Business Architecture A Practical Guide JONATHAN WHELAN and GRAHAM MEADEN GOWER
Contents List of Figures List of Tables About the Authors Foreword Preface Acknowledgemen ts Abbreviations IX xi xiii xv xix xxv xxvii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 The Macro Picture 1 About Business Architecture 2 Inside Business Architecture 4 Terminology 6 PART I THE RATIONALE FOR BUSINESS ARCHITECTURE Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Recognizing Today's Business Dynamics Continuous Change Increasing Competition and Globalization The Influence of Technology The Whole and the Parts Positioning for Change Business Architecture and the Organization The Value Proposition A Complementary Approach Managing Complexity The Impact of Size Variants and Diversity 11 11 12 13 14 19 19 21 24 29 29 32
BUSINESS ARCHITECTURE Chapter 5 PART II Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Matrix Management Negotiating the Boundaries Organizations are More Complex than Machines How Business Architecture Can Help Delivering Value The Importance of a Demonstrable Value Proposition Focusing on the Benefits Risk and Reward INTEGRATING BUSINESS ARCHITECTURE INTO THE ORGANIZATION Architecture Stakeholders Stakeholder Groups Upstream Stakeholders Partners Downstream Stakeholders Stakeholder RASCI Matrix Life Cycles Life Cycle Groups Business Strategy and Planning Change Delivery Emergent Change Management Business Operations Asset Provisioning and Management Asset Support Life Cycles and Business Architecture Services 33 35 37 39 41 41 42 43 47 47 48 51 54 56 61 61 63 67 71 72 75 78 80 PART III DESCRIBING BUSINESS ARCHITECTURE Chapter 8 Architecture Levels 87 The Different Levels of Architecture 87 Level 1: Macro Level 88 Level 2: Strategic Level 88 Level 3: Segment/programme Level 89 Level 4: Project Level 90 Variations in the Four-level Business Architecture Model 91 Summing Up 95
CONTENTS uii Chapter 9 Business Architecture Outputs 97 Business Architecture by Other Names 97 How Architecture is Represented Over Time 101 Business Architecture Descriptions 102 PART IV ARCHITECTURE BUILDING BLOCKS Chapter 10 The Elements of a Business Architecture 107 The Business Architecture Classification System 107 Capability 109 The Environment, Direction, Action and Performance 112 The Business Proposition 118 Operating the Business 122 The Technology Employed 134 Risks to the Business 138 Conclusion 141 Chapter 11 Building Views of the Organization 143 The Need for Architecture Views 143 Architecture in One Dimension 144 Architecture in Two Dimensions 144 Architecture in Three Dimensions and Beyond 145 Beyond Matrices 146 Taxonomies 146 Ontologies 148 Blueprints 149 PART V PRACTISING BUSINESS ARCHITECTURE Chapter 12 Overcoming the Barriers to Business Architecture 153 The Stigma of Business Architecture 153 Worst Case Scenario 154 Barriers 154 Engagement Principles 161 Chapter 13 The Business Architect 173 The Business Architect Role 173 Business Architecture's Position in the Organization 176 The Competencies of a Business Architect 177 Certification 180
viii BUSINESS ARCHITECTURE Chapter 14 Establishing Business Architecture as a Practice 183 Positioning the Practice in the Organization 183 Achieving the Right Balance 184 Maturing the Practice 186 PART VI ARCHITECTURE RESOURCES Chapter 15 Architecture Frameworks 191 Denning Architecture Frameworks 191 The Benefits and Limitations of Frameworks 192 Types of Framework 196 The Business Model Canvas 199 TOGAF 204 The Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture 209 Using Frameworks 215 Chapter 16 Reference Models and Architecture Patterns 219 What are Reference Models? 219 The Value of Reference Models 221 Architecture Patterns 223 Chapter 17 Architecture Tools, Meta Models and Standards 225 The Role of Architecture Tools 225 Using Tools for Business Architecture Outputs 226 Architecture Tool Features 228 Selecting a Tool 230 Benefits and Limitations of Architecture Tools 231 Architecture Meta Models 232 Architecture Standards 236 Chapter 18 The Future of Business Architecture 237 Appendix 1: Business Architecture Supporting Activities 241 "Appendix 2: Viewpoint Template 247 Appendix 3: Business Architecture Business Model Canvas 249 Appendix 4: TOGAF Applicability to Business Architecture 251 Glossary 253 Index 265