Pceedngs f ICONE13 13 h Inenanal Cnfeence n Nuclea Engneeng Ma 16-2, 25, Bejng, Chna ICONE13-5577 A NEW METHOD FOR EVALUATION AND CORRECTION OF THERMAL REACTOR POWER AND PRESENT OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS D. Segfed Se Seasanplaz 7, 13 Wen, Ausa e-mal: sesegfed@sufeu.a, Tel.:+43 1 7133442 D. Magnus Langensen, D. Bend Lapple BTB-Jansk mh, elngesasse 151, D-71229 Leneg, eman e-mal: @jansk.cm, Tel.:+49 7152 387 Dpl.-Ing. Hs Eschege/NPP Lesad (KKL), CH-5325 Lesad, Swzeland e-mal: hs.eschege@kkl.ch, Tel.: +41 56 267 7633 ABSTRACT The deemnan f he hemal eac pwe s adnall e dne hea alance f a lng wae eac (BWR) a he neface f eac cnl vlume and hea ccle f a pessused-wae eac (PWR) a he neface f he seam genea cnl vlume and une sland n he secnda sde The uncean f hese adnal mehds s n eas deemne and can e n he ange f seveal pecen. Techncal and legal egulans (e.g. 1CFR5) cve an esmaed e f nsumenan up 2% nceasng he desgn hemal eac pwe f emegenc analss 12 % f he lcensed hemal eac pwe. Bascall he lcensee has he du waan a an me pean nsde he analzed egn f hemal eac pwe. Ths s nmall dne keepng he ndcaed eac pwe a he lcensed 1% value. The ee wa s use a mehd whch allws a cnnuus waan evaluan. The quanfcan f he level f fulflmen f hs waan s nl achevale a mehd whch Hee hs mehd, whch s called pcess daa ecnclan ased n VDI 248 gudelne, s pesened [1, 2]. Ths mehd allws deemne he ue pcess paamees wh a sascal pal f 95%, cnsdeng clsed maeal, mass- and eneg alances fllwng he aussan cecn pncple. The amun f edundan pcess nfman and cmplex f he pcess mpves he fnal esuls. Ths epesens he ms pale sae f he pcess wh mnmzed uncean accdng VDI 248. Hence, calan and cnl f he hemal eac pwe ae pssle wh lw eff u hgh accuac and ndependen f sngle measuemen accuaces. Fuhe me, VDI 248 desces he qual cnl f mpan pcess paamee. Appled he hemal eac pwe, he sascal cean f waanng he allwale value can e quanfed. Ths quanfcan allws keepng a safe magn n ageemen wh he auh. Ths pape pesens he peanal applcan f hs mehd a an peang plan and desces he addnal use f pcess daa ecnclan f accepance ess, ssem and cmpnen dagnss. s ndependen f sngle measuemens accuaces esuls n a cefed qual f sngle pcess values and f he al hea ccle analss leads cmplee esuls ncludng 2-sgma devan especall f hemal eac pwe 1 Cpgh 25 ASME
INTRODUCTION The deemnan f hemal eac pwe s adnall e dne hea alance. The uncean can e n he ange f seveal pecen caused nsumenan es. Techncal and legal egulans (e.g. 1CFR5) cve an esmaed e up 2% nceasng he analzed aea f emegenc clng analss 12 % f he lcensed hemal eac pwe, see Fgue 1. measuemen devces ncludng sens chaacescs, amplfe, cale lnks, dgzng ccus and s n. The hee desced mehd s ndependen f all f hese unknwn and n cnllale nfluences. The hea alance s dne use f mul edundan nfman f peanal measuemen devces. The fulfllmen f eneg- and massalance ncludes a qual cnl f he esuls. Thus a cnadcn fee hea alance s waaned wh an cnnuus accuac f au ±.5% f hemal eac pwe. Ppsal f applcan f new mehd The auhs ppse a lcense mehd f evaluan f hemal eac pwe ased n daa ecnclan accdng VDI 248 whch he pea has demnsae wha amun he s usde he n analzed aea. I s accdng pesen paxs when he pea can pve an me, ha he s wh a pal f geae han 97.5 % usde he n analzed aea (cmpae APPENDI 1 + 2). The auhs undesand he evaluan f hemal eac pwe pcess daa ecnclan as a cnnuus waan measuemen wh a quanfed hgh accuac whch culd e easl cnlled he auhes. Fgue 