 per cent overall coverage of traffic fatalities in these figures; However this level of coverage varies by the type of victim. There is a reasonably high coverage of drivers (around 70 per cent) but less for passengers, pedestrians, and pedal cyclists (40-50per cent). So the raw data understate role of alcohol (for pedestrians and cyclists), the raw data are probably a fair guide for drivers. DfT estimates: The basis of the figures is described in the DfT article about drinking and driving (link below). Briefly, they combine the data from the STATS19 about any drivers or riders that either fail their breath test or refuse to take a test with the data, together with data from Coroners about the blood alcohol levels of road users who dies within 12 hours of an accident. The estimates are adjusted to take account of cases where drivers were not tested because they left the scene of the accident, or where blood alcohol levels were not reported because, for example, they died more than 12 hours after the accident. 19
Contributory factors: These figures are based in police officers' views, so the figures are based on a subjective view of an accident. The police officers may miss out on drivers that are not obviously drunk; they also have a choice about which contributory factors to put in so may miss out alcohol in favour of a literal description of the accident (e.g. junction overshoot, travelling too fast for the conditions or whatever). Taking these factors together suggest that these figures will tend to under-estimate the role of alcohol in accidents. Key Quality Information: Stats19 data Source: Status: General description of road casualty data: Uses of data: Quality: 2011 Road Casualties Wales: Drinking and Driving National Statistics The statistics refer to casualties resulting from personal injury accidents on public roads reported to the police and forwarded to the Welsh Government. The police compile statistical data about road traffic accidents and casualties (called Stats19 data) for the Welsh Government and the Department for Transport (DfT). This follows police attendance at accidents that involve any personal injury, member of the public reporting personal injury accidents directly to the police. The figures are based on information available to the Welsh Government 14 weeks after the end of the latest quarter. A casualty is defined as, a person killed or injured in an accident. One accident may give rise to several casualties. Casualties are subdivided into killed, seriously injured and slightly injured categories. Casualties reported as killed include only those cases where death occurs in less than 30 days as a result of the accident. They do not include those who died as a result of natural causes (e.g. heart attack) rather than as a result of the accident, nor do they include confirmed suicides. There are a variety of organisations that use the Welsh road traffic accident and casualty data. The Welsh Government uses road traffic collision and casualty data to help set road safety policy. It is also used for performance indicators, both for the Welsh Government s Transport Strategy and for some Health Performance indicators. They are also component indicators in the Welsh Government s Child Poverty and Sustainable Development indicators. The Welsh Government also publishes statistical data which is used for a range of transport-police purposes. Other users include Highway Authorities, covering the Welsh Government, which is responsible for the motorway and trunk road network, and local authorities, which are responsible for other roads in Wales. Other bodies involved in road safety include Safety Camera Partnerships, Trunk Road Agents, and Police & Community Safety Partnerships. The figures shown may change in future if there are late amendments. Similarly, the figures for earlier years may differ from those previously published. The figures cover only road accidents reported to the police and involving personal injury. A more detailed assessment of the quality of these data is given in Welsh Road Casualties Statistics Quality Report published (in a revised form) during September 2012. This article summarises the sources and methods used to compile the road accident and casualty figures for Wales. It also reviews the quality of the resulting figures in terms of the six dimensions of statistical quality of the European Statistical System. The aim is to provide background information about road casualty statistics for Wales in a single document for all users of the published statistics. It is available from the link below, which also contains links to the other road safety statistical outputs: http://wales.gov.uk/topics/statistics/theme/transport/accidents/;lang=en 20