Contents. Preface. Acknowledgement. About the Author. Part I UMTS Networks

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1 Contents Preface Acknowledgement About the Author Acronyms xv xxi xxiii xxv Part I UMTS Networks 1 Introduction Mobile Telecommunication Networks and Computer Networks Network Design Principles and Business Models Business Models The Cathedral and the Bazaar Operator Control and User Control In the Beginning is the Architecture and In the Beginning is the Protocol Convergence Summary 8 2 UMTS Motivation and Context The Evolution of the Mobile Telecommunication Market Overall Market Evolution Service Evolution The Evolution of Mobile Telecommunication Technology The Genesis of UMTS UMTS Services UMTS Technical Requirements Comparison of UMTS with Other Mobile Technologies WLAN Other Mobile Technologies Summary 24 3 Standardization The Importance of Standardization Standardization Bodies ITU 27

2 vi Contents GPP GPP IETF IEEE Summary 31 4 UMTS Architecture and Functionality Overview of Telecommunication Network Architecture Overview of Mobile Network Functionality User-Plane, Control-Plane and Management Plane High-Level Architecture of 3G Networks GSM Architecture GPRS Architecture PS Domain and CS Domain UMTS Architecture IMS GPP System Architecture WLAN Architecture Summary 42 5 UMTS Radio Interface Technology the Physical Layer Information Coding Sharing the Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency Division Time Division Space Division Code Division The Near-Far Effect Macrodiversity Channelization Code and Scrambling Code Advanced Division Techniques Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex Access Summary 57 6 Packet-switched Domain Architecture and Protocols Architecture Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) Home Location Register (HLR) Protocols User-Plane Control-Plane Discussion Summary 66

3 Contents vii 7 Circuit-switched Domain Architecture and Protocols Architecture Protocols User-Plane Control-Plane Summary 72 8 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Architecture and Protocols Architecture Node B RNC Protocols and Channels User-Plane Control-Plane Lower Layers and Channels Summary 80 9 User Equipment Architecture and Protocols Architecture TE MT UICC Summary IP Multimedia Subsystem Architecture and Protocols IMS Service Support Basic Service Support Advanced Service Support Architecture CSCF IP Connectivity Access Network Protocols User-Plane Control-Plane Summary Introduction to Chapters Basic UMTS Functionality Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) The Bearer Concept UE Preparation Searching for a Suitable Cell Searching for a Suitable Network RRC Connection Set-up Procedure Message Flow for RRC Connection Set-up 98

4 viii Contents 11.5 GPRS Attach Procedure Mobility Management States Determining the Location of the UE Message Flow for GPRS Attach Combined GPRS/IMSI Attach PDP Context Establishment Procedure The PDP Context PDP States Message Flow for PDP Context Establishment Detaching from the Network Basic UMTS Functionality in Roaming Scenarios Basic WLAN Functionality Mobile Station Preparation Establishing Radio Connectivity Establishing IP Connectivity Discussion Summary Mobility Description of the Problems Mobility in UMTS Mobility in PMM-IDLE State Routing Area Updates Paging Mobility in PMM-CONNECTED State Handover SRNC Relocation Link-Layer Mobility in a WLAN Mobility in Computer Networks Basic Mobility Support by the IETF Mobile IPv Mobile IPv Advanced Mobility Support by the IETF Context Transfer Between Old Access Router and New Access Router Seamless Mobility Power-Saving Mode and Paging Discussion Summary Security Description of the Problems Information Disclosure Information Forgery Theft of Service Denial of Service 131

5 Contents ix 13.2 General Approach to Solutions Secret Keys Integrity Protection Encryption Authentication Authorization Discussion Security in UMTS Secret Keys Authentication and Authorization in the PS Domain Authentication and Authorization in the IMS Integrity Protection Integrity Protection on the Air Interface Integrity Protection in Inter-PLMN Scenarios Encryption Security in a WLAN Secret Keys Authentication and Authorization Integrity Protection and Encryption Security Computer Networks Authentication and Authorization General Authentication Scenario Network Access Authentication Scenario Network Access Authentication Scenario with Roaming Front end Protocols and back end Protocols Integrity Protection and Encryption Discussion Summary Quality of Service Description of the Problems QoS and Scalability QoS Parameterization QoS Signalling and QoS Provisioning QoS and Seamless Mobility QoS in Computer Networks QoS Provisioning Overprovisioning Differentiated Services Integrated Services MPLS QoS Signalling RSVP 157