1: Pal Dens Dsun f dffeen unceanes Benefs f he Auhes A cnnuusl quanfed magn he peanal lms f hemal eac pwe s ease cnl and pvdes clea ceas f nspecns. Benefs f he Opeas The smalle he uncean f hemal eac pwe s, he me magn he can use f peang a a hghe eac pwe level a he same level f safe. Ths mehd pas f self and assues a hgh level f safe. Thee s n lnge a need f expensve calan pcedues he expensve and dse ae elaed ess. Fgue 2: Cumulave Pal Dens Dsun Fgue 2 shws ha an uncean (2σ) f ± 2% leads a pal f 97.5% ha he hemal eac pwe s nsde he analzed aea. I s eas shw ha lage unceanes alwas fal a hghe degee he waan e nsde he analzed aea. F an uncean f 3% hee s nl 9% waan f eng nsde he analzed aea. Unl da he cmmn saeg f deemnan f hemal eac pwe s ased n sngle paamee measuemens wh an as hgh as pssle (u n knwn) accuac. Ths can e acheved sae f he a calan f flw nzzles ncludng ace measuemens f al feed wae mass flw mplemenan f ulasnc measuemen devces wh a sphscaed sfwae evaluan. The dsadvanage f all hese mehds s he unknwn aslue accuac f he feld measuemen and he unknwn develpmen f he accuac f THEORETICAL BASIS aussan cecn pncple The advanages f usng he cecn calculan ae: qual cnl deecn f seus es he esul cnfdence neval s he lwes pssle and ndependen f he calculan mehd (cmpae APPENDI 3) As desced n [1] cecns v ae made he measued values x accdng equan (1), n de an esmaed values (ecncled values) x. x = x + v (1) 2 Cpgh 25 ASME
The cecns v mus e deemned such ha he quadac e fm ξ T -1 = v S v mn (2) ecmes a mnmum and he mplc auxla cndns f ( x + v) = f ( x) = (3) ae fulflled wh he ecncled values. These auxla cndns ae smple laws f phscs, lke he pncples f he cnsevan f mass eneg smple elanshps fm chems, e.g. he laws f schme. The measued values x wll n sasf hese auxla cndns u, as a esul f he nevale andm measuemen devans, lead cnadcns. Snce he ue values sasf he auxla cndns, hs s als demanded f he esmaed values (ecncled values) x. The nsucns f calculang he vec f he nncnadc esmaed values (ecncled values) x fm he vec f he measued values x. can e fmulaed as fllws x = x + v S = x S F ( F S F f ( x T T 1 ) ) (4) empcal cvaance max f measued values x f F = Funcnal max f he auxla cndns x f (x) Vec f cnadcns f he measued values x The cvaance max S V f cecns v and he cvaance max S f nn-cnadc esmaed values (ecncled values) x s aned wh: S = S = S S S V F T ( F S F T ) 1 F S The esul vaales calculaed fm hese esmaed values (ecncled values) x and he cvaance max S have he lwes pssle measuemen unceanes, ndependenl f he chsen calculan pcedue (e.g. dec ndec mehd), and hs faclaes he es pssle assessmen f cmplance wh he guaaneed values Qual cnl and deecng suspeced ags (seus es) F he geneal assessmen f he measued values x (acqued daa) he fllwng apples: (5) ξ = v T S -1 v = f ( x) ( F S T F ) 1 f ( x) Wh a sascal cean f p = 95%, ξ s n geae han 2 he 95% quanle f he χ dsun fm he degee f feedm (nume f auxla cndns) e fund n sascal ales. If he cndn 2 ξ χ,95% (7) s n sasfed, he acqued daa (measued values x) mus e ejeced ecause he cnadcns ae gea. Ths geneall apples f he acual devans fm he ue value µ n he case f cean measued values x fall usde he gven cnfdence anges. These excessve devans can heefe e suspeced n cases whee he cecn calculan n accdance wh Eq.(4) had make mpvemens v he measued values x whch fall usde he cnfdence anges. Accdng he expecan f he mpvemen (6) E ( ) = (8) v he magnude f cecn v s wh a sascal cean f p = 95% n geae han he cnfdence ange e calculaed fm he asscaed elemen f he man dagnal f he cvaance max S V f he mpvemens. The cvaance max S V mus e deemned usng Eq.