Pietro Carlo Cacciabue Modelling and Simulation of Human Behaviour in System Control With 113 Figures
CONTENTS Foreword Author's Preface Acknowledgements xi xv xix Chapter 1. A Framework for Human-Machine Interaction Simulation 1.1 Introduction l 1.1.1 Human-Machine System 2 1.1.2 Models and Simulations 4 1.1.3 Modelling Modern Working Contexts 6 1.2 Types and Applications of HMI Simulation 8 1.2.1 Types of Cognitive Simulation and Types of Analysis 8 1.2.2 Types of Application 10 1.3 Elements of HMI Simulation 15 1.3.1 Micro-Cognition, Macro-Cognition and Simulation 15 1.3.2 Theoretical Content of HMI Simulation 18 1.3.3 Practical Implementation of HMI Simulation 27 1.4 An Architecture for HMI Simulation 33 1.4.1 Interaction Model and HMI Simulation 34 1.4.2 Interaction Model and Data Management 36
xxü Contents 1.5 A Data Architecture 40 1.5.1 Taxonomies 40 1.5.2 Data and Parameters 42 1.5.3 Data and HMI Simulation Architectures 44 1.6 A Framework for HMI Simulation 45 1.6.1 Elements of Framework 45 1.6.2 Mechanisms of Framework 47 1.7 Summary Requirements and Specifications 49 1.7.1 Areas of application 50 1.7.2 Models, Simulations and Data 51 1.7.3 Types of Analysis 54 1.7.4 Tables of Requirements and Specifications 55 1.7.5 Conclusions 57 Chapter 2. Engineering Methods and Cognitive Task Analysis 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 Engineering Methods for Detection, Diagnosis and Action 60 2.2.1 Theory of Communication 62 2.2.2 Signal Detection and Other Monitoring Theories 63 2.2.3 Control Theory 2.3 Engineering Methods for Planning and Decision Making 71 2.3.1 Fuzzy Set Theory 2.3.2 Qualitative-Physics Theory 2.3.3 Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems 78 2.4 Cognitive Task Analysis 2.4.1 Scope of Cognitive Task Analysis 81 2.4.2 Structures and Forms of Cognitive Task Analysis 82 2.4.3 Outcomes of Cognitive Task Analysis 85 65 71 7o 80
Contents xxiii 2.5 Qualitative-Physics Model for the Control of a Steam Generator 90 2.5.1 Structure of Models, Simulations and Data 90 2.5.2 Quantitative and Qualitative-Physics Models of Physical Processes 92 2.5.3 Quantitative and Qualitative-Physics Models of the Regulator 98 2.5.4 Qualitative-Physics Simulation of Human Machine Interaction... 101 2.6 Summary 104 Chapter 3. Models and Simulations of Cognition 3.1 Introduction 107 3.2 Review of Models of Cognition 108 3.2.1 SHEL Model HO 3.2.2 Model of Human Problem Solving 113 3.2.3 Step-Ladder, Skill-Rule-Knowledge Model 117 3.2.4 Model of "Fallible Machine" 122 3.2.5 Basic Supervisory Control Paradigm 126 3.2.6 Contextual Control Model 131 3.2.7 Comparison of Cognitive Models 136 3.3 Review of Simulations of Cognition 142 3.3.1 The Simulation AIDE 144 3.3.2 The Simulation CAMEO 147 3.3.3 The Simulation CES 149 3.3.4 The Simulation COSIMO 154 3.3.5 The Operator Function Modelling - OFM 156 3.3.6 The Simulation of a Group - SYBORG 160 3.3.7 Other Cognitive Simulations 163 3.4 Guidelines for Development of a Simulation 173 3.4.1 Definition of Problem B oundaries and Aim of Simulation 175 3.4.2 Cognitive Task Analysis and Field Study of Working Context 175 3.4.3 Selection of Theoretical Model 176
xxiv Contents 3.4.4 Selection of Numerical Algorithms and Implementation in Programming Language and Environment 176 3.5 An Example of Application 177 3.5.1 Definition of Problem Boundaries and Aim of Simulation - Case Study COSIMO 177 3.5.2 Cognitive Task Analysis and Field Study of Working Context - Case Study COSIMO 178 3.5.3 Selection of Theoretical Model - Case Study COSIMO 179 3.5.4 Selection of Numerical Algorithms and Implementation in Programming Language and Environment - Case Study COSIMO 187 3.5.5 Simulation of Problem Solving Situations by COSIMO 194 3.6 Summary 204 Chapter 4. Modelling Machine and Interaction 4.1 Introduction 207 4.2 Models and Simulations of Machines 208 4.3 Interaction Model 210 4.3.1 Algorithms for Interaction Models 211 4.3.2 The DYLAM Methodology 213 4.4 The Chemical and Volume Control System Case Study 221 4.4.1 Plant Description and Accident Scenario - Case Study CVCS 221 4.4.2 Machine Model and Simulation - Case Study CVCS 223 4.4.3 Human Model and Simulation - Case Study CVCS 226 4.4.4 Interaction Model - Case Study CVCS 238 4.4.5 Results of Case Study CVCS 243 4.5 The Auxiliary Feed-Water System Case Study 268 4.5.1 Plant Description and Accident Scenario - Case Study AFWS 268 4.5.2 Machine Model and Simulation - Case Study AFWS 276 4.5.3 Human Model and Simulation - Case Study AFWS 284 4.5.4 Interaction Model - Case Study AFWS 301 4.5.5 Results of Case Study AFWS 305
Contents xxv 4.6 Critical Review of Case Studies CVCS and AFWS 327 4.7 Summary 330 Acronyms and Abbreviations 333 References 337 Subject Index 351 Author Index 355