6 x Contents QoS NSLP SIP End-to-end QoS Signalling Scenarios QoS in UMTS UMTS Traffic Classes QoS Signalling for the UMTS Bearer UMTS QoS Signalling to the PS Domain UMTS QoS Provisioning QoS of the End-to-End Bearer in UMTS Service Level Agreements UMTS End-to-end QoS Scenarios Link-Layer QoS in a WLAN Discussion Summary Session Control Description of the Problems SIP SIP Identifiers SIP Infrastructure SIP Transactions Session Description SIP Example Message Flows SIP in the IMS SIP Infrastructure in the IMS Proxy CSCF Serving CSCF Interrogating CSCF SIP Octagon UE Registration in the IMS Message Flow for UE Registration in the IMS Session Creation in the IMS Message Flow for Session Creation in the IMS Session Release and UE Deregistration in the IMS Discussion Summary Charging Description of the Problems Charging in Computer Networks and WLAN Charging in UMTS Offline Charging and Online Charging UMTS Charging Architecture Offline Charging Architecture Online Charging Architecture Flow-based Charging 197

7 Contents xi Charging in the PS Domain Offline Charging in the PS Domain Online Charging in the PS Domain Roaming Scenario Charging in the IMS Offline Charging in the IMS Online Charging in the IMS Roaming Scenario Discussion Summary Policy Control Description of the Problems Policy Control in Computer Networks Policy Control in Roaming Policy Control in QoS Authorization The IETF Policy Architecture Policy Push Policy Control in UMTS Service-based Local Policy Message Flow for Service-based Local Policy Policy and Charging Control Policy and Charging Control in Roaming Scenarios Discussion Summary WLAN and Other Alternative Access Methods Interworking WLAN I-WLAN Scenarios I-WLAN Architecture Non-roaming Case Roaming Case I-WLAN Basic Functionality I-WLAN Mobility I-WLAN Security I-WLAN QoS I-WLAN Charging I-WLAN Policy Control Generic Access Network Enhanced GAN Comparison and Discussion Femtocells Summary 234

8 xii Contents 19 UMTS Releases Summary Release Release Release Release Release Outlook 239 Part I Epilogue Convergence 241 Part II Beyond UMTS Networks 20 4G Motivation and Context Today s Mobile Telecommunication Networks Today s Services and Technology Trends Regional Differences Summary of Today s Services and Technology Trends Today s Business Models Connectivity Provisioning Service Provisioning Summary of Today s Business Models Short-term Evolution Towards 4G Short-term Service and Technology Trends User Services Radio Interface and Bandwidth Access Network Mobile Stations and Networks of Mobile Stations Service Creation Summary of Short-term Services and Technology Trends Short-term Business Models IMT-Advanced IMT-Advanced Services and Technologies Radio Interface and Bandwidth Access Networks Mobile Terminals Service Creation Other Technical Features IMT-Advanced Architecture Summary of IMT-Advanced Discussion Summary 267

9 Contents xiii 21 Evolution Towards 4G: 3GPP GPP Rel-8 Architecture and Protocols E-UTRA EPC Architecture and Protocols High-level View of the EPC Architecture and Protocols Detailed EPC Architecture and Protocols GPP Access Network Architecture GPP Access Network Protocols Untrusted non-3gpp Access Network Architecture Untrusted non-3gpp Access Network Protocols Trusted non-3gpp Access Network Architecture Trusted non-3gpp Access Network protocols PGW E-UTRAN: Architecture and Protocols E-UTRAN Architecture Protocols and Channels GPP Rel-8 Functionality Basic Functionality Proxy Mobile IP Network Attach Dedicated Bearer Establishment Detaching Roaming Mobility Mobility within 3GPP Access Networks Mobility Involving non-3gpp Access Networks Security Secret Keys Authentication and Authorization Encryption and Integrity Protection QoS QoS Parameterization QoS Signalling Charging Policy Control Discussion Summary Evolution Towards 4G: Non-3GPP Technologies cdma cdma2000-1xrtt and cdma2000-1xev-do UMB Radio Interface Architecture and Protocols Interworking with Other Technologies 301

10 xiv Contents 22.2 Mobile WiMAX Radio Interface Architecture and Protocols Interworking with Other Technologies Mobile WiMAX and IMT-Advanced Next Generation Networks ETSI NGN Architecture and Protocols Interworking with Other Technologies PacketCable Architecture and Protocols Protocols Interworking with Other Technologies Discussion Summary Beyond 4G? Self-managing Networks Self-management in a 3GPP System Discussion Ubiquitous Computing, the Internet of Things and Ambient Intelligence Clean Slate Approach Discussion Summary 319 Part II Epilogue Convergence Revisited 321 Appendix A: Terminology 323 Appendix B: The Systematics of 3GPP Specification Numbering 327 References 331 Index 337