(5). If he cndn ν s ν, 1.96 (9) s n sasfed, he asscaed measued value esmaed value f he asscaed vaance s 2 x, f he, mus e queed. In hs wa s pssle an n nl a geneal assessmen f he acqued daa, u als specfc pnes whee seus es seusl naccuae esmaes f he measuemen accuac can e fund. T elmnae he seus e suspeced n measued value x, s helpful knw whch measued values x k he measued value x manl cnflcs wh. These ae he measued values f hse measued vaales whch have ecme sujec a sng schasc dependence as a esul f he cecn calculan. The celan ceffcen calculaed fm he cvaance max S V s a measue f he schasc dependence. Accdng hs, s manl hse measued values x whch als have e examned f whch k 3 Cpgh 25 ASME
sv, k V, k = 1 (1) sv, sv, kk hlds,.e. he magnude f he empcal celan ceffcen calculaed fm he cvaance max f he mpvemens S V has a cnsdeale value. Assessmen f he fulfllmen f a guaanee As desced n [1] he measued vaales ae andm vaales n he pncples f mahemacal sascs, s pssle cnclude fm he unceanes he sascal cean (pal) wh whch he guaaneed chaacescs ae n fac fulflled. Example: uaanee f a fxed maxmum value [1] Le us assume ha g(x) s a sngle value f a chaacesc esul vaale (e.g. hea cnsumpn) deemned fm measued values, whee he expeced value (ue value) f hs esul µ s unknwn. F hs chaacesc esul vaale he manufacue pmses a fxed maxmum value, whch means ha he ue value µ s knwn. Wh knwledge f he ue values, an exac assessmen f he fulflmen f he guaanee culd e undeaken wh µ µ (11) whch s equvalen µ µ = (12) µ The cmpasn funcn g( x) = µ g( x) (13) meel calculaes a sngle value f a andm vaale = µ (14) whse ue value defned wh µ s unknwn and whse vaance s σ = σ (15) B emplng he sandadzed devan fm he ue value µ σ (16) s pssle make he saemen µ P np = p σ (17) whee n p s he p quanle f he nmal dsun. B nseng Eqs.(12),(14) and (15) and ansfmng he agumen, ne ans ( + n σ ) p P µ (18) p = Fm hs equan s pssle deved a saemen n he pal wh whch he guaanee s fulflled n accdance wh Eq.(11). Fm + σ = µ (19) n p fllws n p µ = (2) σ B emplng he dsun funcn f he nmal dsun Φ 2 x 1 2 ( x) = e 2π ne ans he saemen P d ( µ µ ) = Φ n ) = Φ p (21) µ ( p (22) σ = Appled he sngle value g(x) f he andm vaale and he esmaed value f he vaance aned wh 2 g( x) g( x) s = S (23) x x ne ans wh µ g(x) P( µ µ ) = Φ = p s (24) a saemen n he pal wh whch he guaaneed value s fulflled. I s evden ha he saemen f pal ecmes me pecse, he geae he esul f he agumen n Eq.(24),.e. he smalle he vaance s. F he assessmen f he fulflmen f a guaanee, he nn-cnadc esmaed 4 Cpgh 25 ASME
values (ecncled values) x and he cvaance max S shuld e empled as hese suppl he smalles pssle vaance. Use f he assessmen f fulfllmen f a guaanee n he assessmen f he maxmum hemal eac pwe Le us assume ha P h ( x) s he hemal eac pwe deemned fm measued values, and = ( 2 Ph x) Ph ( x) s P S (25) h x x he pal, ha he hemal eac pwe s lwe han he maxmum leale hemal eac pwe P s gven wh hmax P P P( P P ) = Φ ( hmax h x) h hmax = p (26) s Ph I s evden ha hs saemen f pal ecmes me pecse, he geae he esul f he agumen n Eq.(26),.e. he smalle he vaance s P h. F he assessmen f he fulflmen f hs cndn, he nn-cnadc esmaed values (ecncled values) x and he cvaance max S shuld e empled as hese suppl he smalles pssle vaance. Wh he nvese funcn f he dsun funcn f he nmal dsun, ne ans fm he ave equan he hemal eac pwe wh whch he cndn Ph P hmax (27) wh a gven sascal cean P h ( ) p gven s eached: 1 = Phmax s P Φ p gven (28) h I s evden ha hemal eac pwe, whch fulfls Eq.(27) wh a gven sascal cean ecmes he hghe, he smalle he vaance sp h s. Theefe he nn-cnadc esmaed values (ecncled values) x and he cvaance max S shuld e empled as hese suppl he smalles pssle vaance. Numecal Example The hemal eac pwe P h ( x) s deemned fm measued values (Numes ave 2 n he ccu dagam n APPENDI 4). Themal eac capac [MW] Value +-Cnf95% LS afe eac Sm cmpnn 5496.869 98.815 LS afe eac W cmpnn 1.275.51 Inle eac W cleanng 22.54.453 Oule eac W cleanng -18.27.362 Feedwae ef eac -1894.999 37.79 Cnl d clng -.96.19 nne pwe cculang pump -8.37.168 Hea lss eac 1.1.55 -------- ------ Sum 3599.427 66.786 The evaluan f Eqs.( 26) and (28) elds a pal f 98.341 % f fulfllng he uppe lm f 12 %. T have a cean f 99. %, ha he hemal eac pwe s lwe han he maxmum leale hemal eac pwe, n hs example he eac shuld e un a 3592.72 MW whch s lwe han he nmnal hemal capac (cmpae APPENDI 1). As explaned n VDI 248 he uncean f he measued values dung measuemens ae ased essenall n plausle assumpns au he unknwn ssemac devans n measuemen.(e.g. echncal ules). Whu addnal cnls, n pf f he cecness f hese plausle assumpns and hus f he qual f measuemens s heefe pssle..ths can e dne means f cecn calculan (cmpae APPENDI 3). The hemal eac pwe deemned fm he nncnadc esmaed values (ecncled values) x elds Themal eac capac [MW] Value +-Cnf95% LS afe eac Sm cmpnn 5496.137 4.924 LS afe eac W cmpnn 1.274.59 Inle eac W cleanng 22.541.453 Oule eac W cleanng -18.28.362 Feedwae ef eac -1896.36 14.441 Cnl d clng -.96.19 nne pwe cculang pump -8.37.168 Hea lss eac 1.1.55 --------- ------ Sum 3597.334 27.231 The evaluan f Eqs.( 26) and (28) wh nn-cnadc esmaed values (ecncled values) x elds a pal f 1 % f fulfllng he uppe lm f 12 %. T have a cean f 99. %, ha he hemal eac pwe s lwe han he maxmum leale hemal eac pwe, n hs example he eac can e un a 3639.67 MW whch s hghe han he nmnal hemal capac (cmpae APPENDI 2). PRESENT OPERATIONAL APPLICATION OF DATA RECONCILIATION FOR EVALUATION AND CORRECTION OF THERMAL REACTOR POWER Lesad Nuclea Pwe Plan (KKL) s a BWR 6/238 Mak III wh a lcensed hemal eac pwe f 36 MW. Tda a KKL he mehd f mnng and evaluang hemal eac pwe s emedded n a Tal Qual Managemen (TQM) pcess wh clea cea f acns. Thee ae w paallel and ndependen pcesses: 5 Cpgh 25 ASME
The pea uses he nfman au he plan saus pcess cmpue, cha ecdes and nsumens. Because he hemal eac pwe s ased n a hea alance ncludng seveal ndependen paamees, hs value s dgall avalale. Thee s a dspla f he acual hemal eac pwe and sceens wh addnal ends f 1 mn and 6 mn mean values. The pea has cnl he eac pwe hs nfman whch esuls fm sandad pcessng f hea alance paamees. In paallel hul mean values f pcess paamees ae clleced and ecncled. The esuls f hs analss s pedcall checked a hemal pefmance engnee. An vus devan f hemal pefmance wuld e eped pean. Devans f he ndcaed eac pwe and he ecncled value ae analsed and fund ssemac devans f nsumenan es wee ceced. In he fllwng a sample f he cecn mehd s pesened. Fgue 3 shws he vew f peas and n paallel f hemal pefmance engneeng. The pea keeps he ndcaed hemal eac pwe a he allwed level f 36 MW = 1%. The hemal pefmance engnee deecs a emakale dffeence eween ndcaed and ecncled hemal eac pwe f au 1 MW =.28 %. KKL s TQM eques acn a laes a a devan f 5 MW hemal pwe. In hs sample he cause f he devan s vusl an e n he feed wae flw measuemen and a mn devan f feed wae empeaue. Fgue 4 Fs cecve acn Nw he pea can un he plan accdng pcedue and wll keep 1 % pwe as ndcaed. I mgh e ha sngle sgnals mgh shw a dffeence eween ndcaed and ecncled. Tha s nl a mn esdual e. The jecve shuld e, ha he medan value f hemal pwe equals he ndcaed value. Ths s accdng pesen gudelnes f he auhes ( see Fgue 5). Fgue 5 Afe cecve acn Expeence a KKL A 2σ-value f au.5% s sandad f ecncled hemal eac pwe a KKL. The magn agans he nn analzed egn ave 12 % pwe can cleal e quanfed. Fgue 3 Pcess f pean and ecnclan The decsn wuld e made cec he feed wae flw measuemen wk de and leave he empeaue as s. The jecve s, ha ndcaed hemal pwe shuld e equal ecncled hemal pwe. Such small changes f sgnals culd pefeal e dne a he pcess cmpue wh dgsed values. If hee s a lage devan f nsumens, fs a sandad hadwae calan wuld have een dne. Fgue 4 shws he saus afe he cecn. Such cecns wee dne a KKL w hee mes a ea f mn devans han hee pesened. The maj f causes f cecn was eneus nsumenan. Ms f he sgnals ae lng-em sale f he ae n uched. ADDITIONAL USE OF PROCESS DATA RECONCILIATION The pcess daa ecnclan [3]-[9], desced n VDI 248 [1][2], s used f ue pcess mnng, pcess pmsan, manenance pmsan, accepance ess and cmpnen dagnss. 6 Cpgh 25 ASME
Accepance ess The esuls f accepance ess wh hgh accuae measuemens (cnvennal accepance es) and wh VALI 4 [1] (nl peanal daa wee used) f a lw pessue une ef n he NPP Neckaweshem s shwn n TABLE 1. pwe upae uncean ageed pwe upae ased n DIN 1942/1943 3 MW ±,5 % f he measued genea upu (ca. 7 MW) esul f he cnvennal accepance es 3,86 MW wh hgh accuae measuemen daa fm - 13.5.24 15: 9.11.24 13: esul f he VALI III accepance es 3,94 MW ± 9,3 MW wh peanal daa fm 5.5.24 9: 1.9.24 1: TABLE 1 Cmpasn f he esuls f a cnvennal accepance es and an accepance es wh VALI III The VALI 4 ssem can als e used f he accepance es f he clng we ef. In APPENDI 5 he esuls n he egn f he clng we ae shwn. The esuls ae ased n a cmplee VALI 4 mdel f a pessuzed wae eac (PWR) wh pma-, secnda lp and he clng we. Cmpnen dagnss F cmpnen dagnss pcess daa ecnclan s essenal, ecause man mpan pcess daa ae n n cec measued. In Fgue 6 he hea ansfe ceffcen k f sx halfs f hee cndenses wee dsplaed dung a cleanng wh a TAPROE-ssem and ng caed cundum alls. Ths values ae calculaed ased n he hea exchange aea, he lg mean empeaue dffeence (LMTD) and he lad. Fgue 6 Hea ansfe ceffcens k f he cndense-halfs The cnl f he clng we fulng s als pssle. As secnda cndns he chaacescs f he clng we s mplemened n he VALI 4 mdel wh a esmaed uncean. If a fulng ccued, he negaed qual cnl ssem n VALI 4 eveals a nfman whch egn f he clng we s affeced. CONCLUSION Wh pcess daa ecnclan nuclea pwe plans culd hld he ue hemal eac pwe n a ve naw ange. Thus avdng pducn lsses, deecng easl mn changes n he hea ccle and keep a quanfed magn desgned safe lms. In addn, he same pcess daa ecnclan mdel can e used f accepance ess, cmpnen dagnss and f evaluan f necessa manenance acves. The LMTD and he lad self ae calculaed values ased n ecncled values. Q = k A LMTD (29.a) Q& k = A LMTD (29.) k hea ansfe ceffcen Q & lad (ased n ecncled values, fulfl eneg-alance) A hea exchange aea (desgn paamee) LMTD lg mean empeaue dffeence (ased n ecncled values) Fgue 6 eveals, ha he cleanng pcedue pvded a hea ansfe ceffcen ncease. Ths nfman enale pmse he cleanng peds. Same wa s used f dagnss f all peheaes whn he pcess. 7 Cpgh 25 ASME
REFERENCES [1] VDI 248 Pa 1, Unceanes f measuemen dung accepance ess n eneg-cnvesn and pwe plans - fundamenals, Oce 2. [2] VDI 248 Pa 2, Unceanes f measuemen dung accepance ess n eneg-cnvesn and pwe plans Examples, especall ef measues, Augus 23 [3] Bckmee U.; Valdeung vn Pzeßdaen n Kafweken VB-Kafweksechnk Issue 9/99 Pages 61-66. [4] auf E., J. Jansk, M. Langensen; Invesgan f he eal pcess daa n ass f clsed mass and eneg alances n nuclea pwe plans (NPP); SERA-Vl. 9, Safe Engneeng and Rsk Analss - 1999, Pages 23-4; eded J.L. Bcc; ASME 1999. [5] auf E., Jansk, J., Langensen, M.: Recnclan f pcess daa n nuclea pwe plans (NPPs), 8h Inenanal Cnfeence n Nuclea Engneeng (ICONE) Apl 2-8, 2 Balme, MD USA. [6] Langensen M., J. Jansk: Pcess daa valdan n CCT and nuclea pwe plans, Pape # O3/2, SmRT 16, Washngn DC, Augus 21. [7] Langensen M.: Pcess Daa Recnclan n Nuclea Pwe Plans, EPRI Nuclea Pwe Pefmance Impvemen Semna, Jul 15-16, 22; Saaga Spngs. [8] H. Eschege, M. Neuhause: 1 Yeas Expeence wh Pcess Daa Recnclan a KKL, EPRI Nuclea Pwe Pefmance Impvemen Semna, Jul 15-16, 22; Saaga Spngs. [9] D. Magnus Langensen, D. Jsef Jansk, D. Bend Lapple, Dpl.-Ing. Hs Eschege, Dpl.-Ing. Eehad auf, Dpl.-Ing. Hemann Schalk: FINDIN MEAWATTS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS WITH PROCESS DATA RECONCILIATION, 12h Inenanal Cnfeence n Nuclea Engneeng (ICONE) Apl 25-29, 24, Alngn, Vgna USA [1] VALI III USER UIDE, BELSIM S.A., Lege, Belgum, Deceme 23. 8 Cpgh 25 ASME
Suan whu pcess daa ecnclan ased n VDI 248 1.2 Pal f fulflmen f he uppe lm: 98,34% P a l d e n s 1.8.6.4.2 96.5 97 97.5 98 98.5 99 99.5 1 1.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 measued hemal capac eac / nmnal hemal capac eac [%] Suan whu pcess daa ecnclan ased n VDI 248 and he lm, ha he pal f fulflmen mus e 99 % 1.2 P a l d e n s 1.8.6.4.2 96.5 97 97.5 98 98.5 99 99.5 1 1.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 hemal capac eac / nmnal hemal capac eac [%] ed lne: 1 % dashed ed lne: shf f he calculaed hemal eac pwe, f a 99 % pal s defned APPENDI 1 9 Cpgh 25 ASME
Suan wh pcess daa ecnclan ased n VDI 248 Pal f fulflmen f he uppe lm:1,% 1.2 P a l d e n s 1.8.6.4.2 96.5 97 97.5 98 98.5 99 99.5 1 1.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 measued hemal capac eac / nmnal hemal capac eac [%] Suan wh pcess daa ecnclan ased n VDI 248 and he lm, ha he pal f fulflmen mus e 99 % 1.2 P a l d e n s 1.8.6.4.2 96.5 97 97.5 98 98.5 99 99.5 1 1.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 hemal capac eac / nmnal hemal capac eac [%] ed lne: 1 % dashed ed lne: shf f he calculaed hemal eac pwe, f a 99 % pal s defned APPENDI 2 1 Cpgh 25 ASME
Cnadc measued values x, S Cecn calculan Nn-cnadc cecn values x, S Resul cnfdence neval s dependen n he calculan mehd, as nl a suse f all measued values ae pcessed. Qual cnl Deecn f seus es Resul cnfdence neval s he lwes pssle and ndependen f he calculan mehd, as he cecn values ae aned fm all measued values lnked va he auxla cndns. APPENDI 3: Advanages f usng he cecn calculan 36 34 21 44 11 231 CRD 232 21 212 221 224 222 241 RWCU 45 111 112 46 48 47 115 A5 55 23 22 116 137 37 43 A6 18 41 A4 A3 A2 A1 2 21 18 17 123 42 15 4 49 14 16 17 11 12 9 52 51 5 39 38 4 3 1 28 26 22 12 53 5 8 7 29 24 27 13 APPENDI 4: Ccu dagam 11 Cpgh 25 ASME
APPENDI 5: Resuls n he egn f he clng we 12 Cpgh 25 ASME